Dare Rapamusoro reEurope Rinotsigira Maruramiro Okuparidzira muGirisi
NEIKO murume airumbidzwa navavakidzani vake aizosungwa kanopfuura ka 60 chifo cha 1938? Neiko uyu mutengesi womuchitoro akatendeseka wokuchitsuwa cheGirisi cheKrete aizounzwa pamberi pamatare eGirisi ka 18 ndokubatira makore anopfuura matanhatu mutorongo? Hungu, neiko uyu murume wemhuri anobishaira, Minos Kokkinakis, aizotorwa kumudzimai wake navana vashanu ndokutapirwa kuzvitsuwa zvokuranga zvakasiana-siana?
Mitemo yakabvumirwa muna 1938 na 1939 inorambidza kuita vadzidzi ndiyo chisakiso chikuru. Iyi mitemo yakatangwa nomudzvinyiriri weGirisi Ioannis Metaxas, uyo akanga achishanda achipesvedzerwa neChechi yeGreek Orthodox.
Somuuyo wouyu mutemo, kuvambira muna 1938 kusvikira 1992, kwaiva nokusungwa 19 147 kweZvapupu zvaJehovha, uye matare akaisa tongero dzakaita hwerengedzo yamakore 753, 593 yawo akabatirwa zvomenemene. Kwose ikoku kwakaitwa nemhaka yokuti Zvapupu muGirisi, sokune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvinotevera mirairidzo yaJesu Kristu yokuti “muite vadzidzi vavanhu vamarudzi ose, . . . muchivadzidzisa kuchengeta zvinhu zvose,” zvaakaraira.—Mateo 28:19, 20, NW.
Asi pana May 25, 1993, rukundo rukuru nokuda kworusununguko rwokunamata rwakawanwa! Pamusi iwoyo European Court of Human Rights muStrasbourg, France, yakatsigira maruramiro omugari weGirisi okudzidzisa zvitendero zvake kuvamwe. Mukutonga kudaro, iri dare rapamusoro reEurope rakatanga dziviriro dzakafara dzorusununguko rworudzidziso idzo dzingava nomuuyo mukuru paupenyu hwavanhu munzvimbo iri yose.
Ngatisanonzverei zvinoitika, kubatanidza ruzvidzo rwakatamburwa nomugari mumwe chete weGirisi, urwo rwakatungamirira kuichi chisarudzo chinokosha chedare.
Mugariro Wapakuvamba
Muna 1938 uyu mugari wemo, Minos Kokkinakis, akava wokutanga weZvapupu zvaJehovha kuwanwa ane mhaka mumutemo weGirisi uyo unoita kuti kuita vadzidzi kuve mhaka yokupunza mutemo. Pasina betsero yokutonga, akaendeswa kundobatira mwedzi 13 muutapwa pachitsuwa cheAegean cheAmorgos. Muna 1939 akatongerwa kaviri ndokuiswa mutorongo kwemwedzi miviri nehafu nguva imwe neimwe.
Muna 1940, Kokkinakis akatapwa kwemwedzi mitanhatu kuchitsuwa cheMelos. Gore rakatevera racho, mukati meHondo yeNyika II, akaiswa mutorongo ramauto muAtene kwemwedzi inopfuura 18. Pamusoro penhambo iyoyo, iye anoyeuka, kuti:
“Kushaikwa kwezvokudya mutorongo kwakabva pakushata kusvikira pakushata zvikuru. Takava vasina simba kwazvo zvokuti taisagona kufamba. Kudai kwaisava nokuda kweZvapupu zvakabva kunharaunda dzeAtene nePiraeus izvo zvakatigovera zvokudya kubva mumigove yadzo mishomanene, tingadai takafa.” Gare gare, muna 1947, akatongerwazve ndokubatira mimwe mwedzi mina nehafu mutorongo.
