Olivétan—“Mushanduri Anozvininipisa” weBhaibheri rechiFrench

Waiva musi wa13 September, 1540. Mapurisa ane zvaaitsvaka mumusha waCollin Pellenc. Mune rimwe kamuri reimba yake raiva pakavanda, vakawana mamwe magwaro avakanyumwira. Pamagwaro aya paivawo nerimwe zibhuku. Papeji yaro yechipiri paiva nemashoko okuti: “P. Robert Olivetanus, mushanduri anozvininipisa.” Raiva Bhaibheri rechitendero chevaWaldensia. Collin Pellenc akasungwa, akatongerwa mhosva yokupanduka, akapiswa ari mupenyu.

PANGUVA iyoyo, sezvaingoitwawo muEurope, Chechi yeRoma kuFrance yaiti nanga-nanga nevakabuda mairi vachiumba dzimwe chechi, ichida kuti vanhu vasatombonzwa dzidziso dzayaiti dzine ngozi. Mumwe wevakabuda muchechi iyi anonzi Guillaume Farel aiva neshungu dzokuti vanhu vanotaura chiFrench vatevere dzidziso dzaMartin Luther, uyo aitungamirira Kuchinja Dzidziso kwaiitwa nemachechi akabuda muRoma. Farel, aibva kuruwa rweDauphiné Province rwuri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweFrance, aiziva kuti mabhuku ndiyo nzira yaizobudirira yokuchinja mafungiro evanhu. Saka kuti abudirire, zvaida kuti ave nemapepa akadhindwa, mabhuku nemaBhaibheri. Asi ndiani aizomupa mari yokuti zvinhu izvozvo zvidhindwe? Akafunga zvokutsvaka rubatsiro kuvaWaldensia, boka rechitendero rainge rakazvipira kuparidza nezveBhaibheri.

Musangano wokuChanforan

Kare nechepakati pomwedzi waSeptember 1532, vafundisi vechiWaldensia vakaita musangano kuChanforan, musha uri pedyo nokuTurin, kuItaly. Kwemakore akawanda, vaWaldensia nevatungamiriri veChechi dzakabuda muRoma vaidyidzana. Saka Farel nevamwe vakakokwawo kumusangano wacho. VaWaldensia vaida kuziva kana dzidziso dzavo dzaiwirirana nedzaiparidzwa naLuther nevadzidzi vake.a

Pamusangano wokuChanforan, Farel akataura zvinogutsa. Vafundisi vechiWaldensia pavakamuratidza maBhaibheri omumutauro wavo akanga asakara avakaita zvokuzvinyorera, akavanyengetedza kuti vaunganidze mari yokuti Bhaibheri rechiFrench ridhindwe. Kusiyana neBhaibheri ra1523 raLefèvre d’Étaples rakashandurwa kubva muchiLatin, iri raizoshandurwa kubva muchiHebheru nechiGiriki. Asi zvino ndiani aikwanisa kuita basa iri?

Farel aiziva munhu aigona kuita basa iri. Munhu uyu ainzi Pierre Robert, asi aizivikanwawo saOlivétan,b mudzidzisi wechiduku akaberekerwa kunharaunda yePicardy iri kuchamhembe kweFrance. Olivétan, uyo aiva hama yaJohn Calvin, ndomumwe wevakatanga kubuda muChechi yeRoma uye aiva munhu akavimbika. Akapedzawo makore anoverengeka ari kuStrasbourg achishingirira kudzidza mitauro yakashandiswa kunyora Bhaibheri.

SaFarel nevamwe vose, Olivétan akanga atizira kuSwitzerland. Shamwari dzake dzakamuteterera kuti abvume basa iri rokushandura. Akambotanga acharamba asi akazoguma abvuma basa rokushandura Bhaibheri “kubva mumitauro yechiHebheru nechiGiriki achiriisa muchiFrench.” Panguva iyi vaWaldensia vakabva vaunza mari yakawanda chaizvo kuitira kuti Bhaibheri racho rigodhindwa.

