Mabhuku eEvhangeri Akavimbika Zvakadini?
“Iye zvino mabhuku eevhangeri anofanira kuonekwa sengano dzakanyorwa nevaKristu vekare.”—Burton L. Mack, purofesa wezvidzidzo zveTestamende Itsva ari pamudyandigere.
PUROFESA ane mashoko ataurwa pamusoro apa haasi iye oga ane mafungiro aya. Nyanzvi dzinoverengeka hadzina chokwadi nokuvimbika kwemabhuku eEvhangeri aMateu, Mako, Ruka, uye Johani—nhoroondo dzomuBhaibheri dzinotaura nezvoupenyu hwaJesu noushumiri hwake. Nei vamwe vachiona mabhuku eEvhangeri sengano? Mafungiro avo anoita kuti uone mabhuku eEvhangeri seasingatauri chokwadi here? Ngatimboongorora humwe uchapupu.
Vamwe Havatendi Mabhuku eEvhangeri
Kutozosvikira makore ekuma1700, mabhuku eEvhangeri akanga asina kumbonyanya kupikiswa. Zvisinei, kunyanya kutangira muma1900 zvichienda mberi, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzakatanga kuona mabhuku eEvhangeri seane pfungwa dzevanhu kwete akafuridzirwa naMwari. Uyezve, dzakaramba kuti vanyori vacho vakazvionera zvinhu zvakaitwa naJesu uye dzakati varume vacho havaikwanisa kunyora nhoroondo yakavimbika. Zvakare, vakagumisa kuti sezvo mabhuku matatu okutanga eEvhangeri akafanana pamanyorerwo uye pane zvakanyorwa, kureva maonero akafanana, zvinoratidza kuti vanyori vacho vakakopana. Vatsoropodzi vakarambawo zvishamiso zvakaitwa naJesu uye kumuka kwaakaita sematsanangurirwo azvinoitwa muEvhangeri. Vamwe vanotoramba kuti kwaiva nomunhu anonzi Jesu akamborarama!
Vanhu ivava ndivo vakagumisa kuti Mako ndiye akatanga kunyora Evhangeri yake, nokuti akanyora zvishoma pane zvakanyorwa naMateu naRuka. Vatsoropodzi ava vanofunga kuti Mateu naRuka vakashandisa bhuku raMako pakunyora Evhangeri dzavo uye kuti vakawana mamwe mashoko mune rimwe bhuku. Maererano neimwe nyanzvi yeBhaibheri inonzi A.F.J. Klijn, mafungiro akakurumbira aya “anoshora vanyori veEvhangeri vachionekwa sevanhu vakangonyora ngano.” Mafungiro akadai anoita kuti vanyori veEvhangeri vaonekwe sevanhu vakanyora ngano kana kuti vakakopa zvakaitwa nevamwe vobva vati ndezvavo. Dzidziso iyi hairemekedzi kutenda kwokuti Bhaibheri rakafuridzirwa naMwari.—2 Timoti 3:16.
Vanyori veEvhangeri Vakakopana Here?
Kufanana kwakaita zvinhu zviri muEvhangeri kunoratidza kuti vanyori vacho vakakopana here? Kwete. Nei? Chimwe chikonzero ndechokuti Jesu akavimbisa vadzidzi vake kuti mudzimu mutsvene ‘waizovayeuchidza zvinhu zvose zvaainge avaudza.’ (Johani 14:26) Saka, hazvishamisi kuti vanyori vacho vakayeuka ndokunyora dzimwe nyaya dzakafanana. Ichokwadi kuti vamwe vanyori veBhaibheri vangadaro vakaverenga kana kushandisa zvakanyorwa nevamwe vanyori veBhaibheri, asi izvozvo zvinoreva kunyatsotsvakurudza kwete kukopa. (2 Petro 3:15) Uyewo rimwe duramanzwi reBhaibheri rinoti: “Chimwe chakaita kuti mashoko aJesu aibaya mwoyo anyorwe zvakafanana ndechokuti vanhu vaiita zvokudzidziswa zvinhu nomuromo.”—The Anchor Bible Dictionary.
