Vaida Shoko raMwari

MASHOKO anokosha anowanzoshandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda kuitira kuti anzwisiswe nevanhu vakawanda. Bhaibheri, Shoko raMwari, rine mashoko anokosha. Kunyange rakanyorwa kare kare, zvinhu zviri muBhaibheri “zvakanyorerwa kuti tirayiridzwe” uye zvinotinyaradza nokutipa tariro yeremangwana.—VaRoma 15:4.

Saka, zvine musoro kuti Bhaibheri, rine mashoko anokosha zvikuru ati ambonyorwa, riwanikwe mumitauro yakawanda. Kubvira kare, vanhu vaiedza kushandura Bhaibheri pasinei nokuti vairwara zvakakomba, vairambidzwa nehurumende, kana kutyisidzirwa kuti vaizourayiwa. Nei? Nokuti vaida Shoko raMwari. Nyaya inotevera inongotiratidza zvishoma nezvenhoroondo inoshamisa yokushandurwa kweBhaibheri.

“Varungu Vanodzidza Mutemo waKristu Zviri Nani neChirungu”

Pakaberekwa John Wycliffe munenge muna 1330, chechi yaiitwa nechiLatin kuEngland. Asi, vanhu vakawanda vaishandisa Chirungu muupenyu hwavo. Vaitaura nevavakidzani vavo neChirungu uye vaitonyengetera kuna Mwari neChirungu.

Wycliffe, uyo aiva mupristi weChechi yeRoma ainyatsogona kutaura chiLatin. Asi aiona kuti zvakanga zvisina kunaka kushandisa chiLatin pakudzidzisa Magwaro nokuti chiLatin waiva mutauro wainzi waitaurwa nevanhu vepamusoro-soro. Akanyora kuti, “Mutemo waMwari unofanira kudzidziswa pachishandiswa mutauro uri nyore kunzwisisa nokuti chiri kudzidziswa ishoko raMwari.” Saka, Wycliffe nevamwe vake vakabatana kuti vashandurire Bhaibheri muChirungu. Zvakatora makore anenge 20.

Chechi yeRoma haina kufarira pfungwa yokuva neshanduro itsva. Bhuku rinonzi The Mysteries of the Vatican rinotsanangura chikonzero nei chechi yakanga isingabvumirani nazvo richiti: “Zvaizoita kuti vanhu vasiri vafundisi vakwanise kuona kusiyana kwakaita zvaiitwa muchiKristu chepakutanga nezvaiitwa muChechi yeRoma panguva iyoyo . . . Zvakava pachena zvikuru kuti zvaidzidziswa neAkatanga chiKristu nomutevedzeri wake [papa] akaita zvokuzvipa chigaro, zvakanga zvakasiyana.”

Pope Gregory XI akabudisa magwaro mashanu achishora Wycliffe. Asi mushanduri wacho akanga asiri kuzorega. Akapindura kuti: “Varungu vanodzidza mutemo waKristu zvakanaka muChirungu. Mosesi akanzwa mutemo waMwari mumutauro wake chaiwo, ndizvo zvakaitawo vaapostora vaKristu.” Munenge mugore ra1382, nguva shoma Wycliffe asati afa, shanduro yokutanga yeBhaibheri rakazara muChirungu yakabudiswa neboka raWycliffe. Anenge makore gumi pashure pacho, mumwe aiva muboka rake akaburitsa imwe shanduro yakadzokororwa uye yaiva nyore kuverenga.

Sezvo kwakanga kusati kwava nemichina yokudhinda, zvose zvaifanira kunyatsokopwa nemaoko, raiva basa raigona kutora mwedzi gumi! Asi, chechi yakanetseka zvikuru nezvokupararira kwaizoita Bhaibheri zvokuti mumwe bhishopi mukuru akatyisidzira achiti munhu upi noupi aizoverenga Bhaibheri racho aizodzingwa muchechi. Makore anopfuura 40 pashure pokufa kwaWycliffe, vafundisi vakaita zvavakanga varayirwa navanapapa, vakafukunura muviri wake ndokupisa mabhonzo ake uye vakakanda madota acho murwizi runonzi Swift. Asi, vaya vainyatsoda kuziva chokwadi vakatsvaka Bhaibheri raWycliffe. Purofesa William M. Blackburn akati: “MaBhaibheri akawanda aWycliffe akagadzirwa, akapararira kuvanhu vakawanda, uye aipfuudzwa kuzvizvarwa zvaitevera.”

Bhaibheri Rainzwisiswa Nevanhu Vakaderera

Mumakore 200, Chirungu chakanga chashandiswa naWycliffe chakanga chisisashandiswi. Mumwe muparidzi muduku aigara pedyo neguta reBristol akaodzwa mwoyo kuti vanhu vashoma chete ndivo vainzwisisa Bhaibheri. Pane imwe nguva, muparidzi wacho, William Tyndale akanzwa mumwe murume akadzidza achiti zvaiva nani kusaziva mutemo waMwari pane kusaziva mutemo wapapa. Tyndale akapindura achitaura kuti kana Mwari aizomubvumira, pasina nguva aizoona kuti kunyange munhu akaderera zvikuru aizova nezivo yakawanda yeBhaibheri kupfuura munhu akadzidza.

