Kumuka Nokuwa Kwenyika Yokutengeserana
Chikamu 5: Makambani Makuru Anobatisisa Kubata Kwawo
HONDO yeNyika I yakanga isati yatongopera apo mugariro unotambudza wemari weEurope wakadeya kuzivisa imwezve nhamo. Mukupera kwaOctober 1929, ngwavaira yakarovanya. Kutengeserana shavo kweNew York kwakaputsika chose chose. Vanhu vakabatwa noruzazu. Munhambo yapashure pacho mabhangi mazhinji akachipa. Mamirioni amadhora akarashwa nezviuru zvavanhu, vamwe vavo vakasvetuka kuti vafe vachibva pazvivako zvirefu.
Kuderera Kwoukoshi Hwemari Kukuru kwakapinza nyika yose muruparadziko rwemari uye, kupfurikidza nokukuchidzira migariro yakaparira Hondo yeNyika II, munhevedzano yenyongano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Purofesa wenhau René Albrecht-Carrié akarondedzera ma 1930 saano“ratidzirwa nenhambo dzenjodzi, dzinowadzanyurika pamugariro wengwavaira yemari.”
Nokudaro, asingasviki makore 20 pashure pa 1914, kwakanga kuchioneka zvikuru kuti gadziriro dzemari dzenyika dzakanga dzisina kuenzana namabasa ezana idzva ramakore. Ikoku kunokosha, sezvo mukuwirirana nokuverengwa kwenguva kweBhaibheri nouporofita hwoumwari, rubvumidzo rwaMwari ubati ushe hwohunhu husingadziviswi rwakapera muna 1914. Mugore irero rinokosha, Mwari akagadza Umambo hwokudenga hwaizoita kuvapo kwahwo kusingaoneki kuzivikanwe kupfurikidza nezvinoitika zvinooneka. Humwe hwouhu ufakazi hunodudzwa muna Mateo ganhuro 24, Ruka ganhuro 21, uye Zvakazarurwa ganhuro 6, maganhuro ayo tinokukurudzira kurava.
Humwe ufakazi hwakatanhamara hwokugadzwa kwoUmambo ndohwokuti pasi riri kuparadzwa nomutoo unoenderera mberi navagari varo. (Zvakazarurwa 11:18) Nemhaka yeidi rokuti takanangana nokushatiswa kwenyika yose, kuvadziko kuchivanzarikwa chinodzivirira cheozone layer chakapoteredza pasi, uye bviro nokuda kwengwavaira yetsamirano yezvisikwa inoparirwa nounonzi muuyo wokupisa kwapasi, tine chikonzero chakakwana chokugumisa kuti uhu uporofita zvino huri kuzadzika.
Makambani Makuru—Mushatsi Mukuru Here?
Kuchinja kwenzvimbo yamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu kwakavanzarika nheyo nokuda kworudzi rwechienzi rweenderero mberi—enderero mberi inokuita kuve nyore zvikuru, kunokurumidza zvikuru, uye kwakachipa zvikuru kugovera vanhu zvavanoda nezvavanoshaiwa asi izvo panguva imwe cheteyo zvinoparira mvura ine acid, zvinoparira kurasika kwamakemikari, uye zvinoparadza masango apasi; enderero mberi inokuita kuve nyore kuvachakairi kuti vafambe rwendo kupfurikidza nendege yejeti kuenda kune rumwe rutivi rwapasi zvokuti vanogona kushatsa aichimbova mahombekombe akachena ndokuparadza nzvimbo yokugara yomusikirwo; enderero mberi iyo kupfurikidza nokushatsa mhepo yedu, zvokudya, uye mvura zvinotityisidzira norufu rwokukurumidza.
Kunze kwokutanga ruzivo rwamabasa rwakaparira kukuvadzwa kwapasi, makambani makuru akagoverawo sundo. Sokucherekedza kwakaita magazini yeTime, “kuronda mhindu kwenyongano kupfurikidza namakambani kwenguva refu kwave kuri manyuko makuru okushatiswa.” Nyanzvi yokutarisirwa kwomugariro wemari yemasango yeCM inonokorwa mashoko ichitaura kuti “kutemwa kusiri kwapamutemo [kwamasango emvura] (kwokutengeserana) kunosimbiswa mumakaro.”