Muna 1949, Minos Kokkinakis akatapirwa kuchitsuwa cheMakrónisos, zita rinounza mifananidzo yorutyo kundangariro dzavaGiriki nemhaka yetorongo riri ikoko. Pakati pavasungwa 14 000 panguva iyeyo vakapinzwa mutorongo paMakrónisos, vanenge 40 vakanga vari Zvapupu. Enisaikoropidhia yechiGiriki Papyros Larousse Britannica inoti: “Mitoo yokutambudza kwoutsinye, . . . migariro yokugara, izvo zvisingagamuchiriki nokuda kworudzi rwakapepuka, uye mufambiro wakashata wavarindiri kuvasungwa . . . manyadzi kunhau yeGirisi.”
Kokkinakis, uyo akapedza gore ari mutorongo paMakrónisos, akarondedzera migariro, kuti: “Varwi, kufanana nemitezo yeInquisition, vaibvunzurudza musungwa mumwe nomumwe kuvambira mangwanani kusvikira madekwana. Mashoko anokundikana kutsanangura kutambudza kwavakaitwa. Vasungwa vakawanda vakarasikirwa nokuva kwavo nepfungwa yakanaka; vamwe vakaurawa; chiverengero chikuru chakasiiwa charemadzwa mumuviri. Mukati mousiku ihwohwo hunotyisa apo tainzwa kuchema nokugomera zvaavo vaitambudzwa, tainyengetera seboka.”
Pashure pokupukunyuka nhamo paMakrónisos, Kokkinakis akasungwa kamwe katanhatu mukati mama 1950 ndokubatira mwedzi gumi mutorongo. Muma 1960 iye akasungwa kana kokuwedzera uye akatongerwa mwedzi misere mutorongo. Asi yeuka, Minos Kokkinakis aingova mumwe bedzi pakati pamazana eZvapupu zvaJehovha ayo mumakore apfuura akasungwa ndokupinzwa mutorongo nemhaka yokuti vaitaura kuvamwe pamusoro pokutenda kwavo!
Kwakadaro sei kuti kusaruramisira kunotyisa kwakapfuuridzirwa paZvapupu zvaJehovha muGirisi pakupedzisira kwakauya pamberi peEuropean Court of Human Rights?
Mhaka Yokugadza Muenzaniso
Mhaka yacho yakava namavambo ayo pana March 2, 1986. Pamusi iwoyo Minos Kokkinakis, panguva iyeyo murume webhizimisi akarega basa ane makore 77 okukura, uye mudzimai wake vakashanyira musha waMai Georgia Kyriakaki muSitia, Krete. Murume waMai Kyriakaki, uyo akanga ari mutungamiriri wokuimba neminyengetero pachechi yomunzvimbomo yeOrthodox, akazivisa mapurisa. Mapurisa akauya ndokusunga Baba naMai Kokkinakis, avo panguva iyeyo vakaendeswa kukamba yamapurisa yomunzvimbomo. Vakamanikidzirwa kupedza usiku vari ikoko.
Chii chavakanga vachipomerwa? Imwe cheteyo yakaitirwa Zvapupu zvaJehovha kane zviuru mukati mamakore 50 akapfuura, ndiko kuti, kuti zvakanga zvichiita vadzidzi. Bumbiro reMitemo reGirisi (1975), Chikamu 13, chinoti: “Kuita vadzidzi kunorambidzwa.” Rangarirazve Mutemo weGirisi, rutivi 4, nhamba 1363/1938 uye 1672/1939, uyo unoita kuti kuita vadzidzi kuve mhaka yokupunza mutemo. Unoti:
“Kupfurikidza no‘kuita vadzidzi’ kunorehwa, zvikurukuru, kuedza kupi nokupi kwakananga kana kuti kusina kunanga kuvhozhokera maruramiro orudzidziso omunhu wechitendero chorudzidziso chakasiana . . . , nedonzo rokusekesa zvitendero izvozvo, norudzi rupi norupi rwenyengedzo kana kuti zvimwe nechipikirwa chenyengedzo kana kuti tsigiro kana kuti rubatsiro rwezvinhu, kana kuti nomutoo wokunyengera kana kuti nokushandisa zvisina kufanira kusava kwake noruzivo rwokuzviwanira, chivimbo, kudikanwa, ungwaru hwakaderera kana kuti kusaziva.”
