Sango Rinogara Richinaya reAmazon—Raiva Rakavanzwa Mungano

YAKANYORWA NOMUNYORI WEMUKAI! MUBRAZIL

MAINDIA eIrimarai aigara akatevedza Rwizi rweNapo rwokuPeru aisagona kudavira zvaakaona! Zvikepe zviviri zvaive nemicheka inobata mhepo yakachinjika, zvakasiyana nemagwa awo matete, zvakauya nomumvura zvakananga musha wawo. Akaona varwi vane ndebvu varimo—vakasiyana nerumwe rudzi rupi rwaakanga ati amboona. Akangaidzwa, maIndia acho akaita chipatapata chokutsvaka pokuvanda ndokungotarira sezvo vokumwe veganda jena vakasvetukira pamhenderekedzo, vakadya mugove wezvokudya zvomusha wacho, uye ipapo ndokuenda zvakare nomumvura—vachikuchidzirwa nepfungwa yokuita mukurumbira seboka revafambi rokutanga kugura nomusango rose rinogara richinaya, kubva kuMakomo eAndes kusvikira kuGungwa reAtlantic.

Mukati megore iroro, 1542, rudzi rwechiIndia rumwe pashure porumwe rwakatambura tyisidziro dzakafanana sezvo vapanguri veEurope ivavo, vachiratidza uta uye pfuti, vakaramba vachipinda mukati-kati mesango remunyika dzinopisa zvikuru reSouth America.

Francisco de Orellana, kaputeni wokuSpain aitarisira vakundi, akakurumidza kuziva kuti shoko rokupamba kwemauto ake nokupfura rakanga rafamba nokukurumidza kupfuura zvikepe zvavo zviviri. Marudzi emaIndia ari zasi zvishoma kworwizi (pedyo neguta reBrazil ranhasi reManaus) nemiseve yavo yakagadzirira kupfura vakanga vakamirira vavhozhokeri vanopfuura 50.

Uye maIndia iwayo akanga asingapotsi, akabvuma kudaro mumwe mutezo wevatyairi vechikepe Gaspar de Carvajal. Akataura zvaakazvionera, nokuti rimwe remapfumo emaIndia acho rakanga ramubaya pakati pembabvu. “Dai kwanga kusiri kukora kwenguo yangu,” akanyora kudaro mumongi wacho akakuvara, “ndingadai ndakafa.”

‘Vakadzi Vanorwa Sevarume Gumi’

Carvajal akapfuurira kurondedzera simba rinosunda riri seri kwemaIndia ane ushingi iwayo. ‘Takaona vakadzi vachirwa vari mberi kwevarume semakaputeni echikadzi. Vakadzi ava vachena uye varefu, nebvudzi ravo refu rakarukwa ndokumonerwa rakatenderedza misoro yavo. Vane simba uye, neuta hwavo nemiseve mumaoko avo, mumwe nomumwe wavo ari kurwa sevarume gumi.’

Kuti kuona kwavapanguri varwi vechikadzi kwakanga kuri chaikoiko kana kuti, zvimwe seizvo mamwe manyuko anotaura, “chionowo zvacho chakaparirwa nefivha yomusango” hazvizivikanwi. Asi maererano nedzimwe nhoroondo zvisinei, pakasvika nguva apo Orellana naCarvajal vakasvika panodira rwizi rukuru rwacho mugungwa ndokufamba vachipinda muGungwa reAtlantic, vakadavira kuti vakanga vaona rudzi rwevaAmazon veAmerica, varwi vechikadzi vanotyisa vanorondedzerwa mungano yechiGiriki.a

Mumongi Carvajal akachengetedzera zvizvarwa zvinotevera rungano rwacho rwevaAmazon veAmerica kupfurikidza nokurubatanidza munhoroondo yake yaakaona yerwendo rwemwedzi misere rwaOrellana. Kaputeni Orellana, iye amene, akafamba nomumvura achienda kuSpain, uko akapa nhoroondo yakajeka yerwendo rwake achitevedza rwaakati Río de las Amazonas, kana kuti Rwizi rweAmazon. Nokukurumidza, vagadziri vemapu vemuzana ramakore rechi16 vakanga vava kunyora zita idzva pamapu yakanga ichangovamba yeSouth America—Amazon. Naizvozvo sango reAmazon rakava rakavanzwa mungano, asi zvino sango iroro rava kuzivikanwa zvinonetsa.