Gadziriro dzisati dziri dzohuzvinapfuma yebhizimisi dzine mhaka zvakaenzana. Mutori wenhau Richard Hornik akanyora muna 1987 kuti “kwaanenge makumi matatu amakore oubati ushe hwechiKomonisiti, Peking yakataura kuti kwakanga kusingabviriri mapurogiramu evandudziko echisosharisiti kuti aparire ushati hwemhoteredzo.” Asi zvino nguva yokunangana nemiuyo yakanga yasvika, uye kunyange China yakanga ichidzidza “kuvadziko dzemhoteredzo dzakaparirwa neenderero mberi mune zvemari.”
Mumwe mutori wenhau akaidza kuparadza kweshatiso mukati mamakore 40 okuparadzanya muEastern Europe kuti “chakavanzika chinoisvosembura chechikomonizimu.” Ukuru hwekuvadziko huri kuva hunooneka bedzi zvino, huchipa Bitterfeld, makiromita 50 kuchamhembe kweLeipzig, musiano unopanikirika zvimwe wokuva guta rakashatswa nomutoo wakakomba zvikurusa zvimwe munzvimbo yakaisvoshatswa munyika.
Zvibereko Zvamakwikwi Outsinye
Sezvo mazhinji amabasa edu nokuita zvichiumbwa zvikurukuru norudzidziso nezvamatongerwe enyika, saizvozvowo tinotapurwa kusvikira kumwero mukuru namakambani makuru. Kutaura idi, kubata kwakasimba kwakunako parudzi rwomunhu zvimwe kuzivikanwa zvakanakisisa kupfuura zvose munzira yaanoumba nayo hunhu.
Nheyo imene apo nyika yezvokutengeserana yohuzvinapfuma yebhizimisi yakavakirwa pairi, mudzimu wamakwikwi outsinye, inowanwa munzvimbo iri yose—kuchikoro, kubasa, munzvimbo dzevaraidzo nemitambo, uye padzimwe nguva kunyange mumhuri. Vechiduku vanodzidziswa kubvira muucheche kuva vanokwikwidzana, kuva vakanakisisa, kuva nhamba hwani. Kuenderera mberi mune zvemari kunorangarirwa sokunokosha chose, uye ganhuriro shomanene dzinoiswa pamaitirwe okuita kudaro. Nokuda kworubudiriro, varume navakadzi vanokurudzirwa kuva vane gwinyiro, kunyange kuva vanodenha kana kuchidikanwa.
Vanhu vemabhizimisi vanodzidziswa kuva vane ushamwari navakativa. Asi mavara iwaya anoratidzira hunhu hwavo hwechokwadi nguva dzose here, kana kuti dzimwe nguva anongoratidzira bedzi nyengedzo yavakapfeka sezvavanoita mutoro? Muna 1911, Edgar Watson Howe, mutori wenhau weAmerica, akapa iyi pangiro, inoti: “Apo munhu anoedza kukutengesera chimwe chinhu, usafungidzira kuti akativa kudaro nguva yose.”
Makwikwi anochengeta kunzwa kwegodo, kweshanje, uye kwamakaro. Vanhu vanopfuura vangavamba kufunga kuti ivo vamene vakakwirira, kuchivaita vanodada navanozvitutumadza. Varasikirwi venguva dzose, kune rumwe rutivi, vangatambura shaiko yokuzviremekedza, kuchiparira kuora mwoyo. Vanangana nedzvinyiriro dzokukwikwidzana dzavasingagoni kugonana nadzo, vangasarudza havo kurega, chimiro chendangariro chinobetsera kutsanangura wedzero yokuzviuraya pakati pavechiduku mudzimwe nyika.
Kupfurikidza nokukundikana kugovera munhu ari wose zvinodikanwa zvoupenyu nomutoo wakaenzana, gadziriro dzemari dzisingabudiriri dzinogona kupinza vanhu mukuva vasingaongi, vane udyire, uye vasingakendengi kune rumwe rutivi kana kuti vane utsinye, vanozvinzwira urombo, uye vanoruka mazano kune rumwe. Uye kupfurikidza nokusimudzira mari nepfuma kumugariro unenge umwari, kutengeserana kunogona nyore nyore kubira vanhu umudzimu hwavo.
Simba Rinonyengera Remari
Apo mari yakangopinzwa bedzi munzanga, yakavamba kutekeshera munzanga yose yavanhu uye nokudaro ichitapura ukama hwavanhu. Gadziriro yemitengo yakaisa ukoshi hwemari pazvinhu namabasa. Nokukurumidza chinhu chiri chose chakasvika pakuva chinoratidzirwa mumashoko emari, iyo ichiva mupimo uyo chinhu chiri chose chaigona kuva chinoyererwa pauri pamusoro poukoshi. Ikoku kwakadzikatidza zvokwadi iyo rwiyo rwunosanoratidzira, zvisinei, kuti “zvinhu zvakanakisisa muupenyu ndezvapachena.”