Zizi neGwenhure

Nechekwokutanga kwegore ra1534, Olivétan akanogara oga kumakomo okuEurope anonzi Alps ndokubva atanga basa rake, aine mabhuku akawanda aaishandisa pakushandura. Dai nyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzaizoona raibhurari yake dzaizotorwa mwoyo. Yaiva nemaBhaibheri omutauro wokuSyria, echiGiriki, uye echiLatin, mabhuku aitsanangura mabhuku avanarabhi, uye emitemo yomutauro wechiChaldean, nemamwe akawanda. Uyezve aitova neshanduro yepanguva iyoyo yeVenetian yemagwaro eBhaibheri echiHebheru chepakutanga.

Olivétan akashandura inowanzonzi Testamende Itsva achibatsirwa nemagwaro echiFrench aLefèvre d’Étaples, kunyange zvazvo aimbopota achibatsirwawo nemagwaro echiGiriki akashandurwa nenyanzvi yechiDutch inonzi Erasmus. Kazhinji aishandura achishandisa mashoko aiita kuti vanhu vasaramba vachifunga dzidziso dzeRoma. Somuenzaniso, akasarudza kushandisa mashoko okuti “mutariri” pane kuti “bhishopu,” “chakavanzika” pane kuti “chimisteriyo” uye “ungano” pane kuti “chechi.”

Pane iya inonzi nevakawanda Testamende Yekare, Olivétan aida kushandura chiHebheru chokutanga sezvachiri, shoko neshoko. Akataura achiita hake zvomusere kuti kushandura chiHebheru uchiisa muchiFrench kwaiva kwakaoma so“kudzidzisa gwenhure kuti ririre sezvinoita zizi”!

Mumagwaro echiHebheru, Olivétan akaona zita raMwari rokuti YHWH kane zviuru. Akasarudza kurishandura achiti “Asingagumi,” shoko rakazenge rava kushandiswa mumaBhaibheri echiFrench echechi dzakabuda muRoma. Asi makati wandei macho akasarudza kurishandura kuti “Jehovha,” sepana Eksodho 6:3.

Zvakashamisa kuti kwangopera rinenge gore, musi wa12 February 1535, mushanduri uyu akataura kuti akanga apedza basa rake! Sezvo akabvuma kuti akanga “atoita basa iri rairema ari oga kwenguva yose iyi,” zvaiva pachena kuti gore ra1534/1535 ndipo pakapera basa iri raida kuzvipira raizoramba richienderera mberi. “Ndaitawo zvandaigona,” akadaro mushanduri uyu achizvininipisa. Chakanga changosara kudhinda Bhaibheri rokutanga rechiFrench, rine chikamu chikuru chakanga chashandurwa kubva mumitauro yokutanga.

Maishandirwa naPirot

Pierre de Wingle, ainziwo Pirot Picard uye ari shamwari yaFarel, aidhinda mabhuku eChechi dzakabuda muRoma, saka akabva atanga kubatsirawo pabasa iri. Mushure mokunge adzingwa kuLyon neChechi yeRoma, akatanga kugara muNeuchâtel, Switzerland, muna 1533. Akatanga kudhinda mabhuku akawanda ainzi ndeokupandukira achishandisa mari yevaWaldensia. Somuenzaniso, ndiye akadhinda mapepa mahombe aizonamirwa pamidhuri nepamiti aishora Misa, uye mamwe acho akazotosvika kuna Mambo wekuFrance aipinda Roma ainzi Francis I.

De Wingle akatangazve kushandisa michina yake miviri yokudhinda asi iye zvino aidhinda Bhaibheri. Kuti basa racho rikurumidze kufamba, mumwe nomumwe wemichina yacho waitekenywa nevanhu vana kana kuti vashanu panguva imwe chete. Pakupedzisira, “mugore ra1535, musi wa4 June,” Wingle akasaina peji reBhaibheri raOlivétan rinoratidza munhu anenge adhinda. Mumashoko okusuma eBhaibheri racho, mushanduri wacho akati Bhaibheri racho akanga anyanya kurishandurira vatendi vaiva varombo “vaidzvinyirirwa uye vairemedzwa nemagamuchidzanwa asina zvaanobatsira.”

