Vatican Codex—Nei Ichikosha?

RAIBHURARI yokuVatican ine zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokosha. Mifananidzo iri pamidhuri yayo, zvivezwa, uye mavakirwo ayo zvinoita kuti ive nzvimbo yakanaka chaizvo uye inoyevedza. Kunyange zvakadaro, kwemazana emakore zvakanga zvisiri nyore kuwana imwe yepfuma yayo inokosha. MuRaibhurari yeVatican umu, maivawo nomumwe mupumburu unokosha unojekesa zvimwe zvikamu zveShoko raMwari wakanyorwa zviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura. Unonzi Vatican Codex.a

Sinaitic neAlexandrine kodhekisi, mimwe mipumburu miviri yekare yeBhaibheri inoremekedzwa nenyanzvi, ine nhoroondo dzinonakidza dzinoratidza kuti yakawanikwa uye yakanunurwa sei pakuparadzwa. Ukuwo, hapana zvakawanda zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa nezvekwakabva Vatican Codex.

Pfuma Yakavanzwa

Vatican Codex yakabva kupi? Panoratidza kuti zvinhu zvomuRaibhurari yeVatican zvakabva kupi uye kuti ndezvarini, panoratidza kuti yakatanga kutaurwa nezvayo kare muzana remakore rechi15. Nyanzvi dzinoti ingave yakagadzirwa kuIjipiti, Kesariya, kana kuti kunyange kuRoma. Zvisinei, nezvemashoko aya, Professor J. Neville Birdsall wepaYunivhesiti yeBirmingham, kuEngland, akati, “Muchidimbu, hatizivi musi chaiwo kana kuti kwakabva Codex Vaticanus uye kunyange pasinei nezvingaitwa nenyanzvi, hatikwanisi kuziva kwayakabva kutangira muzana remakore rechi15 zvichidzokera shure.” Kunyange zvakadaro, Vatican Codex yakanzi ndiyo mumwe wemipumburu inokosha kwazvo yeBhaibheri. Nei?

Mumazana emakore akapfuura vamwe vaikopa Bhaibheri vakakanganisa ndima dzaro. Saka dambudziko revashanduri vanoda kushandura vachishandisa mashoko akarurama nderokuwana mipumburu yakarurama ine mashoko akarurama ezvinhu zvakanyorwa makarekare. Saka chimbofungidzira kuda kwakaita nyanzvi kuongorora Vatican Codex, mupumburu wechiGiriki unotangira muzana remakore rechina C.E., makore asingasviki 300 Bhaibheri rapedza kunyorwa! Kodhekisi iyi ine Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki neechiHebheru, kunze kwendima shomanana dzakatsakatika nokupindana kwemazuva.

Kwemakore akawanda, zviremera zveVatican zvakanga zvisingadi kuti nyanzvi dzeBhaibheri dziwane kodhekisi iyi. Frederic Kenyon nyanzvi yokuongorora magwaro inozivikanwa, akarondedzera kuti: “Muna 1843 [nyanzvi yeBhaibheri inonzi Konstantin von] Tischendorf, amirira kwemwedzi yakawanda, akabvumirwa kuiona kwemaawa matanhatu. . . . Muna 1845 mumwe muongorori wokuEngland ainzi Tregelles akabvumirwa kuiona asi haana kubvumirwa kuikopa.” Tischendorf akakumbira kuonazve kodhekisi yacho, asi akazorambidzwa paakanga akopa mapeji 20. Asi sokutaura kunoita Kenyon, “kukumbirazve kwaakazoita kwakaita kuti awanezve mamwe mazuva matanhatu okudzidza, ose achibva ava mazuva 14 asi achidzidza kwemaawa matatu pazuva; uye nokunyatsoshandisa nguva yake zvakanaka, muna 1867 Tischendorf akakwanisa kubudisa mupumburu wakarurama kupfuura yakanga yambobudiswa nevamwe.” Vatican yakazoita kuti imwezve kodhekisi yaiva nani iwanikwe.

“Kunyatsochengetedzwa”

Ndima dzaiva muVatican Codex dzaiva dzakaita sei? Bhuku rinonzi The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible rinoti “yaishandisa zvakafanana zviperengo zvimwe chete uye yakakopwa zvakarurama, uye ndima dzayo dzakanga dzakanyatsonyorwazve zvakanaka.” Bhuku iroro rinoti: “Saka zvinoita kuti tigumise kuti ndima dziri mukodhekisi iyi dzakakopwa nenyanzvi dzekare.”