Ruka anoti akataura nevanhu vakawanda vakaona zvichiitika uye “akatsvaka zvinhu zvose nenzira yakarurama kubvira pakutanga.” (Ruka 1:1-4) Tingati akakopa here kana kuti akanyora ngano? Handizvo! William Ramsay, paakanga aongorora zvakadzama zvakanyorwa naRuka, akagumisa kuti: “Ruka inyanzvi pakunyora nhoroondo dzakaitika: mashoko ake haasi echokwadi chete, asi iye aiziva kuti nhoroondo dzakaitika kare dzinonyorwa sei . . . Munyori uyu anofanira kuverengwawo pavanyori vane mukurumbira venhoroondo dzakaitika kare.”
Uchapupu hwevanyori vokutanga vedzidziso dzechiKristu, kusanganisira hwomuzivi wechitendero womuzana remakore rechitatu anonzi Origen, hunotiwo muapostora Mateu ndiye aiva wokutanga kunyora Evhangeri. Origen akanyora kuti: “Yokutanga yakanyorwa naMateu, aimbova muteresi, asi akazova muapostora waJesu Kristu, uyo akanga amboinyorera vaJudha vakanga vatendeuka, akazoinyora muchiHebheru.” Zviri pachena kuti Mateu uyo aiva muapostora uye akaona zvichiitika, haana kukopa zvakanga zvanyorwa naMako, uyo asina kuona zvinhu zvacho zvichiitika. Saka, ndezvipi zvinotaurwa zvinonzi zvinoratidza kuti Mateu naRuka vakakopa Mako uye rimwewo bhuku rinofungidzirwa?
Evhangeri yaMako Ndiyo Yakatanga Kunyorwa Here?
Duramanzwi riya reBhaibheri rinobvuma kuti dzidziso yokuti Evhangeri yaMako ndiyo yakatanga kunyorwa ndokuzokopwa naMateu naRuka, haibvi “papfungwa dzinogutsa.” (The Anchor Bible Dictionary) Asi nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti Mako akatanga kunyora Evhangeri yake Mateu naRuka vasati vanyora dzavo, nokuti vanoti yaMako ine zvishoma pane dzimwe Evhangeri. Somuenzaniso, imwe nyanzvi yomuzana remakore rechi19 inonzi Johannes Kuhn inodavira kuti Evhangeri yaMako ndiyo yakatanga kunyorwa. Kuhn anoti kudai zvisiri izvo, “mumwe munhu angafungidzira kuti Mako akatora mipumburu miviri yeEvhangeri dzaMateu naRuka ndokuibvarura, zvidimbu zvacho akazvivhenganisa mupoto, akabva agadzira Evhangeri yake.”
Sezvo Evhangeri yaMako iri pfupi pane dzimwe, hazvishamisi kuti ine zvishoma zvinongowanikwa mairi chete. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvi hazvirevi kuti ndiyo yakatanga kunyorwa. Uyezve, hachisi chokwadi kuti Mako hapana chaanotaura chisina kutaurwa naMateu naRuka. Nhoroondo inonakidza youshumiri hwaJesu yakanyorwa naMako ine ndima 180 uye mamwe mashoko anonakidza asingawanikwi mune dzaMateu naRuka, zvichiita kuti yaMako ive nhoroondo yakanyatsozvimiririra youpenyu hwaJesu.—Ona bhokisi riri papeji 13.
Zvakadini Nerimwewo Bhuku Rinofungidzirwa?
Tingati chii nezverimwewo bhuku rinofungidzirwa kuti rakashandiswa naMateu naRuka? James M. Robinson, purofesa wezvitendero, anoti: “Chokwadi iri ndiro bhuku ratinaro rinonyanya kukosha pane mamwe ose echiKristu.” Mashoko aya anoshamisa nokuti hakuna bhuku rakadaro nhasi, uye kutaura zvazviri, hapana anogona kupa uchapupu hunoratidza kuti rakambovapo! Kutsakatika zvachose kwarakaita kunoshamisa nokuti nyanzvi dzinoti mamwe makopi aro akanga atomboparadzirwa. Uyezve, vanyori vokutanga vedzidziso dzechiKristu havana kutombobvira vatora mashoko mubhuku iri.
Pafunge. Bhuku iri rinofungidzirwa kuti raimbovapo uye raitsigira pfungwa yokuti Evhangeri yaMako ndiyo yakatanga kunyorwa. Uku hakusi kungofungidzira kusina uchapupu here? Kana totaura nezvedzidziso dzakaita seiyi, kuchenjera kuti tifunge nezvechirevo ichi chinoti: “Munhu usina mano unotenda mashoko ose, asi akangwara unongwarira mafambiro ake.”—Zvirevo 14:15, Bhaibheri muNdimi yeUnion Shona.
