Wessel Gansfort​—“Munhu Akachinja Nguva Yokuchinja Isati Yasvika”

Mazita okuti Luther, Tyndale naCalvin anozivikanwa chaizvo nevanhu vose vanodzidza nezvechiPurotesitendi Chokuchinja, chakatanga muna 1517. Zvisinei, vanhu vashomanana vanoziva zita rokuti Wessel Gansfort. Anonzi “Munhu Akachinja Nguva Yokuchinja Isati Yasvika.” Ungada kuziva zvakawanda nezvomurume uyu here?

WESSEL akaberekwa muna 1419 muguta reGroningen muNetherlands. Muzana remakore rechi15, vanhu vashoma vaiva nomukana wokuenda kuchikoro, asi Wessel akauwana. Kunyange zvazvo aigona kwazvo, akarega chikoro pazera remakore mapfumbamwe nechikonzero chourombo hwakanyanya hwevabereki vake. Sezvineiwo, imwe chirikadzi yakapfuma payakanzwa nezvenjere dzaWessel, yakazvipira kumubhadharira mari yechikoro. Saka akakwanisa kuenderera nedzidzo yake. Nokufamba kwenguva, akawana dhigirii reMaster of Arts. Zvinoratidza sokuti akazonzi muzvinadzidzo wechitendero.

Wessel aida kwazvo kuva nezivo. Zvisinei, muzuva rake, maraibhurari aiva mashoma. Kunyange zvazvo kudhinda nemichina yaiva nemabhii aitanga aitwa zvokurongwa kwakatanga mumazuva ake, mabhuku akawanda akanga achiri kuita zvokunyorwa nemaoko uye aidhura. Wessel aiva mumwe weboka renyanzvi dzaienda kumaraibhurari akasiyana-siyana uye kumisha yemamongi yakasiyana-siyana dzichitsvaka mipumburu yakanga isingachawaniki uye mabhuku akanga asingachawaniki. Vaizokurukura pamwe chete zvavainge vawana. Akava nezivo yakawanda uye akazadza kabhuku kake nemashoko aaiwana uye mashoko aibva mumabhuku ekare echiGiriki nechiLatin. Vamwe vafundisi vaiwanzonyumwira nokuti Wessel aiziva zvakawanda zvavakanga vasina kumbobvira vanzwa nezvazvo. Wessel ainzi Magister Contradictionis, kana kuti Nyanzvi Yokupikisa.

“Nei Usinganditungamiriri Kuna Kristu?”

Makore 50 nguva Yokuchinja Isati Yasvika, Wessel akasangana naThomas à Kempis (munenge muna 1379-1471), anonzi ndiye munyori webhuku rakakurumbira De Imitatione Christi (Kutevedzera Kristu). Thomas à Kempis aiva wesangano reCommon Life, sangano raikurudzira kuti munhu aifanira kurarama upenyu hwokuzvipira. Akanyora upenyu hwaWessel anoti Thomas à Kempis akakurudzira Wessel kakawanda kuti anyengeterere kubatsirwa naMariya. Wessel akati: “Nei musinganditungamiriri kuna Kristu, anokoka nomutsa vose vakaremerwa kuuya kwaari?”

Wessel anonzi airamba pfungwa yokuti pave nevapristi vanogadzwa. Paakabvunzwa kuti nei akaramba ngowani youpristi, kana kugerwa zvishoma musoro zvinoratidza kuti mumwe wevafundisi, akapindura kuti aisatya kuurayiwa chero bedzi akanga achiri kufunga zvakanaka. Aireva kuti vaya vaiva vagadzwa sevapristi vaisasungwa uye zvinoratidza sokuti vakawanda vakarega kuurayiwa nechikonzero chokuti vaiva vapristi! Wessel haana kubvuma dzimwe tsika dzaizivikanwa dzechitendero. Somuenzaniso, akashorwa nokuti akaramba kuti zvinhu zvinoshamisa zvaitsanangurwa mubhuku rakakurumbira romuzuva rake rinonzi, Dialogus Miraculorum zvakanga zvaitika. Achipindura, akati: “Zvaizova nani kuverenga kubva muMagwaro Matsvene.”

“Tinoziva Zvatinokumbira Chete”

Wessel akadzidza chiHebheru nechiGiriki uye akawana zivo yakawanda yezvinyorwa zvekare-kare zvavanaBaba veChechi. Kuda kwaaiita mitauro yokutanga yeBhaibheri kunofadza zvikuru, sezvo akararama Erasmus neReuchlin vasati vavapo.a Nguva yoKuchinja Isati Yavapo, vashoma vaiziva chiGiriki. MuGermany, nyanzvi shoma chete ndidzo dzaiva dzakajairana nechiGiriki, uye kwaiva kusina zvokushandisa kudzidza mutauro wacho. Pashure pokuparara kweConstantinople muna 1453, zviri pachena kuti Wessel akasangana nemamongi echiGiriki akanga atizira kuMadokero, uye akanga adzidza kwavari chiGiriki chokungoti agone kutaurirana nevanhu. Mumazuva iwayo, chiHebheru chaingova chevaJudha chete, uye zvinoratidza sokuti Wessel akadzidza zvishoma chiHebheru kubva kuvaJudha vakanga vatendeuka.