Dare roUtsotsi paLasithi, Krete, rakatonga nhau yacho pana March 20, 1986, uye rakawana Baba naMai Kokkinakis vane mhaka yokuita vadzidzi. Vose vari vaviri vakatongerwa mwedzi mina mutorongo. Mukuwanira mhaka vaviri vacho, dare rakazivisa kuti vakwirirwi vakanga vavhozhokera “zvitendero zvorudzidziso zvamaKristu eOrthodox . . . kupfurikidza nokushandisa zvisina kufanira kusava kwavo noruzivo rwokuzviwanira, ungwaru hwavo hwakaderera nokusaziva kwavo.” Vakwirirwi vakapomerwazve mhaka yoku“kurudzira [Mai Kyriakaki] kupfurikidza netsananguro dzavo dzokuchenjera, dzounyanzvi . . . kuchinja zvitendero zvavo zvechiKristu zveOrthodox.”
Chisarudzo chacho chakakwirirwa kuCrete Court of Appeal. Pana March 17, 1987, iri dare reKrete rakasunungura Mai Kokkinakis asi rakatsigira kuwanirwa mhaka kwomurume wake, kunyange zvazvo rakaderedza tongero yake yetorongo kumwedzi mitatu. Rutongeso rwakataura kuti VaKokkinakis vakanga “vashandisa zvisina kufanira kusava noruzivo rwokuzviwanira [kwaMai Kyriakaki], ungwaru hwavo hwakaderera nokusaziva kwavo.” Rakataura kuti ivo “vakavamba kurava zvikamu muMagwaro Matsvene, izvo vakakamuranisa nounyanzvi nomutoo uyo mukadzi wechiKristu, nokuda kwokushaiwa murairidzo wakakwana mudzidziso, aisagona kudenha.”
Mumurangariro wokusabvumirana, mumwe wavatongi wokukwirira akanyora kuti VaKokkinakis “vanofanira kuva vakasunungurwawo, sezvo pasina humwe hwoufakazi hunoratidza kuti Georgia Kyriakaki . . . akanga asina ruzivo rwokuzviwanira zvikuru mudzidziso yechiKristu cheOrthodox, achiva akaroorwa nomutungamiriri wokuimba neminyengetero, kana kuti woungwaru hwakaderera zvikuru kana kuti kusaziva zvikuru, zvakadaro zvokuti mukwirirwi akakwanisa kushandisa zvisina kufanira uye . . . [nokudaro] achimunyengera kuva mutezo wesekete reZvapupu zvaJehovha.”
VaKokkinakis vakakwirira mhaka yacho kuGreek Court of Cassation, Dare Gurusa reGirisi. Asi dare iroro rakaramba kukwirira kwacho pana April 22, 1988. Naizvozvo pana August 22, 1988, VaKokkinakis vakakwirira kuEuropean Commission of Human Rights. Chikumbiro chavo pakupedzisira chakagamuchirwa pana February 21, 1992, uye chakapiwa kuEuropean Court of Human Rights.
Nhau Dzemhaka Yacho
Sezvo Girisi iri nyika iri mutezo weCouncil of Europe, inosungirwa kuwirirana neZvikamu zveEuropean Convention on Human Rights. Chikamu 9 cheConvention yacho chinorava, kuti: “Munhu ari wose ane maruramiro kurusununguko rwomufungo, hana norudzidziso; aya maruramiro anobatanidza rusununguko rwokuchinja rudzidziso rwake kana kuti chitendero uye rusununguko, ari oga kana kuti zvimwe munzanga navamwe uye pachena kana kuti pachivande, kuratidzira rudzidziso rwake kana kuti chitendero, mukunamata, kudzidzisa, muitiro nokuchengeta.”
