Kutanga Nokuparara ‘Kwengarava dzokuTashishi’

“Ngarava dzokuTashishi dzakayambuka makungwa dzakatakura zvinhu zvawaitenga.”—EZEKIERI 27:25, THE JERUSALEM BIBLE

NGARAVA dzokuTashishi dzakaita kuti Mambo Soromoni apfume. Vanhu vaidzigadzira vakabatsira pakuumbwa kwearufabheti yomutauro wechiGiriki newevaRoma. Vakavakawo guta rinonzi Byblos uye ndipo pakabva zita rokuti Bhaibheri mumitauro yakawanda.

Ndiani aigadzira uye aifamba nengarava dzokuTashishi? Ngarava dzacho dzakazopiwa sei zita iri? Zvinhu zvakaitika zvinosanganisira vanhu ivava nengarava dzavo zvinopupurira sei kuti Bhaibheri rakarurama?

Madzishe eMediterranean

Vanhu vokuFenikiya vakagadzira ngarava idzi dzakasvika pakunzi ngarava dzokuTashishi. VaFenikiya vakanga vatova nyanzvi dzokufamba nomugungwa makore anenge chiuru Kristu asati auya. Nyika yavo yaitevedza gungwa uye yakanga yakakura sezvakada kuita Lebanon yemazuva ano. Mamwe marudzi evanhu aigara munyika yacho nechokuchamhembe, kumabvazuva, uye kumaodzanyemba. Nechokumadokero kwaiva neGungwa reMediterranean. Vanhu vokuFenikiya vaitsvaka pfuma kubva kuvanhu vaigara pedyo negungwa iri.

Vanhu vaifamba nengarava vokuFenikiya vakaramba vachigadzira ngarava dzebhizimisi dzakawanda. Mari yavo zvayaiwanda noruzivo rwavo parwaiwedzera, vakagadzirawo ngarava hombe dzaigona kufamba nzendo dzakareba. Vasvika kuKupro, Sardinia, uye Balearic Islands, vaFenikiya vaitevedza mhenderekedzo yegungwa kuNorth Africa vakananga kumadokero kusvika vasvika kuSpeini. (Ona mepu iri papeji 27.)

Nyanzvi dzokuveza dzokuFenikiya dzakagadzira ngarava dzainge dzakareba mamita 30. Zviri pachena kuti ngarava idzi dzainzi ngarava dzokuTashishi nokuti dzaigona kufamba rwendo rwemakiromita 4 000 kubva kuFenikiya kuenda kumaodzanyemba kweSpeini kungangove kuri iko kwaiva neTashishi.a

Vanhu vokuFenikiya vangangove vakanga vasingadi kutonga nyika yose, asi kuti vaida kuita mari chete. Vakaita izvi nokugadzira zviteshi zvokutengeserana. Zvisinei, sezvo vaiva vatengesi, vakabva vava madzishe kuMediterranean.

Kunyika Dzisiri muMediterranean

VaFenikiya pavaitsvaka mari, vakapindawo munyanza inonzi Atlantic. Ngarava dzavo dzairamba dzichifamba pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa iri kumaodzanyemba kweSpeini kusvika vasvika panzvimbo inonzi Tartessus. Munenge mugore ra1100 B.C.E., vakavaka guta ravakatumidza kuti Gadir. Chiteshi ichi chava kunzi Cádiz, chiri kuSpeini, chakava rimwe remaguta makuru okutanga enyika dziri kuMadokero kweEurope.

VaFenikiya vaitengesa waini, hove dzakaomeswa, misidhari, mipaini, zvigadzirwa zvesimbi, magirazi, machira akasonwa, rineni yakanaka, uye machira anenge akadhayiwa neruvara rwainge rwakakurumbira rwekuTire rwepepuru. VekuSpeini vaizotenga nei zvinhu izvi?

Chokwadi kumaodzanyemba kweSpeini kwakava nzvimbo yainge yakapfuma kwazvo yaiwanikwa sirivha nedzimwe simbi dzinokosha. NezveTire, chiteshi chikuru chevaFenikiya, muprofita Ezekieri akati: “Speini yaitengeserana newe uye ukatora sirivha, simbi, tini nomutobvu vachitenga zvinhu zvako zvakawanda.”—Ezekieri 27:12, Today’s English Version.