Bhaibheri racho parakazopera raiva rakaita zvainyatsotarisirwa nevanhu. Kunakidza uye kuva nyore kwemashoko echiFrench kwakawedzerwa nemanyorero aiva akanaka, epamusoro-soro anowanzoitwa pazvinyorwa zvokuGermany anonzi gothic, aiva akakamurwa kuva zvitsauko nendima. Mashoko akanyorwa mumativi meBhaibheri racho anoratidza unyanzvi hwaiva nomushanduri wacho. Mashoko okusuma neokuwedzera uye nhetembo nezvimwewo zvakawedzerawo kunaka kweBhaibheri racho. Panoperera bhuku rimwe nerimwe, pane mashoko anonzwika zvakafanana sezvinowanzoitwa munhetembo, anobudisa pfungwa yokuti “vaWaldensia, vanoparidza eEvhangeri, vakaisa pfuma iyi inokosha painowanikwa nevanhu vose.”

Bhuku Rakashandurwa Nounyanzvi . . . Asi Rakaramba Kutengwa

Kunyange hazvo Bhaibheri raOlivétan raimboshorwa, nhasi vanhu vanobvumirana kuti rinoratidza unyanzvi. Uyezve, kwemakore mazana matatu Bhaibheri rake rakashandiswa nevashanduri vechechi dzakabuda muRoma pakushandura maBhaibheri avo.

Kunyange zvazvo pakadhindwa maBhaibheri aOlivétan anenge chiuru, mashoma-shoma ndiwo akatengwa. Imhaka yokuti pakanga pasina urongwa chaihwo hwokuaparadzira uyewo nokuti panguva iyoyo mutauro weFrench wakanga uchichinja-chinja nokukurumidza. Uyezve, zibhuku iri rairema makirogiramu 5 raizoremera vanhu vaifamba vachiparidza uye vaya vaiverenga vasingadi kuzivikanwa.

Pasinei nokuti pane rimwe Bhaibheri raiva raendeswa kumba kwaCollin Pellenc kuFrance, sezvataurwa kwokutanga kwenyaya ino, Bhaibheri raOlivétan rakaramba kutengwa. Muna 1670, kwapera rinoda kusvika zana remakore nehafu, chimwe chitoro chaitengesa mabhuku kuGeneva chakanga chichine rimwe Bhaibheri racho.

“Haana Zita uye Haana Kumusha”

Olivétan paakapedza basa rake, haana kuzoda kuzivikanwa. Achishandisa mamwe mazita, akadzokorora Testamende Itsva nezvimwe zvikamu zveTestamende Yekare. Akatangawo kuita rimwe basa raaifarira chaizvo, rokudzidzisa. Zvaaiva mudzidzisi akanaka, akadzokorora kunyora rimwe bhuku revaduku rinonzi Instruction for Children (Murayiridzo weVana), achivarayira tsika dzakanaka uye achivadzidzisa chiFrench achishandisa Magwaro. Rimwe remazita aaishandisa nderokuti Belisem de Belimakom, rinoreva kuti “Haana Zita uye Haana Kumusha.”

Olivétan akafa mugore ra1538 achangoti darikei makore 30, uye anogona kunge akafira muRoma. Mazuva ano vanhu vashoma vanoziva basa rakaitwa nenyanzvi iyi yechiduku yokuPicardy pakuita kuti Bhaibheri rechiFrench riparadzirwe. Zita rake haritombonyanyi kuwanikwa mumaduramazwi, zvokutoti kana paine anaro, mashoma-shoma. Izvi zvinofanira kunge zvaienderana nemashoko okuti “mushanduri aizvininipisa,” kureva Louys Robert, anozivikanwawo saOlivétan!

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

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Archives de la Ville de Neuchâtel, Suisse /Photo: Stefano Iori

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Mufananidzo uri kuruboshwe: Alain Leprince - La Piscine-musée, Roubaix / Courtesy of the former Bouchard Museum, Paris

Uri nechepakati uye kurudyi: Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français, Paris

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Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français, Paris