Zita raMwari Uye Zvakaitwa naAlfonso de Zamora Kuti Anyore Mashoko Akarurama

MUNA 1492, Mambo Ferdinand naMambokadzi Isabella vokuSpain vakapa murayiro waiti: “Panozopera July wegore rino varume vose nevakadzi vechiJudha . . . vanofanira kunge vabva munyika yedu pamwe chete nevanakomana nevanasikana vavo, vashandirume nevashandikadzi vavo, hama dzose dzevaJudha, vaduku nevakuru uye ngavasatomboedza zvavo kudzoka.”

Murayiro iwoyo wakapa mhuri dzose dzevaJudha muSpain mukana wokusarudza kuti dzobuda munyika iyi here kana kuti dzosiya chitendero chadzo. Mumwe mudzidzisi wechiJudha ainzi Juan de Zamora angadaro akafunga kuti zvaiva nani kuti atendeukire kuchechi yeRoma pane kuti adzingwe muSpain, makanga magara madzitateguru ake kwemakore nemakore. Nemhaka yokuti aiva muJudha, Juan anogona kunge akaendesa mwanakomana wake Alfonso kuchikoro chakakurumbira chaiitisa zvidzidzo zvechiHebheru muguta reZamora. Alfonso akazopedzisira ava kunyatsogona chiLatin, chiGiriki, nechiAramaiki. Paakapedza zvidzidzo zvake, akatanga kudzidzisa chiHebheru paUniversity of Salamanca. Pasina nguva unyanzvi hwake hwokugona mitauro yakasiyana-siyana hwakazobatsira chaizvo nyanzvi dzeBhaibheri muEurope yose.

Muna 1512 University of Alcalá de Henares iyo yakanga ichangotanga, yakasarudza Alfonso de Zamora kuva muzvinafundo wezvidzidzo zvechiHebheru. Sezvo Zamora aiva shasha yeshasha dzose dzepanguva yake, mupristi ainzi Jiménez de Cisneros uyo akatanga yunivhesiti yacho, akakumbira Zamora kuti amubatsire kunyora Bhaibheri raikosha chaizvo rinonzi Complutensian Polyglot. Bhaibheri iri rine mavhoriyumu matanhatu rine magwaro matsvene muchiHebheru, chiGiriki, chiLatin uyewo zvimwe zvikamu zviri muchiAramaiki.a

Imwe nyanzvi yeBhaibheri Mariano Revilla Rico yakati nezvebasa iri: “PavaJudha vatatu vakaita basa roMupristi Cisneros, Alfonso de Zamora ndiye aiva akanyanya kukurumbira nokuti aiva shasha yegirama, muzivi uye shasha yeTalmud ari zvekare nyanzvi yechiLatin, chiGiriki, chiHebheru nechiAramaiki.” Kubva muzvidzidzo zvake, Zamora akaona kuti kushandura Bhaibheri zvakarurama kwaida kuti munhu atange anyatsonzwisisa mitauro yekare yakashandiswa pakunyora Bhaibheri. Zamora akatozopedzisira ava mumwe wevanhu vakaita kuti pave nechido chakanyanya chokunyatsoongorora Bhaibheri uko kwakatanga pakuvamba kwezana remakore rechi16.

Kunyange zvakadaro, zvakanga zvakaoma uye zvaiva nengozi kuti Zamora akurudzire vanhu kuongorora Bhaibheri panguva yaakararama. Dare reChechi Rinobvunzurudza rokuSpain rakanga rava kuita zvinogara zvakadaro uye Chechi yeRoma yairemekedza Bhaibheri rechiLatin rainzi Vulgate ichiti ndiro chete “riri pamutemo.” Asi kubva kuma500 C.E. kusvika kuma1500 C.E., nyanzvi dzechechi yeRoma dzakanga dzatoona kuti mashoko echiLatin aiva muVulgate akanga asingakodzeri. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi16, Alfonso de Zamora nevamwe vakatanga kugadzirisa dambudziko iri.

‘Kuti Vanhu Vaponeswe, Magwaro Anofanira Kushandurwa’

Zviri pachena kuti pane zvakaitwa naZamora, shanduro yechiHebheru inowanzonzi Testamende Yekare pamwe chete neyaakashandurirawo muchiLatin, yaikosha chaizvo. Zvinoita sokuti aida kuti shanduro idzi dzizonyanya kushandiswa pakuita basa rokunyora Bhaibheri reComplutensian Polyglot. Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvake zviri muraibhurari inonzi El Escorial iri pedyo neMadrid kuSpain. Zvinyorwa zvacho izvo zvakanzi G-I-4, zvine bhuku rose raGenesisi muchiHebheru pamwe chete neshanduro yeshoko neshoko yechiLatin.