Zvinoshaisa Mufaro Pasango Rinogara Richinaya

RICHIONEKWA uri mundege, sango rinogara richinaya reAmazon rinokuyeuchidza nezvekapeti yakakura sekondinendi, richiratidzika serakasvibira uye rakanaka zvino sezvarakanga rakaita apo Orellana akatanga kuriona. Sezvaunopfokocheka nomusango rinopisa, rine mwando uchifamba pasi, uchinzvenga zvipukanana zvoukuru hwezvinoyamwisa zviduku, unokuwana kwakaoma kuona musiyano wezvinhu chaizvoizvo nezvisiri zvinhu chaizvo. Anoratidzika kuva mashizha anova mafura, miti inomonera imwe inova nyoka, uye zvitanda kuva mbeva dzavhunduka dzinomhanya zvikuru dzichitiza. Musango reAmazon, idi richiri rakavhiringidzwa nezvokunyepedzera.

“Musiyano mukurusa nezvinokarirwa,” anodaro mumwe mucherekedzi, “ndewokuti zvinhu chaizvoizvo zveAmazon hazvidaviriki sengano dzaro.” Uye hazvidaviriki zvirokwazvo! Fungidzira sango rakakura seWestern Europe. Rifungidzire rakazadzwa nemarudzi anopfuura 4 000 akasiyana-siyana emiti. Fungidzira mashongedzerwo arakaitwa nerunako rwemarudzi anopfuura 60 000 emiti yemaruva. Riise ruvara nemavara akajeka emarudzi 1 000 eshiri. Ripfumise nemarudzi 300 ezvinoyamwisa. Rizadze nekuziririka zvichida kwemarudzi ezvipukanana ane mamiriyoni maviri. Zvino unogona kuona chikonzero nei munhu ari wose anorondedzera sango rinogara richinaya reAmazon achiguma nokushandisa zvipauro zvakanakisisa. Mamwe mashoko ose haarondedzeri zvakakwana kuwanda kwechipo chezvipenyu zveiri sango gurusa rinogara richinaya romunyika dzinopisa zvikuru riri pasi pano.

Zvakaparadzaniswa “Zvava Kuda Kutsakatika”

Makore makumi mapfumbamwe akapfuura mumwe munyori nomusetsi weAmerica Mark Twain akarondedzera iri sango rinofadza se“nyika inokwezva, nyika yakapfuma zvikuru nezvishamiso zvenyika dzinopisa zvikuru, nyika inofadza ndangariro umo shiri dzose nemaruva nemhuka zvakanga zvakasiyana zvokukodzera kuisa mumiziyamu, uye umo garwe nengwena netsoko zvinoratidzika kuva zvakasununguka zvikuru sokunge kuti zviri Munochengeterwa mhuka.” Nhasi, tsinhiro dzaTwain dzokuchenjera dzakamonyaniswa zvikuru. Mamiziyamu neMunochengeterwa mhuka nokukurumidza angava misha bedzi yasara nokuda kwenhamba iri kukura yezvishamiso zveAmazon zvenyika dzinopisa zvikuru. Nei?

Chikonzero chikuru sezviri pachena kutema sango rinogara richinaya reAmazon kwemunhu, achigobora musha womusikirwo wemiti nemhuka zvenharaunda yacho. Zvisinei, kunze kwekuparadzwa kukuru kwepokugara, kune zvimwe—zvinoparira—zvakaoma kunzwisisa zviri kuchinjira marudzi emhuka nemiti kuva “zvava kuda kutsakatika,” kunyange zvazvo zvichiri zvipenyu. Namamwe mashoko, zviremera zvinodavira kuti hapana chinogona kutadzisa marudzi acho kunyangarika.

Chimwe chikonzero chakadaro kuparadzaniswa. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanofarira zvokuchengetedza vangarambidza kutemwa kwemiti pane imwe nharaunda musango kuti vave nechokwadi chokupona kwemarudzi anogara imomo. Zvisinei, chitondo chiri choga chinopa marudzi aya kariro yorufu pakupedzisira. Protecting the Tropical Forests—A High-Priority International Task rinopa muenzaniso wokuenzanisira chikonzero nei zvitondo zviri zvoga zvichikundikana kutsigira upenyu kwenguva yakareba zvikuru.