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzatinofanira kufunga nezvadzo dzakashamiswa nokunaka kwakaita Vatican Codex dzaiva B. F. Westcott naF.J.A. Hort. Shanduro yavo yeNew Testament in the Original Greek, yakabudiswa muna 1881, yakashandurwa kubva pamakodhekisi eVatican neSinaitic ndiyo ichiri kunyanya kushandiswa pakubudisa shanduro dzakawanda dzemazuva ano dzeMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki kusanganisira The Emphasised Bible yaJ. B. Rotherham, uye Shanduro yeNyika Itsva.

Zvisinei, vamwe vashori vanofunga kuti Westcott naHort vaisafanira kuvimba neVatican Codex. Kodhekisi iyi yaiva nemashoko akarurama here epakutanga? Mamwe mashoko akanyorwa pamapepa enhokwe eBodmer akawanikwa pakati pa1956 na1961 akafadza nyanzvi nokuti mapepa enhokwe acho aiva nezvikamu zvekare-kare zvebhuku raRuka neraJohani zvomuzana remakore rechitatu C.E. Izvi zvaizotsigira zvakazowanika muVatican Codex here?

Philip B. Payne naPaul Canart vakanyora mubhuku ravo rinonzi Novum Testamentum kuti, “pane kufanana kunoshamisa kuri mukodhekisi yeVaticanus nendima ichiripo murugwaro ruri pamapepa enhokwe rweBodmer. Pamusana pokufanana uku, zvine musoro kugumisa kuti munhu wokutanga akanyora Vaticanus akakopa mupumburu ungangove wakabva pamapepa enhokwe eBodmer. Saka munyori wacho anofanira kunge akakopa mupumburu wekare kare kana kuti akakopa kubva pane waiva wakakopwa pane wekare kare.” Mumwe muzvinafundo anonzi Birdsall akati: “Mipumburu miviri iyi yakada kufanana chaizvo. . . .[Kodhekisi] yakakopwa zvakanaka chaizvo: kunyatsoongororwa nokukopwa kwayakaitwa nokungwarira kwakaita kuti ndima dzepakutanga dzemagwaro dzinyatsochengetedzwa zvakarurama.”

Inokosha Kuvashanduri

Ichokwadi kuti hapasi pose panoratidza mipumburu yekare chaizvo zvaive zvakaita ndima dzepakutanga dzemagwaro. Zvisinei, Vatican Codex ikaenzaniswa nemimwe mipumburu zvave zvichibatsira chaizvo nyanzvi kuona mashoko aive mundima dzokutanga-tanga dzemagwaro. Somuenzaniso, mumwe Mupumburu weSinaitic wakasara, wakanyorwa muzana remakore rechina C.E., hauna mabhuku akawanda enhoroondo kutangira pana Genesisi kusvika kuna 1 Makoronike. Asi kuwanika kwawo mumakodhekisi eVatican Codex kunobatsira kupupurira kuti Bhaibheri nderechokwadi.

The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible inoti, nyanzvi hadzina kubvumirana kunyanya “pandima dzaitaura nezvaKristu uye zveUtatu utsvene.” Vatican Codex yakabatsira sei kujekesa ndima dzacho?

Chimbofunga nezvomuenzaniso uyu. Sezvakanyorwa pana Johani 3:13, Jesu akati: “Hapana munhu akakwira kudenga asi uya akaburuka achibva kudenga, iye Mwanakomana womunhu.” Vamwe vashanduri vakawedzera mashoko okuti “zviri [kana kuti ari] kudenga.” Mashoko iwaya okuwedzera anoda kupa pfungwa yokuti Jesu aiva kudenga nepanyika panguva imwe chete—pfungwa inotsigira dzidziso yoUtatu. Mashoko iwaya akawedzerwa anooneka mune mimwe mipumburu mishomanana inotangira muzana remakore rechishanu nerechigumi C.E. Zvisinei, kusava kwawo mumipumburu yekare yeVatican neSinaitic kwakaita kuti vashanduri vakawanda vemazuva ano vabvise mashoko acho. Izvi zvakabatsira kujekesa Kristu uye kuti mashoko acho apindirane nemamwe ose ari muMagwaro. Pane kuva munzvimbo mbiri panguva imwe chete, Jesu akanga abva kudenga uye aizodzokera kudenga munguva pfupi, aizo“kwira kuna” Baba vake.—Johani 20:17.