Nokudaro, hurumende yeGirisi yakava mukwirirwi mudare reEurope. Yakapomerwa mhaka yokupunza pachena maruramiro makuru avanhu omugari wemo weGirisi okushandisa rudzidziso mukuwirirana nomurairo waJesu Kristu, ndiko kuti, ‘kudzidzisa nokuita vadzidzi.’ (Mateo 28:19, 20) Uyezve, muapostora Petro akati: “[Jesu] akatiraira kuparidzira kuvanhu nokupa uchapupu hwakakwana.”—Mabasa 10:42, NW.
Chinyorwa chaicho cha 1992 chemagazini yeHuman Rights Without Frontiers chaiva nomusoro wapabutiro unoti “Girisi—Kupunzwa Kwamaune Kwamaruramiro Avanhu.” Magazini yacho yakatsanangura papeji 2, kuti: “Girisi ndiyo nyika bedzi muEC [European Community] nomuEurope ine mutemo wechirango uyo unogovera faindi netongero yetorongo kuti dzipiwe pamunhu upi noupi unonyandura mumwe munhu kuti achinje rudzidziso rwake.”
Naizvozvo pakasvika nguva ino manyemwe mukati nokunze kwamapoka ezvomutemo akanga achikwira. Chii chaizosarudzwa pamusoro pomutemo weGirisi uyo unorambidza kudzidziswa kwezvitendero zvomunhu kuvamwe?
Kutonga muStrasbourg
Pakupedzisira rakasvika zuva rokutonga—November 25, 1992. Kwaiva namakore makuru paStrasbourg, uye kwakanga kuchitonhora zvikuru, asi mukati meDare magweta akapa nembavarira zvibvumikiso zvawo. Kwamaawa maviri ufakazi hwakapiwa. Purofesa Phedon Vegleris, gweta raKokkinakis, akasvika pamwoyo penhau yacho, achibvunza, kuti: ‘Ko uyu mutemo unoganhurira wakarongedzerwa kudzivirira mitezo yeChechi yeGreek Orthodox pakutendeudzirwa kuzvimwe zvitendero zvorudzidziso unofanira kupfuurira kuvapo ndokushandiswa here?’
Sezvinooneka akatyamadzwa, Purofesa Vegleris akabvunza, kuti: “Ndinoshamisika chikonzero nei uyu mutemo [wokuita vadzidzi] uchienzanisa chiOrthodox noupenzi nokusaziva. Nguva dzose ndaishamisika chikonzero nei chiOrthodox chichifanira kuda dziviriro paupenzi, pakusakwanisa kwomudzimu . . . Ichi ndichimwe chinhu chinondikangaidza nechinondikatyamadza.” Nenzira inokosha, mumiriri wehurumende haana kukwanisa kugovera chinoitika chimwe umo mutemo iwoyu wakashandiswa kumunhu upi noupi kunze kweZvapupu zvaJehovha.
Gweta rechipiri raKokkinakis, VaPanagiotis Bitsaxis, rakaratidza kuti mutemo wokuita vadzidzi hauna mufungo sei. Iro rakati: “Kugamuchirwa kwokupesvedzerana mugariro wekurukurirano pakati pavanhu vakura. Kukasadaro, taizova venzanga yechienzi yezvikara zvakanyarara, avo vaifunga asi vasingazvitauriri vamene, avo vaitaura asi vasingakurukuri, avo vangavapo asi vasingavipo navamwe.”
VaBitsaxis vakataurawo kuti “VaKokkinakis vakashurikidzwa kwete ‘nokuda kwechimwe chinhu chavakaita’ asi [nokuda] ‘kweicho vari.’” Naizvozvo, VaBitsaxis vakaratidza kuti, nheyo dzorusununguko rworudzidziso dzakanga dzisina bedzi kupunzwa asi kuparadzwa chose chose.