Mashoko acho okusuma anoti: “Kuti vanhu vaponeswe, Magwaro Matsvene anofanira kushandurirwa mune mimwe mitauro. . . . Takaona kuti . . . zvakakodzera chaizvo kuti vanhu vakatendeka vave neshanduro yeBhaibheri yakashandurwa shoko neshoko, zvokuti shoko rimwe nerimwe rechiHebheru rinenge riine rechiLatin rinoreva zvakafanana.” Alfonso de Zamora aikwanisa kuita basa rokushandurira muchiLatin sezvo aiva nyanzvi yechiHebheru yaizivikanwa.

‘Mweya Wangu Hausi Kuwana Nzvimbo Yokuzororera’

Muzana remakore rechi16, Spain yaiva nzvimbo yakanyatsokodzera kuti nyanzvi dzakaita saZamora dzishandire imomo. Kuma500 C.E. kusvika kuma1500 C.E., tsika dzechiJudha dzakanga dzadzika midzi muSpain. Bhuku rinonzi The Encyclopædia Britannica rinoti: “Nemhaka yokuti muSpain makanga mune vaMuslim nevaJudha vakawanda, ndiyo chete nyika yokumadokero kweEurope yaiva nevanhu vemarudzi nezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana, uye izvi ndizvo zvakaita kuti ibudirire mune zvechitendero, zvemabhuku, zvokudhirowa uye zvokuvaka kuma500 C.E. kusvika kuma1500 C.E.”

Sezvo muSpain maiva nevaJudha vakawanda, zvinyorwa zveBhaibheri zvechiHebheru zvaiva zvakawanda chaizvo. Vanyori vechiJudha vaiva munzvimbo dzakawanda kuSpain vakanga vashanda nesimba vachikopa zvinyorwa izvozvo kuti vaverengere vanhu Magwaro mumasinagogi. L. Goldschmidt, akanyora mubhuku rake rinonzi The Earliest Editions of the Hebrew Bible kuti: “Zvinyorwa zvechiSpanish nechiPortuguese zvemabhuku mashanu okutanga eBhaibheri hazvisizvo chete zvainyanya kunzi zvakarurama neNyanzvi dzechiJudha, asiwo kwakabva zvinyorwa zvacho pamwe chete nemabhuku enyanzvi ane mitauro yakawanda.”

Kunyange zvazvo muSpain maiva makanaka kushandira, vanhu vaida kushandura Bhaibheri vaipikiswa. Muna 1492, masoja aipinda chechi yeRoma aMambo Ferdinand naMambokadzi Isabella akakunda vanhu vechiMoorish vakanga vasara muSpain. Sezvambotaurwa, mugore iroro ndimo makapiwa murayiro wokuti vanhu vose vechitendero chechiJudha vaifanira kututa twavo vobuda muSpain. VaMuslim vakazodzingwawo papera makore gumi. Kubva panguva iyoyo, hurumende yakaisa mutemo wokuti chechi yeRoma ndiyo yakanga ichifanira kupindwa nemunhu wose muSpain uye zvimwe zvitendero zvakanga zvisingachabvumirwi.

Izvi zvaizoita kuti kushandurwa kweBhaibheri kufambe sei? Zvakaitika kuna Alfonso de Zamora zvinoratidza kuti zvakavhiringidza kushandurwa kweBhaibheri. Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi iyi yechiJudha yakanga yatendeukira kuchechi yeRoma, vakuru vakuru vechechi muSpain vakaramba vachimutora semuJudha. Vamwe vakatsoropodza Mupristi Cisneros kuti sei aishandisa unyanzvi hwevaJudha vakanga vatendeuka pakunyora Bhaibheri rake rePolyglot. Izvi zvakaita kuti Zamora azvidye mwoyo chaizvo. Muchinyorwa chiri kuUniversity of Madrid, mune mashoko aZamora paaichema-chema achiti: “Ini . . . handisi kuwana nzvimbo yokuzorodza mweya wangu netsoka dzangu nokuti shamwari dzangu dzose dzakandisiya uye dzava vavengi vangu.”

Mumwe munhu ainyanya kuvenga Zamora ndiJuan Tavera, aiva bhishopu mukuru weToledo, uyo akazotora chinzvimbo chomukuru mukuru weDare reChechi Rinobvunzurudza. Zamora akaora mwoyo chaizvo nokushorwa kwaaiitwa naTavera zvokuti akaendesa nyaya yacho kuna papa. Chikamu chetsamba yaakanyora chaiti: “Tinokukumbirai uye tinokutetererai kuti Imi Mutsvene mutibatsire . . . uye mutidzivirire pamuvengi wedu Don Juan Tavera, bhishopu weToledo. Zuva rimwe nerimwe anongoramba achitifurufusha. . . . Tayaura chaizvo sezvo achitiona semhuka dzomusango dzakakodzera kuurayiwa. . . . Kana Imi Mutsvene mukanzwa kuteterera kwedu, ‘Yahweh achakuchengetedzai uye achadzivirira tsoka yenyu kuti murege kutapwa.’ (Zvir. 3:23)”b