VaFenikiya vakawana imwe nzvimbo yakanga ine zvicherwa zvakawanda yaiva pedyo nerwizi runonzi Guadalquivir, ruri pedyo neCádiz. Zvicherwa izvozvo zvichiri kucherwa panzvimbo iyoyo, yava kunzi Río Tinto. Mumigodhi iyi mave muchiwanikwa zvicherwa zvemhando yepamusoro kwemakore anoda kusvika zviuru zvitatu.

Sezvo Speini neFenikiya dzakaramba dzichidyidzana mune zvebhizimisi, vaFenikiya vakanga vava varidzi vesirivha yokuSpeini. Zvakaguma zvaita kuti sirivha iite mavhu nemarara muFenikiya uyewo muIsraeri yaiva pedyo. Mambo Soromoni weIsraeri akabatana naMambo Hiramu weFenikiya pakuita bhizimisi. Pakupedzisira, munguva yaSoromoni sirivha “yaisamboonekwa sechinhu.”—1 Madzimambo 10:21.b

Kunyange zvazvo vaFenikiya vakabudirira mune zvokutengeserana, vangave vaiva noutsinye. Zvinonzi, dzimwe nguva vainyengedza vainge vari mungarava vachiita sokunge kuti vaida kuvaratidza midziyo yavo asi vachida kuvaita varanda. Nokufamba kwenguva vakapandukira vaIsraeri vavaitengeserana navo, ndokuvatengesa kuti vave varanda. Saka vaprofita vechiHebheru vakaprofita nezvekuparadzwa kweTire guta rokuFenikiya. Uprofita uhwu hwakazozadziswa naAlexander Mukuru muna 332 B.C.E. (Joeri 3:6; Amosi 1:9, 10) Kuparadzwa kwarakaitwa uku ndiko kupera kwakaita chizvarwa chevaFenikiya.

Nhaka Yakasiyiwa nevaFenikiya

Sezvinongoita vanamazvikokota vose mune zvemabhizimisi, vatengesi vokuFenikiya vainyorerana pasi zvibvumirano zvavo. Vaishandisa arufabheti yakafanana chaizvo neyaishandiswa nevaHebheru vekare. Mamwe marudzi akaona zvainge zvakanakira arufabheti yevaFenikiya. Nokungoigadzirisa zvishoma, ndiyo yakazova fandesheni yokunyorwa kwearufabheti yechiGiriki, iyo yakazoshandiswawo pakunyora arufabheti yevaRoma iyo iri imwe yemaarufabheti ari kushandiswa chaizvo mazuva ano.

Uyezve, guta reFenikiya rinokosha reByblos rakava muzinda wokutengeswa kwepapyrus, yaimboshandiswa kare pasati pava nemapepa avako mazuva ano. Kushandiswa kwepapyrus pakunyora ndiko kwakaita kuti pazova nemabhuku. Kutaura zvazviri, shoko rechiShona rakashandiswa pabhuku raparadzirwa zvikuru munyika, rokuti Bhaibheri, rakabva pazita rokuti Byblos. Zvechokwadi, nhoroondo yakanyorwa inotaura nezvevaFenikiya nengarava dzavo inonyatsoita kuti tivimbe kuti Bhaibheri nderechokwadi.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mepu iri papeji 27]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

NZIRA DZAISHANDISWA NEVAFENIKIYA PAVAIITA ZVEBHIZIMISI

SPEINI

TARTESSUS

Guadalquivir River

Gadir

Corsica

Balearic Isls.

Sardinia

Sisiri

Krete

Kupro

Byblos

Tire

GUNGWA REMEDITERRANEAN

Eziyoni-gebheri

Gungwa Dzvuku

AFRICA

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]

Mari yesimbi iri kuratidza ngarava yevaFenikiya, yomuzana remakore rechitatu kusvika mune rechina B.C.E.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 27]

Zvakasara panzvimbo yaigara vaFenikiya, muCádiz, kuSpeini

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 26]

Museo Naval, Madrid

[Vakatipa Mifananidzo iri papeji 27]

Coin: Museo Arqueológico Municipal. Puerto de Sta. María, Cádiz; remains: Yacimiento Arqueológico de Doña Blanca, Pto. de Sta. María, Cádiz, España