Vamiriri vehurumende yeGirisi vakaedza kupa mufananidzo wakasiana nechaiwoiwo, vachitaura kuti Girisi i“paradhiso yamaruramiro avanhu.”
Chisarudzo
Musi waikarirwa kwenguva refu wokupa chisarudzo wakasvika—May 25, 1993. Muvhoti yavatanhatu kuvatatu, Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende yeGirisi yakanga yapunza rusununguko rworudzidziso rwaMinos Kokkinakis ane makore 84 okukura. Mukuwedzera kukureverera mararamire ake oushumiri hwapachena, rakamupa $14 400 muzvakakuvadzwa. Dare nokudaro rakaramba chibvumikiso chehurumende yeGirisi chokuti Kokkinakis neZvapupu zvaJehovha vanoshandisa unyanzvi hwokudzvinyirira pakukurukura zvitendero zvazvo navamwe.
Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo reGirisi nomutemo weGirisi wakare zvingarambidza kuita vadzidzi, dare rapamusoro muEurope rakatonga kuti kushandisa uyu mutemo kutambudza Zvapupu zvaJehovha hakuna kururama. Hakusati kuri mutsinhirano neChikamu 9 cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights.
Chisarudzo chedare chakatsanangura, kuti: “Rudzidziso rwaiva rutivi rwo‘kuyerera kwenguva dzose kunomutsidzirika kwomufungo womunhu’ uye kwakanga kusingabviri kunzwisisa kubviswa kwarwo mukurukurirano yavose.”
Murangariro unobvumirana womumwe wavatongi vapfumbamwe wakati: “Kuita vadzidzi, kunorondedzerwa se‘shingairo mukuparadzira kutenda,’ hakugoni kurangwa sokwakadaro; inzira—yakarurama zvakakwana mairi imene—yo‘kuratidzira rudzidziso rwomunhu.’
“Mumhaka iripo mukwiriri [VaKokkinakis] vakapiwa mhaka bedzi nokuda kwokuva vakaratidza shingairo yakadaro, pasina kusafanira kupi nokupi kwaari.”
Miuyo Yechisarudzo
Nhungamiro yakajeka yeEuropean Court of Human Rights ndeyokuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende yeGirisi varege kushandisa zvisakafanira mutemo unorambidza kuita vadzidzi. Nenzira ine kariro, Girisi ichawirirana nenhungamiro yedare ndokurega kutambudza kwayo Zvapupu zvaJehovha.
Harisati riri donzo reZvapupu zvaJehovha kutanga chinjo dzenzanga kana kuti kuchinja gadziriro yomutemo. Itiro hanya yazvo huru kuparidzira mashoko akanaka oUmambo hwaMwari mukuteerera murairo waJesu Kristu. Kuti zviite ikoku, zvisinei, zvinofara ku‘dzivirira ndokusimbisa pamutemo mashoko akanaka,’ sezvakaita muapostora Pauro muzana rokutanga ramakore.—VaFiripi 1:7.
Zvapupu zvaJehovha vagari vemo vanochengeta mutemo munyika dzose umo zvinogara. Kupfuura zvose, zvisinei, izvo zvinomanikidzirwa kuteerera mutemo woumwari sezvawakanyorwa muBhaibheri Dzvene. Naizvozvo, kana mutemo wenyika ipi neipi uchizvirambidza kutaura zvitendero zvazvo zvakavakirwa paBhaibheri kuvamwe, zvinomanikidzirwa kutora chimiro chavaapostora: “Tinofanira kuteerera Mwari somutongi panzvimbo pavanhu.”—Mabasa 5:29, NW.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 28]
CHITAMBUDZO Chakawanda Chinonyandurwa Navafundisi
Kuedza kunoitwa navafundisi muGirisi ku‘ronga nhamo kupfurikidza nomutemo’ kwave kuchipfuurira kwamakumi amakore. (Pisarema 94:20) Chimwe chinoitika pachitsuwa cheKrete chakapedzwa misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Shure muna 1987 bhishopi womunzvimbomo navaprista 13 vakanga vapomera Zvapupu zvipfumbamwe mhaka yokuita vadzidzi. Pakupedzisira, pana January 24, 1992, mhaka yacho yakatongwa.