Vatican Codex inoitawo kuti tinyatsonzwisisa ndima dzinotaura nezvechinangwa chaMwari nokuda kwenyika. Ona muenzaniso uyu. Maererano neBhaibheri reNdimi yeUnion Shona, muapostora Petro akaprofita kuti “nenyika nemabasa ari mairi achapiswa.” (2 Petro 3:10) Dzimwe shanduro dzinodarowo, dzichitora mashoko adzo kubva muAlexandrine Codex yomuzana remakore rechishanu uye mune mimwe mipumburu yakazowanika. Saka vanhu vakawanda vanoverenga Bhaibheri nomwoyo wose vakagumisa kuti Mwari achaparadza nyika.

Zvisinei, rinenge zana rimwe chete remakore Alexandrine Codex isati yabudiswa, Vatican Codex (neMupumburu weSinaitic waivapowo panguva iyoyo) pamashoko aya ouprofita hwaPetro yakati “nyika nemabasa ari mairi zvichawanikwa.” Izvi zvinopindirana neBhaibheri rose here? Hungu! Nyika chaiyo iyi “haizozununguswi nokusingagumi, kana kuti nokusingaperi.” (Pisarema 104:5) Saka nyika ‘ichawanikwa’ sei? Mamwe magwaro anoratidza kuti shoko rokuti “nyika” rinofanira kushandiswa mupfungwa yokufananidzira. “Nyika” inogona kutaura mutauro uye kuimba nziyo. (Genesisi 11:1; Pisarema 96:1) Saka “nyika” inogona kureva vanhu vose zvavo. Hazvinyaradzi here kuziva kuti Mwari haasi kuzoparadza nyika yedu asi achafumura uye kubvisa uipi hwose nevanohuita?

“Richagara Nokusingagumi”

Zvinosuwisa kuti Vatican Codex yakachengetwa yakavanzika kwemazana emakore, uye kazhinji kacho vanoverenga Bhaibheri vakanga vasinganzwisisi zvinonyatsorehwa nedzimwe ndima dzeBhaibheri. Zvisinei, kubvira payakabudiswa, Vatican Codex uye maBhaibheri akashandurwa zvakarurama emazuva ano zvakabatsira vari kutsvaka chokwadi kuti vadzidze zvinodzidziswa neBhaibheri.

Vanhu vekare vaikopa Bhaibheri vaiwanzonyora mashoko aya mumipumburu yavo: “Ruoko rwakanyora [izvi] runoora muguva, asi mashoko akanyorwa acharamba aripo kwemakore akawanda.” Nhasi tinoonga vanhu ivavo vatisingazivi vakashanda nesimba kukopa mipumburu iyoyo. Asi Munyori weBhaibheri ndiye anofanira kukudzwa zvikuru zvaakaita kuti richengetedzwe, ari iye akafuridzira muprofita wake wekare kunyora kuti: “Uswa hwakasvibirira hwaoma, ruva raoma; asi shoko raMwari wedu, richagara nokusingagumi.”—Isaya 40:8.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 20]

Kuziva Misi Yakanyorwa Mipumburu Yekare

Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vaikopa mipumburu vainyora musi wavakapedza basa ravo, mipumburu yakawanda yechiGiriki yainge isina misi. Saka nyanzvi dzaiziva sei misi yakanyorwa mipumburu yeBhaibheri? Sezvakangoita kusiyana kwomutauro uye zvokudhirowa zvechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe, ndizvo zvakaitawo manyorerwe emabhii. Somuenzaniso, mabhii ekare, aiva nemavara makuru nemitsetse yakaenzana, ndiwo aishandiswa muzana remakore rechina uye akaramba achishandiswa kwemazana emakore. Nyanzvi dzakangwarira dzinoongorora dzichienzanisa manyorerwe emipumburu iyoyo yekare nezvimwe zvakanyorwawo panguva yacho dzinogona kunyatsoziva kuti mipumburu iyoyo yekare yakanyorwa rini.

Zvechokwadi, muitiro uyu handi pose pawakarurama. Purofesa Bruce Metzger wePrinceton Theological Seminary, akati: “Sezvo manyorero omunhu asingawanzochinji muupenyu hwake hwose, hazvina musoro kunyora musi unopfuura makore 50.” Nokunyatsoongorora seizvi, nyanzvi dzinowanzobvumirana kuti Vatican Codex yakanyorwa muzana remakore rechina C.E.