kēlvi 4
ellaa uyirinamum orē mūdhaadhaiyilirundhu thōndriyadhaa?
ellaa uyirinamum orē mūdhaadhaiyilirundhu thōndriyirukkalaam endru daarvin ninaitthaar. būmiyil uyir thōndriya varalaaru oru maaberum maratthirku otthiruppadhaaga enninaar. pirkaalatthil, indha “uyir maram” saadhaarana mudhal selgal endra ōr adimaratthilirundhu thōndriyadhena matravargal nambinaargal. indha adimaratthilirundhu kilaigal pōl pudhiya uyirinangal thōndrina, piragu adhilirundhu siru kilaigal thōndrina, adhaavadhu thaavarangal matrum vilangugalin kudumbangal thōndrina. pirpaadu, andha kilaigalilirundhu ilam kilaigal thōndrina, adhaavadhu indrulla thaavarangal matrum vilangugalin ellaa vagaigalum undaayina. aanaal, unmaiyilēyē ippaditthaan nadandhadhaa?
vinnyaanigal palar enna solgiraargal? ellaa uyirinamum orē mūlatthilirundhu thōndriyadhu endra kōtpaattai pudhaipadivam (fossil record) aadharippadhaaga anēgar solgiraargal. ellaa uyirinamum orēmaadhiriyaana “kampyūttar moliyai,” adhaavadhu DNA-vai, payanpadutthuvadhaal ellaam orē mūdhaadhaiyilirundhu parinamitthirukka vēndum endrum avargal solgiraargal.
baibil enna solgiradhu? thaavarangal, kadalvaal uyirinangal, nilavaal vilangugal, paravaigal aagiyavai “andha andha inatthinpadi” padaikkappattana endru aadhiyaagama padhivu kūrugiradhu. (aadhiyaagamam [thodakka nūl] 1:12, 20-25, podhu molipeyarppu) indha vilakkatthinpadi, ōr ‘inatthirkul’ pala vagaigal irukka mudiyum; endraalum, vevvēru inangalai piritthu kaattuvadharku avai ovvondrukkum idaiyē thittavattamaana vērupaadugal iruppadhai idhu artthappadutthugiradhu. adhōdu, mulu valarchi petra pudhuvagai uyirinangal pudhaipadivatthil thidīrena kidaikka vaaippu irukkiradhu endrum padaippai patriya baibil padhivu namakku kaattugiradhu.
atthaatchi enna kaattugiradhu? atthaatchi baibil vivaratthai aadharikkiradhaa, alladhu daarvinin karutthai aadharikkiradhaa? kadandha 150 varuda kandupidippugal enna kaattugindrana?
daarvinin maram vetti vīltthappattadhu
samība varudangalil, oru-sel uyirinangal palavatrin marabiyal kuriyīdugalaiyum (genetic codes) thaavara matrum vilangugalin marabiyal kuriyīdugalaiyum vinnyaanigal oppittu paartthirukkiraargal. indha oppīdugalin adippadaiyil, daarvinin “uyir maram” kōtpaattai unmaiyendru nirūbikka mudiyumena ninaitthaargal. aanaal, appadi nadakkavillai.
avargaludaiya aaraaichi edhai velippadutthiyadhu? 1999-il uyiriyalaalar maalkam s. gōrdan ivvaaru eludhinaar: “uyir palvēru mūlatthilirundhu thōndriyadhaaga therigiradhu. ellaa uyirinangalum orē mūdhaadhaiyilirundhu thōndriyirukka mudiyaadhu.” daarvin ninaitthapadi, uyirinangalin perum pirivugal anaitthum orēvoru adimaratthilirundhu thōndriyadhu enbadharku atthaatchi irukkiradhaa? gōrdan thodarndhu solgiraar: “ellaa uyirinamum orēvoru mūdhaadhaiyilirundhu thōndriyadhu endra paarambariya kōtpaadu tharpōdhaiya perum thogudhigalukku (kingdoms) porundhaadhu endrē thōndrugiradhu. indha kōtpaadu anēga thogudhigalukkum (phyla) porundhaadhu, thogudhigalukkul ulla anēga vaguppugalukkum (classes) porundhaadhu.”29a
ellaam orē mūdhaadhaiyilirundhu vandhana endra daarvinin kōtpaadu thavaru enbadhai samība aaraaichigal nirūbitthu varugindrana. udhaaranamaaga, 2009-il niyu sayantist patthirikaiyil velivandha oru katturai, erik baaptist endra parinaama vinnyaani sonnadhai mērkōl kaattiyadhu: “uyir maram unmai enbadhai nambuvadharku nammidam endha atthaatchiyum illai.”30 parinaama uyiriyalaalar maikkēl rōs sonnadhaiyum adhē katturai mērkōl kaattiyadhu: “uyir maram pattuppōi kondirukkiradhu enbadhu namakku therindha vishayamē. aanaal, uyiriyal patriya adippadai kannōttatthaiyē adiyōdu maatrikkolvadhudhaan anēgarukku kadinamaai irukkiradhu.”31b
pudhaipadivatthai patriyenna?