Kamuri redare rakanga rakazara. Vaprista vanenge 35 vakanga varipo kuzotsigira pomero yokuroverera mhaka. Zvisinei, zvizhinjisa zvezvigaro zvakanga zvatogarwa neZvapupu izvo zvakanga zvauya kuzokurudzira hama dzazvo dzechiKristu. Kunyange miitiro yenguva dzose isati yavamba, gweta ravanyakupomerwa rakaonesa zvikanganiso zvapamutemo zvakakomba zvakaitwa nomurovereri wemhaka.
Muuyo waiva wokuti avo vaibatanidzwa muzvinoitika vakabuda nokuda kwekurukurirano yapachivande. Pashure pamaawa maviri nehafu ekurukurirano, Purezidhendi weDare akazivisa kuti gweta ravakwiriri rakanga rakarurama. Naizvozvo pomero dzakaitirwa Zvapupu zvipfumbamwe dzakabviswa! Iye akatonga kuti kuongorora kwaizofanira kutangwazve kusimbisa kana vanyakupomerwa vakanga vane mhaka yokuita vadzidzi.
Nokukurumidza apo chiziviso chakaitwa, bopoto rakaitika mukamuri redare. Vaprista vakatanga kushevedzera tyisidziro nokutuka. Muprista mumwe akadenha gweta reZvapupu zvaJehovha nechipiyaniso ndokuedza kurimanikidzira kuchinamata. Mapurisa aifanira kupindira, uye Zvapupu pakupedzisira zvakakwanisa kubuda nomutoo wakanyarara.
Pashure pokunge kutonga kwarambidzwa, murovereri wemhaka akagadzirira pomero itsva paZvapupu zvipfumbamwe. Kutonga kwakarongerwa April 30, 1993, mavhiki matatu bedzi European Court of Human Rights isati yapa chisarudzo chayo mumhaka yaKokkinakis. Zvakare kwaiva navaprista vakawanda vaivapo.
Magweta avakwiriri vapfumbamwe akapa chirambidzo chokuti vapomeri veZvapupu vakanga vasipo mudare. Muchimbichimbi yake yokugadzirira pomero itsva, murovereri wemhaka akanga aita chikanganiso chakakomba chokusatumira kokero kuvapomerwi. Naizvozvo magweta eZvapupu akakumbira dare kurega kutonga pahwaro hweiyi mhosho yakakomba.
Somuuyo waikoko, vatongi vakabva mukamuri redare ndokukurukura pamwe chete kweinodokuva awa. Pakudzokera kwavo, Purezidhendi weDare, musoro wake wakakotamiswa, akazivisa kuti Zvapupu zvose zvipfumbamwe zvakanga zvisina mhaka yepomero dzacho.
Zvapupu muGirisi zvinoonga muuyo weiyi mhaka, pamwe chete nechisarudzo cheEuropean Court of Human Rights chakapiwa mumhaka yaKokkinakis pana May 25 wegore rino. Minyengetero yazvo ndeyokuti somuuyo wourwu rukundo rwapamutemo, izvo zvichakwanisa kupfuuridzira upenyu hwazvo hwechiKristu ‘zvakaterama, zvakanyarara, uye nokuzvipira kwoumwari kwakazara nokukoshesa.’—1 Timotio 2:1, 2.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 31]
Minos Kokkinakis nomudzimai wake