Basa Rakaitwa naAlfonso de Zamora

Pasinei nokupikiswa uku, Zamora akaramba achiita basa rake uye akabudirira, zvikabatsira vanhu vaiongorora Bhaibheri. Kunyange zvazvo asina kumboshandurira Magwaro mumitauro yakasiyana-siyana yaitaurwa panguva yake, akaita basa rinokosha chaizvo rakabatsira vamwe vashanduri. Kuti tione kukosha kwebasa raakaita, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti kushandura Bhaibheri kunoda marudzi maviri enyanzvi. Kutanga, panofanira kuva nenyanzvi dzinoongorora zvinyorwa zvemagwaro matsvene mumitauro yepakutanga inoti chiHebheru, chiAramaiki nechiGiriki kuti pave nezvinyorwa zvakanatsurudzwa uye zvakarurama zvemitauro iyoyo. Zvadaro, mushanduri anogona kushandisa zvinyorwa izvozvo kuti ashandurire mumutauro unotaurwa nevanhu.

Alfonso de Zamora ndiye aiva nyanzvi huru pane vakanyora Magwaro echiHebheru akanatsurudzwa ndokubudiswa muComplutensian Polyglot muna 1522. (Mashoko echiHebheru nechiLatin aakashandisa pamwe nezvikamu zvinotsanangura mashoko echiHebheru zviri imomo zvakabatsirawo vashanduri.) Erasmus uyo akararama panguva yaZamora, akaitawo zvakafanana paMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki anowanzonzi Testamende Itsva. Sezvo pakanga pava neMagwaro akanatsurudzwa muchiGiriki nechiHebheru, vamwe vashanduri vakanga vava kukwanisa kutanga kuita basa rinokosha rokushandurira Bhaibheri mumitauro yaitaurwa nevanhu. William Tyndale paakashandurira Bhaibheri muChirungu, ndiye akava mumwe wevashanduri vokutanga kushandisa Complutensian Polyglot.

Kuparadzirwa kwakanyanya kuri kuitwa Bhaibheri mazuva ano kwakabva pabasa revarume vakaita saZamora, avo vakazvipira kuti tikwanise kunzwisisa zviri nani Magwaro. Sezvakataurwa naZamora, kupona kwevanhu kunobva pakunzwisisa Shoko raMwari nokuita zvarinotaura. (Johani 17:3) Saka kuti izvozvo zviitike, Bhaibheri rinofanira kushandurirwa mumitauro inonzwisiswa nevanhu kuitira kuti mashoko aro anyatsoti dyo-o pamwoyo yemamiriyoni evanhu.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi/Mifananidzo iri papeji 19]

Kushandura Zita raMwari

Zvinofadza chaizvo kuona mashandurirwo akaitwa zita raMwari nemurume wechiHebheru aiva akadya mabhii, Alfonso de Zamora. Mufananidzo uri pano unoratidza kuti zita raMwari rakanzi “jehovah” mushanduro yake yeshoko neshoko yechiHebheru nechiLatin yebhuku raGenesisi.

Zviri pachena kuti Zamora akabvuma kuti zita raMwari iri rishandurirwe muchiLatin richinziwo Jehovha. Paishandurwa Bhaibheri mumitauro mikuru yokuEurope muzana remakore rechi16, chiperengo chezita raMwari ichi kana kuti chimwe chakada kufanana nacho chakashandiswa nevashanduri vakawanda veBhaibheri vanosanganisira William Tyndale (Chirungu, 1530), Sebastian Münster (chiLatin, 1534), Pierre-Robert Olivétan (chiFrench, 1535) uye Casiodoro de Reina (chiSpanish, 1569).

Saka Zamora aiva mumwe wenyanzvi dzeBhaibheri dzomuzana remakore rechi16 dzakabatsira pakujekesa zita raMwari. Kurega kushandisa zita raMwari kwakatanga kuitika nemhaka yetsika dzechiJudha dzairambidza kutaura zita iroro. Vachitevedzera tsika dzechiJudha idzodzo, vashanduri veBhaibheri vemachechi anozviti ndeechiKristu vakadai saJerome, uyo akashandura Bhaibheri reVulgate rechiLatin, vakabvisa zita raMwari vakaritsiva nemazita akaita sa“Ishe” kana kuti “Mwari.”

[Mufananidzo]

Zita raMwari rakashandurwa kuti “jehovha” naZamora

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 18]

Murayiro wakapiwa namambo uye mambokadzi vokuSpain, 1492

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Decree: Courtesy of the Archivo Histórico Provincial, Ávila, Spain

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 18]

University of Alcalá de Henares

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 21]

Mufananidzo uri kwokutanga muBhaibheri raZamora