Wycliffe akanga ashandura kubva muVulgate yechiLatin uye akanga akopa Magwaro acho nemaoko. Muna 1524, Tyndale uyo akanga abva kuEngland achienda kuGermany, akatanga kushandura Bhaibheri kubva muchiHebheru nechiGiriki chepakutanga uye akashandisa muchina wokudhinda mabhuku waiva kuCologne kudhinda maBhaibheri. Pasina nguva, vavengi vaTyndale vakaziva nezvokushandura kwaakanga achiita uye vakakurudzira dare reSeneti rokuCologne kuti riite kuti maBhaibheri acho ose atorwe.

Tyndale akatizira kuguta reWorms kuGermany, uye akapfuurira nebasa rake. Pasina nguva, makopi eChirungu akashandurwa naTyndale eMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki akaendeswa kuEngland pachivande. Mumwedzi mitanhatu, makopi akawanda akanga atengeswa zvokuti kwakaitwa musangano wechimbichimbi wemabhishopi uye vakarayira kuti maBhaibheri acho apiswe.

Kuti vamise kuverenga Bhaibheri kwakanga kwapararira uye kushandura kwaiita Tyndale, bhishopi wokuLondon akapa Sir Thomas More basa rokunyorera Tyndale tsamba yokumupikisa. Thomas More akanga agumburwa nokushandisa kwakaita Tyndale shoko rokuti “ungano” panzvimbo pokuti “chechi,” uye “mukuru” panzvimbo pokuti “mupristi.” Mashoko iwayo aiita kuti vanhu vave nemibvunzo nezvesimba rapapa uye musiyano uri pakati pevafundisi nevanhuwo zvavo. Thomas More akashorawo kushandura kwakaita Tyndale shoko rechiGiriki rokuti a·gaʹpe richinzi “rudo” pane kuti “ngoni.” Bhuku rinonzi If God Spare My Life rinoti, “Izviwo zvaive zviine ngozi kuChechi nokuti kudzikisira zviri pachena mabasa engoni kungave kwaikanganisa kupa kwaiita vanhu mari yakawanda yezvipo, zvaizoita kuti vanhu vasade kubhadhara mari nemidziyo kuna papa kuti vadzikisirwe nguva yavaizogara mupurigatori izvo vakatendeka vainyengetedzwa kuti vape kuitira kuti vaende kudenga.”

Thomas More akatsigira kupiswa kweshanduro dzevanhu ava “vaipikisa,” zviri izvo zvakaita kuti Tyndale adzipwe pahuro uye muviri wake uchibva wapiswa padanda muna October 1536. Thomas More akazourayiwawo achiitwa zvokudimburwa musoro mambo paakanga asisamufariri. Zvisinei, akaremekedzwa somusande neChechi yeRoma muna 1935, uye muna 2000, Pope John Paul II akakudza More achiti aiva musande aive akazvipira wezvematongerwo enyika.

Tyndale haana kumboremekedzwa. Zvisinei, asati afa, shamwari yake yainzi Miles Coverdale yakabatanidza zvose zvakanga zvashandurwa naTyndale kuti zvive Bhaibheri rakazara iri iyo yakazova shanduro yeChirungu yokutanga yakashandurwa kubva mumitauro yepakutanga! Iye zvino vanhu vose vakaderera vakanga vava kugona kuverenga Shoko raMwari. Zvakadini nemamwe maBhaibheri akashandurirwa mune mimwe mitauro isiri yeChirungu?

‘Basa Raiita Serisingaitiki’

Achiita zvaipesana nezvaidiwa nemhuri yake neshamwari dzake, mumwe mumishinari wokuBritain ainzi Robert Morrison, achingofunga nezvechido chake chete chokubudisa Bhaibheri rakazara muchiChinese, akaenda nengarava kuChina muna 1807. Basa rake rokushandura rakanga risiri nyore. Charles Grant aiva mukuru mukuru weEast India Company panguva iyoyo akabvuma kuti, “Basa racho raiita sechinhu chisingaitiki.”

Asvika, Morrison akaziva kuti vanhu vokuChina vairambidzwa kudzidzisa vamwe vanhu mutauro wavo nokuti munhu aidaro aitongerwa rufu. Kuti azvidzivirire nevaya vakanga vabvuma kumudzidzisa mutauro uyu, Morrison akamboita nguva asingabudi panze. Mamwe mashoko anoti “apedza makore maviri achidzidza akanga ava kukwanisa kutaura Mandarian nedzimwe ndimi nokuverenga nokunyora” mutauro wacho. Panguva iyi, mambo akadzika mutemo wairambidza kudhinda mabhuku echiKristu zvokuti munhu aiadhinda aitongerwa rufu. Pasinei nokutyisidzirwa uku, musi waNovember 25, 1819, Morrison akapedza kushandura Bhaibheri rose muchiChinese.