Wessel aida kwazvo Bhaibheri. Airiona sebhuku rakafuridzirwa naMwari uye aitenda kuti mabhuku ose eBhaibheri anowirirana zvizere. Kuna Wessel kududzirwa kweBhaibheri kwaifanira kuwirirana nenyaya yacho uye kwaisafanira kutsaudzirwa. Tsanangudzo yose yakatsaudzirwa yaifanira kuonekwa sokuramba kutenda. Ndima yeBhaibheri yaaida zvikuru yaiva Mateu 7:7, inoti: “Rambai muchitsvaka, uye muchawana.” Nesimba remashoko endima iyoyo, Wessel aidavira chaizvo kuti zvinobatsira kubvunza mibvunzo, achitaura kuti “tinongoziva zvinoenderana nokubvunza kwatinoita.”

Chikumbiro Chinoshamisa

Muna 1473, Wessel akashanyira Rome. Ikoko akabvumirwa kutaura naPapa Sixtus IV, wokutanga wavanapapa vatanhatu aiva nounzenza hwakaipisisa hwakazoita kuti pave nechiPurotesitendi Chokuchinja. Munyori wenhau Barbara W. Tuchman akataura kuti Sixtus IV munguva yake “aizvitsvakira pfuma nesimba rezvematongerwo enyika pasina anomupikisa uye asingambozvivanzi.” Akashamisa vanhu nokuita zvechizivano asingambovanzi. Mumwe munyori wenhau akati Sixtus aida kuti chinzvimbo chapapa chive chemhuri. Vanhu vashoma vaitsunga kushora izvozvo.

Zvisinei, Wessel Gansfort akanga akasiyana. Rimwe zuva Sixtus akamuudza kuti: “Mwanakomana wangu, kumbira chero chinhu chipi chaunoda, uye tichakupa.” Wessel akapindura kuti: “Baba Mutsvene, . . . sezvo imi pasi pano mune chigaro choupristi chakakwirira kupfuura zvose uye chokuva mufudzi, ndinokumbira . . . kuti muite basa renyu rakakwirira nenzira ichaita kuti kana Mufudzi Mukuru wemakwai . . . auya, achati kwamuri: ‘Waita zvakanaka, muranda akanaka uye akatendeka, fara pamwe chete naTenzi wako.’” Sixtus akapindura kuti iri raiva basa rake uye kuti Wessel aifanira kusarudza chimwe chinhu. Wessel akapindura kuti: “Zvino ndinokumbira kuti mundipe Bhaibheri rechiGiriki uye rechiHebheru kubva muRaibhurari yeVatican.” Papa akapa zvaakakumbira asi akati Wessel aiva aita noupenzi uye kuti aifanira kunge akumbira kugadzwa sabhishopi!

“Nhema uye Kukanganisa”

Achida mari zvikuru yokuvaka imba yokunamatira yava nomukurumbira yeSistine Chapel, Sixtus akatanga kutengesa tsamba dzokukanganwira zvivi. Tsamba idzi dzakanga dzakakurumbira chaizvo. Bhuku rinonzi Vicars of Christ—The Dark Side of the Papacy rinoti: “Chirikadzi uye varume vaifirwa nevakadzi, vabereki vaifirwa, vakapedza mari yavo yose vachiedza kuita kuti vadiwa vavo vabudiswe muPurigatori.” Vanhuwo zvavo vakafarira tsamba idzi, vachifunga kuti papa aigona kuita kuti vadiwa vavo vakafa vaende kudenga.

Zvisinei, Wessel aidavira zvakasimba kuti Chechi yechiKaturike, kusanganisira papa, yakanga isina simba rokukanganwira zvivi. Wessel akabudisa pachena kuti kutengesa tsamba dzokukanganwira zvaiva zvinhu “zvenhema uye kukanganisa.” Uye akanga asingabvumi kuti munhu aifanira kureurura kumupristi kuti akanganwirwe zvivi.

Wessel aiva asina chokwadi nepfungwa yokuti vanapapa havatadzi, achiti chechi yaisazova yakasimba kana vanhu vaitarisirwa kuti vagare vachingodavira vanapapa, sezvo vaikanganisawo. Wessel akanyora kuti: “Kana vafundisi vakasiya mirayiro yaMwari uye voisa mirayiro yavo, . . . zvavanoita uye zvavanorayira zvinova pasina.”