Kunyange vanhu vakasvika pakuva vanokosheswa mune zvemari, vachirangarirwa zvikurukuru pamusoro pehwaro hwemari kana kuti pfuma. Mutori wenhau Max Lerner akaziva ikoku muna 1949, paakanyora, kuti: “Mutsika yedu tinoita magamba avanhu vanogara pamusoro pomurwi wemari, uye tinopa ngwariro kwete kune zvavanotaura bedzi munzvimbo yavo yokukwaniriswa, asi kuuchenjeri hwavo pamusoro peimwe nhau iri yose munyika.” Pamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mumwe mutori wenhau akaratidzira panikiro kumurangariro wakarangarirwa zvakasimba wapurezidhendi weU.S. wokuti pfuma ndiwo mupimo womunhu. Mutori wenhau akakuwana kuva “chiratidzo choukoshi husina kukodzera hunopiwa kuvavariro dzokudisa zvinhu zvenyika hwakashandura ma 1980 kuva ‘Makore ane gumi,’ nguva apo uchazivikanwa uye uchatongwa kupfurikidza nepfuma.”
Kunyanyosimbisa mari nezvinhu zvainogona kutenga kunokombamira kukuderedza ukoshi hwoukama hwavanhu. Rimwe jaya reBangladesh, pashure pokutamira kuEurope yezvepfuma, zvamazvirokwazvo rakanga rine pfundo apo iro rakati: “Vanhu muno vanofarira zvinhu; kumusha tinofarira zvikuru vanhu.”
Chimiro chendangariro chakavakirwa pamari chinoderedzawo basa, chichiriita bedzi mutoo unoshandiswa wokuwana nawo donzo rinodikanwa, mutwaro uye risati richavazve mufaro. Munhu anoshanda, kwete nokuda kwomufaro wokupedza zvinhu kana kuti nokuda kwomufaro wokupa vamwe zvinhu zvavanoshaiwa, asi nokuda bedzi kwokuwana mari. Ichi chimiro chendangariro chinobira zvomenemene munhu mufaro nokuti “mukupa mune mufaro mukuru kupfuura uri mukugamuchira.”—Mabasa 20:35.
Unoda Kuti Makambani Makuru Akuumbe Here?
Enderero mberi yesayenzi noruzivo rwamabasa zvakabviriswa nokuwanwa uye nokushandiswa kwemitemo yomusikirwo yamavambo oumwari yanguve iri yebetsero huru kurudzi rwomunhu. Somuenzaniso, Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvinoonga zvikuru rubudiriro rwemitoo yokutsikirira nayo yazvino uno uye nokuda kwebviro dzakavandudzwa dzezvokufambisa nedzekurukurirano dzinozvibvumidza kuita basa razvo rokuparidzira nenzira yokuti kudai zvisizvo zvaizova zvisingabviri.—Mateo 24:14.
Zvisinei, hakugoni kurambwa kuti bviro nokuda kwokuita zvakanaka iyo iyi enderero mberi inogovera yakashatswa zvikuru navanhu vakarega hunhu hwavo huchiumbwa nenzira isiri youmwari kupfurikidza norudzidziso rwenhema, zvamatongerwe enyika zvakashata, uye gadziriro dzepfuma dzisina kukwana.
Unoda here kuti bviro yako nokuda kwezvakanaka iparadzwe nohunhu hunoumbwa zvisina kunaka—hwako umene? Uchabvumira kutengeserana kwamakaro kusarudza chirongwa chako chemipimo chose chose pahwaro hwemari here? kukubvumira kuparira rudo rwemari nepfuma kukurira muupenyu ukama hwavanhu? kukurega kuchikubira umudzimu?
Nokutengeserana kuri kusimbisa kubata kwako parudzi rwavanhu chifo cha 1914, pane nzira ipi neipi here yokukudzivisa kuumba hunhu hwedu? Hungu, iripo! Pamwe chete nokutiratidza icho ikoku kuri, nyaya yokupedzisira munhevedzano ino ichatsanangura mararamire atingaita kuti tione zuva apo rudzi rwomunhu ruchave ruchikwanisa kutura befu musununguko: “Nhamo Dzemari—Dzapera Pakupedzisira!”