Marudzi emiti yomunyika dzinopisa zvikuru kazhinji kazhinji anoumbwa nemiti mirume nemikadzi. Kuti ibereke, inobetserwa nezviremwaremwa zvinotakura mikume kubva kumaruva marume kuenda kumakadzi. Chokwadika, iri basa rokuberekesa rinoshanda bedzi kana miti yacho ichikura mukati menharaunda yokubhururuka kwechiremwaremwa. Kana daro riri pakati pemuti mukadzi nemuti murume rikava rakakurisa—sezvinoitika kazhinji kazhinji apo sango riri roga rinoguma rakomberedzwa neziendanakuenda regwatukwatu—chiremwaremwa hachigoni kufamba daro refu rakadaro. Miti yacho, unodaro mushumo wacho, ipapo inova “‘yava kuda kutsakatika’ sezvo kubereka kwayo kwenguva refu kusingachabviri.”

Uku kubatana kuri pakati pemiti nezviremwaremwa ndehumwe hweukama hunoumba nzanga yomusikirwo yeAmazon. Kuchitaurwa nenzira yakapfava, sango reAmazon rakafanana neimba huru inogovera pokugara nezvokudya kuzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana asi zvine ukama hwapedyo. Kuti zvidzivise kutsvikinyidzana, zvinogara musango rinogara richinaya zvinogara zvimwe pasi zvimwe mudenga, zvimwe pedyo neuriri hwesango racho, zvimwe mudenga denga mumashizha. Zvinogaramo zvose zvine basa, uye zvinoshanda masikati nousiku—zvimwe masikati, zvimwe mukati meusiku. Kana marudzi ose akabvumirwa kuita mugove wawo webasa, iyi nzanga yakaoma kunzwisisa yemiti nemhuka dzeAmazon inoshanda zvakanaka pasina zvinetso zvipi nezvipi.

Zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo zveAmazon (“mhoteredzo” rinobva pana oiʹkos, shoko rechiGiriki rinoreva “imba”), zvisinei, hazvitani kufa. Kunyange kana kupindira kwomunhu munzanga iyi yomusango kwakaganhurirwa kukuparadza marudzi mashomanene, kuparadza kwake kunoita maungira kuchikwira nenhurikidzwa dzose dzemba dzesango. Norman Myers wezvokuchengetedza anofungidzira kuti kutsakatika kwerudzi rumwe rwemuti kunogona pakupedzisira kuparira kufa kwemarudzi emhuka akawanda se30. Uye sezvo miti mizhinjisa yomunyika dzinopisa zvikuru, ichitsamirawo pamhuka pakuparadzira mbeu, kutsvaira marudzi emhuka kwemunhu kunotungamirira kukutsakatika kwemiti yadzinobetsera. (Ona bhokisi rinoti “Ukama Hwemiti Nehove.”) Kufanana nokuparadzanisa, kuvhiringidza ukama kunoita kuti marudzi akawanda zvikuru emusango ave “ava kuda kutsakatika.”

Kutema Paduku, Kurasikirwa Kuduku Here?

Vamwe vanoruramisa kutema miti kwemunzvimbo duku vachipa zvikonzero zvokuti sango racho richatungazve ndokuva nezvinomera zvitsva panzvimbo inenge yatemwa yacho nenzira imwe cheteyo iyo miviri yedu inoita nayo ganda racho idzva paronda repamunwe. Ndizvo here? Eya, kwete chaizvoizvo.

Ichokwadi, zvirokwazvo, kuti sango rinokurazve kana munhu akasiya nzvimbo inenge yatemwa miti isina kudzongonyedzwa kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana. Asi ichokwadiwo kuti zvinomera zvitsva zvinofanana nesango ragara riripo kungofanana nokufanana kwefotokopi isina kubata zvakanaka nepepa rokutanga. Ima Vieira, nyanzvi yezvemiti yeBrazil, akafunda sango rakadyarwazve rava nezana ramakore muAmazon ndokuwana kuti pamarudzi emiti 268 aisikura