Wessel Anogadzira Nzira Yokuchinja

Wessel akafa muna 1489. Kunyange zvazvo akanga apikisa zvimwe zvezvakaipa zvaiitwa nechechi, akaramba ari muKaturike. Asi haana kurambwa nechechi achinzi akaramba kutenda. Zvisinei, afa, mamongi ainyanyisa evaKaturike akaedza kuparadza zvaainge anyora nokuti izvi zvainzi hazvienderani nezvaidzidziswa nechechi. Pakazosvika nguva yaLuther, zita raWessel rainge rava kutoda kutsakatika, hapana bhuku rake rainge radhindwa, uye pane zvaakanga anyora zvishomanana ndizvo zvakanga zvichiripo. Bhuku rokutanga raWessel rakazobudiswa pakati pa1520 na1522. Raiva netsamba yakanyorwa naLuther iyo yairumbidza zvinyorwa zvaWessel.

Kunyange zvazvo Wessel akanga asiri Muchinji wezvinhu, sezvakanga zvakaita Luther, aishora zvimwe zvezvinhu zvaikanganiswa zvakazoita kuti pave noKuchinja. Kutaura zvazviri, anotsanangurwa neCyclopedia yaMcClintock naStrong so“munhu anokosha pavanhu vokuGermany akabatsira kugadzira nzira Yokuchinja.”

Luther akaona Wessel somunhu aitsigira pfungwa dzake. Munyori anonzi C. Augustijn akanyora kuti: “Luther anoenzanisa nguva yake uye zvakazoitika neiya yaEriya. Sezvaifungwa nomuprofita kuti ndiye oga akanga asara kuti arwe hondo dzaMwari, Luther aifungawo kuti ndiye oga akanga asara pakurwisana nechechi. Asi paakaverenga mabhuku aWessel akaziva kuti Ishe akanga asiya ‘vakasara muIsraeri.’” “Luther anotosvika pakutaura kuti: ‘Dai ndakaverenga mabhuku ake kare, vavengi vangu vangadai vakafunga kuti Luther akanga adzidza zvose kuna Wessel, kufunga kwake kunopindirana nokwangu.’”b

“Uchawana”

Kuchinja pakwakaitika, hazvina kungoitika pakarepo. Pfungwa dzakazoita kuti Kuchinja kuitike dzakanga dzave dziripo kwenguva yakati. Wessel akaziva kuti uori hwavanapapa hwaizoita kuti vanhu vade kuchinja. Akamboti kune mumwe mudzidzi: “Iwe chikomana chinoshingaira, uchararama kuti uone zuva iro kudzidzisa . . . kwevafundisi vanokakavadzana kucharambwa nevadzidzi vose vechiKristu vechokwadi.”

Kunyange zvavo Wessel akanzwisisa zvimwe zvikanganiso uye uori hwomuzuva rake, haana kukwanisa kupa chiedza chechokwadi cheBhaibheri. Zvisinei, kwaari Bhaibheri raiva bhuku raifanira kuverengwa uye kudzidzwa. Maererano nebhuku rinonzi A History of Christianity, Wessel “aiva nepfungwa yokuti, zvarakafuridzirwa noMudzimu Mutsvene, Bhaibheri ndiro simba guru munyaya dzokutenda.” Munyika yedu yanhasi, vaKristu vechokwadi vanotenda kuti Bhaibheri iShoko raMwari rakafuridzirwa. (2 Timoti 3:16) Zvisinei, chokwadi cheBhaibheri hachisisina kuvanzwa uyewo hachichanetsi kuwana. Pfungwa iyi yomuBhaibheri yokuti: “Rambai muchitsvaka, uye muchawana,” yave kutonyanya kushanda nhasi.—Mateu 7:7; Zvirevo 2:1-6.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 14]

WESSEL NEZITA RAMWARI

Mumabhuku aWessel, zita raMwari rinowanzoshandurwa kuti “Johavah.” Zvisinei, Wessel akashandisa zita rokuti “Jehovha” kaviri. Munyori H. A. Oberman paaitaura pfungwa dzaWessel akati, Wessel anofunga kuti kudai Thomas Aquinas nevamwe vaiziva chiHebheru, “vangadai vakaziva kuti zita raMwari rakaziviswa Mosesi harirevi kuti ‘Ndiri zvandiri,’ asi kuti ‘Ndichava zvandichava.’”c Shanduro yeNyika Itsva inotaura zvazvinoreva chaizvo kuti “Ndichava iye wandichava.”—Eksodho 3:13, 14.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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Manuscript: Universiteitsbibliotheek, Utrecht

[Mifananidzo iri papeji 15]

Wessel akapikisa kutengeswa kwetsamba dzokukanganwira zvivi kwakabvumirwa naPapa Sixtus IV