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Makambani Makuru Anobetsera Kuzivisa “Mazuva Okupedzisira”
Kupfurikidza nokuumba hunhu, makambani makuru ari kubetsera kugovera ufakazi hwa“mazuva okupedzisira” sohunowanwa pana 2 Timotio 3:1-4, (NW): Asi ziva izvi, kuti mumazuva okupedzisira nguva dzinotambudza dzakaoma kubata nadzo [kubatanidza kuoma kwokugonana nefunganyo dzemari] dzichasvika. Nokuti vanhu vachava . . .
Vanozvida vamene: Vanodisa zvenyika vane udyire, chimiro chendangariro chinokurudzirwa nokuzivisa kwokutengeserana, uko kunoti: ‘Unofanirwa nezvakanakisisa. Zviitire hanya iwe umene. Tsvaka fariro dzako umene pakutanga’
Vadi Vemari: Nyanzvi yezvokusetsa yeAmerica Mark Twain akamboti: “Vamwe vanhu vanonamata nzvimbo huru yenzanga, vamwe vanonamata magamba, vamwe vanonamata simba, vamwe vanonamata Mwari, . . . asi vose vanonamata mari”
Vanozvirumbidza, vanozvikudza: Wezvamatongerwe enyika weGermany akataura nezvamafemu amakemikari anononozeka kuita chiito akakumbirwa kurega kushatsa: “Ini ndinowana chimiro chendangariro chinodzora chakashata zvikuru. Idenho yesimba”
Vasingaongi, vasina kuvimbika: Munyori weEngland Thomas Fuller akati, “Pfuma inotokudziridza zvikuru panokugutsa zvishuvo” uye, “Kushambadzira nokutengeserana kwenguva dzose kuri kunyengedza munzvimbo yose kupfurikidza nechibvumirano”
Vasina chidakadaka chomuzvarirwo: Mafemu ayo nokuda kwezvikonzero zvemhindu anotengesera marudzi achiri kubudirira zvinhu zvinorambidzwa kune imwe nzvimbo kana kuti kuwana mafekitari ane ngozi munyika dzisina mitemo yekotsekano ine rumano kunoratidza itiro hanya shoma nokuda kwoupenyu hwavamwe
Vasingakombamiri kubvumirano ipi neipi, vacheri: Nyanzvi yezvoruzivo rworutsuta Adam Smith akataura kuti “kutengeserana, kunotofanira kuva mumuzvarirwo, pakati pamarudzi, sapakati pavanhu vamwe navamwe, chisungo chomubatanidzwa noushamwaridzani, kwakava manyuko akaisvoorera enyongano noruvengo”
Vasina kuzvidzora, vanotyisa: Kutenga kwakanyanyisa kwokuripira, kadhi rechikwereti rokunyanyonwisa, uye murangariro wokuti “tenga zvino, bhadhara gare gare,” unokurudzirwa nokutengeserana nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga, kunoratidzira shaikwo yokuzvidzora; zvimwe zvinorondwa zvokutengeserana zvinogutsa utera hwavanhu ndokuita mari nemirimo, ushati, uye kubhejera
Vasina rudo rworunako, vanonyengera: Pepanhau rinonzi The German Tribune rinoti: “Uko kurasikirwa kukuru kwokugonana neshatiswo yemhoteredzo kunoitirwa hanya, mipimo yetsika padzimwe nguva yakaderera zvikuru.” Vanhu vasina mipimo yetsika vanokuwana kuri nyore kuchera vamwe nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga
Vasingadzoreki: Mapoka ane simba, akadai savanosimudzira kushandiswa kwepfuti nefodya, vanopambadza mari yakawanda nomutoo wechisimbwa vachiedza kuraira miitiro yezvamatongerwe enyika kuti vave nechokwadi chokutengesa kwakakwirira, kunyange zvazvo matura avo achipinza mungozi kotsekano youtano uye vanhu
Vanozvikwidziridza norudado: Pfuma haisati iri chikonzero nokuda kworudado, pasinei hapo nekambiro dzavanodisa zvenyika. Nyanzvi yezvengano yechiGiriki Aesop akati: “Chiratidziro chokunze chitsivo chourombo nokuda kwefaniro yomukati”
Vadi vemifarwa panokuva vadi vaMwari: Varaidzo yokutengeserana inosimbisa mifarwa kusvikira kukubviswa kwoumudzimu uye kwakaparira chizvarwa chavanhu vakapindwa muropa nokutsvaka mufaro
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Makambani makuru akabetsera kuita Europe zvimwe nyika yakaisvoshatswa zvikuru munyika