Pakazosvika 1836, maBhaibheri akazara anenge 2 000, makopi eMagwaro echiGiriki 10 000, uye nedzimwe ndima 31 000 dzeMagwaro echiChinese zvakanga zvadhindwa. Kuda Shoko raMwari kwakanga kwaita kuti ‘basa raiita serisingaitiki’ riitwe.

Bhaibheri Rakasonererwa Mupiro

Papera mavhiki maviri varoorana muna February 1812, mumwe mumishinari wokuAmerica ainzi Adoniram Judson nomudzimai wake, Ann, vakatanga kufamba rwendo rurefu ndokuzoguma vagara kuBurma muna 1813.a Vasvika vakabva vangokurumidza kudzidza mutauro unonzi Burmese, uri mumwe wemitauro yakaoma kwazvo pane iri munyika. Vapedza makore mashoma vachiudzidza, Judson akanyora kuti: “Tiri kudzidzira mutauro unotaurwa nevanhu vokuno, vane mafungiro akanyatsosiyana needu . . . Hatina duramazwi nomuturikiri anogona kutitsanangurira shoko rimwe chete zvaro.”

Kunetsa kwaiita kudzidzira mutauro uyu hakuna kuita kuti Judson akande mapfumo pasi. Akapedza kushandura Bhaibheri rake muchiBurmese muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki muna June 1823. Pava paya, hondo yakagundika muBurma. Zvaaifungidzirwa kuti aiva mutengesi, Judson akaiswa mujeri maakasungwa necheni nhatu, uye maaive akasungirirwa padanda kuti asafamba-famba. Mubhuku rake raakanyora muna 1853 rinorondedzera nezvoupenyu hwaJudson, Francis Wayland akanyora kuti: “Chinhu chokutanga chakatanga kubvunzwa naVaJudson naMai Judson pavakangobvumirwa kuonana nokutaura vose muChirungu chaiva, shanduro yeTestamende Itsva.” Achityira kuti shanduro yacho yaizotsakatiswa nounyoro mumba mayakanga yakachererwa, Ann akaisonerera mupiro ndokuiendesa kumurume wake aive mujeri. Pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu aive akaoma, shanduro yacho yakararama.

Papera mwedzi yakawanda ari mujeri, Judson akasunungurwa. Asi mufaro wake waingova wenguva pfupi. Gare gare gore iroro, Ann akabatwa nefivha yakaipisisa uye mumavhiki mashomanana akafa. Mumwedzi mitanhatu yakatevera, mwanasikana wake ainzi Maria, aingova nemakore maviri, akabatwawo nechirwere chakamuuraya. Kunyange zvazvo Judson akanga aodzwa mwoyo akatangazve basa rake. Akazopedza kushandura Bhaibheri rose muna 1835.

Unoda Shoko raMwari Here?

Kuda Shoko raMwari kwakaratidzwa nevashanduri ava kwakanga kusina kungotangira pavari. Kare munguva yevaIsraeri, mu- nyori wepisarema akaimba kuna Jehovha Mwa- ri achiti: “Ndinoda mutemo wenyu sei! Ndinoufungisisa zuva rose.” (Pisarema 119:97) Bhaibheri rinopfuura mamwe mabhuku anonzi anoshamisa. Rine mashoko anokosha. Unoratidza kuti unoda Shoko raMwari here nokuriverenga nguva dzose? Iva nechokwadi chokuti kana ukadaro uye ukaedza kushandisa zvaunodzidza, ‘uchafara pauchazviita.’—Jakobho 1:25.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 8]

“Varungu Vanodzidza Mutemo waKristu Zviri Nani neChirungu.”—JOHN WYCLIFFE

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]

William Tyndale uye peji romuBhaibheri rake

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]

Tyndale: Kubva mubhuku rinonzi The Evolution of the English Bible

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]

Robert Morrison neshanduro yake yeBhaibheri yechiChinese

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 10]

In the custody of the Asian Division of the Library of Congress

Robert Morrison, engraved by W. Holl, from The National Portrait Gallery Volume IV, published c.1820 (litho), Chinnery, George (1774-1852) (after)/Private Collection/Ken Welsh/The Bridgeman Art Library International

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 11]

Adoniram Judson neshanduro yake yeBhaibheri yechiBurmese

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Judson: Engraving by John C. Buttre/​Dictionary of American Portraits/​Dover

[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 8]

Wycliffe: Kubva mubhuku rinonzi The History of Protestantism (Vol. I); Bible: Courtesy of the American Bible Society Library, New York