Evhangeri—Ndedzechokwadi uye Dzakavimbika
Vatsoropodzi pavanodzidzisa uye pavanofungidzira pasina uchapupu, vanovhiringidza vanhu vakawanda pakuongorora nhoroondo dzoupenyu uye ushumiri hwaJesu dziri muEvhangeri idzi dzakavimbika. Nhoroondo idzi dzinoratidza zvakajeka kuti vaKristu vepakutanga vakanga vasingaoni nyaya dzoupenyu, dzoushumiri, dzokufa uye dzokumutswa kwaJesu senganowo zvadzo. Mazana evanhu vakaona zvichiitika anotsigira kuti mashoko acho ndeechokwadi. VaKristu ava vepakutanga vakanga vasina basa nokutambudzwa kana kuurayirwa kutevera Jesu, nokuti vainyatsoziva kuti hazvina zvazvaibatsira kuva muKristu kudai ushumiri uye kumutswa kwake zvaiva zvokunyepa.—1 VaKorinde 15:3-8, 17, 19; 2 Timoti 2:2.
Achitaura nezvegakava riripo pamusoro pedzidziso yokufungidzira yokuti Evhangeri yaMako ndiyo yakatanga kunyorwa uye pamusoro pebhuku riya risina kumbobvira rawanikwa, George W. Buchanan, purofesa wedzidzo dzezvitendero, anoti: “Kuisa pfungwa padzidziso dzokuti Evhangeri yakabvepi kunovhiringidza vadzidzi pakudzidza zviri muBhaibheri.” Pfungwa iyi inopindirana nezano romuapostora Pauro kuna Timoti rokuti asa“teerera ngano nenyaya dzemadzinza, zvisina zvazvinobatsira, asi zvinomutsa mibvunzo yokutsvakurudza panzvimbo pokugovera zvinhu zvinobva kuna Mwari pamusoro pokutenda.”—1 Timoti 1:4.
Evhangeri dzakavimbika. Dzine nhoroondo dzechokwadi dzakanyorwa nevakaona zvichiitika. Vakadzinyora vakanga vanyatsotsvakurudza. Nhoroondo dzacho dzinotiudza zvinhu zvakawanda zvechokwadi pamusoro poupenyu hwaJesu Kristu. Saka, saTimoti wekare tinenge taita zvakanaka kana tikateerera mashoko aPauro okuti: “Rambira pazvinhu zvawakadzidza uye zvawakaitwa kuti uve nechokwadi nazvo.” Tine zvikonzero zvakasimba zvokubvuma kuti “Rugwaro rwose rwakafuridzirwa naMwari”—kusanganisira mabhuku mana eEvhangeri.—2 Timoti 3:14-17.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 13]
Kudai Bhuku raMako Risina Kunyorwa, Tingadai Tisingazivi Kuti . . .
Jesu akatarira-tarira akatsamwa, achishungurudzwa kwazvo nokuoma kwemwoyo yavo (Mako 3:5)
Johani naJakobho vakatumidzwa zita rokuti Bhoanajisi (Mako 3:17)
mukadzi aibuda ropa akanga apedza pfuma yake yose (Mako 5:26)
Herodhiyasi akanga achichengetera Johani Mubhabhatidzi mafi uye Herodhi akanga achitya Johani uye akamuchengetedza (Mako 6:19, 20)
Jesu akadana vadzidzi vake kuti vazorore zvishoma (Mako 6:31)
vaFarisi vaigeza maoko avo kusvikira kugokora (Mako 7:2-4)
Jesu akagumbatira vana mumaoko ake (Mako 10:16)
Jesu akada mutongi wechiduku (Mako 10:21)
Petro, Jakobho, Johani naAndreya vakabvunza Jesu vari voga (Mako 13:3)
rimwe jaya rakasiya nguo yaro yerineni (Mako 14:51, 52)
Uyezve, mumwe wemienzaniso yaJesu uye zvishamiso zvake zviviri zvinongowanikwa mubhuku raMako chete.—Mako 4:26-29; 7:32-37; 8:22-26.
Evhangeri yaMako ine mamwe mashoko akawanda omunhu akaona zvinhu zvacho zvichiitika asingawanikwi mune dzimwe Evhangeri. Tichatowedzera kurifarira kana tikawana nguva yokumbofungisisa zvakakwana kukosha kwemashoko ose ari mariri.