uyirinangal orē mūlatthilirundhu thōndrina endra karutthai pudhaipadivangal aadharippadhaaga vinnyaanigal palar suttikkaattugiraargal. udhaaranamaaga, mīngal nīr-nila vaalvanavaaga (amphibians) maarina enbadharkum, ūrum praanigal (reptiles) paalūttigalaaga (mammals) maarina enbadharkum pudhaipadivam atthaatchi alikkiradhu ena avargal vaadhaadugiraargal. aanaal, unmaiyil pudhaipadiva atthaatchi enna kaattugiradhu?
parinaama tholluyiriyal vallunar dēvid m. rup ivvaaru kūrugiraar: “daarvin kaalatthu nilaviyal arinyargalum sari tharkaalatthu nilaviyal arinyargalum sari, uyir padippadiyaaga thōndriyadhai alla, kōrvaiyindriyum ondrukkondru thodarbindriyum thōndriyadhaiyē pudhaipadivam nirūbippadhaaga kandupiditthirukkiraargal; adhaavadhu uyirinangal thidīrendru thōndrina, avai uyir vaalndhapōdhu endha maatramum ērpadaamal appadiyē irundhana, pirpaadu avai sattena maraindhuvittana enbadhaiyē pudhaipadivam nirūbippadhaaga kandupiditthirukkiraargal.”32
unmaiyil, palvagai uyirinangal nīnda kaalamaai maaraamal irundhadhaiyē perumbaanmaiyaana pudhaipadivangal kaattugindrana. ōr uyirinatthilirundhu matrondru parinamitthadhu enbadharku saandrugal illai. maaraaga, thanitthanmai vaaindha udal amaippu konda uyirinangal thidīrena thōndrina. thanichirappumikka amsangal konda uyirinangal thidīrena thōndrina. udhaaranamaaga, ‘sōnaar’ thiranaiyum edhiroli mūlam idamariyum thiranaiyum konda vauvaalgalukku ottha amsangalai konda mūdhaadhai irundhadharku endha atthaatchiyum illai.
sollappōnaal, vilanginangalin perum pirivugalil baadhikkum adhigamaanavai ōralavu kurugiya kaalappagudhiyilēyē thōndriyiruppadhaaga therigiradhu. pudhiya matrum vērupatta uyirinangal pala thidīrena thōndriyadhaaga pudhaipadivam kaattuvadhaal akkaalappagudhiyai “kēmbiriyan vedippu” (Cambrian explosion) ena tholluyiriyal vallunargal kurippidugiraargal. kēmbiriyan kaalappagudhi edhu?
aaraaichiyaalargalin kanippugal sariyena naam vaitthukkolvōm. appadiyaanaal, būmi undaanadhilirundhu indru varaiyilaana kaalappagudhiyai kaalpandhaatta maidhaanatthin nīlatthirku oppidalaam (1). andha kanakkinpadi, kēmbiriyan kaalappagudhi ena tholluyiriyal vallunargal alaikkira idatthirku varavēndumendraal, andha maidhaanatthai ettu paagangalaaga piritthu sumaar ēlu paagam varai nīngal nadandhu vara vēndum (2). adhil oru siriya pagudhiyildhaan, vilangugalin perum thogudhigal uruvaanadhaaga pudhaipadiva padhivugal kaattugindrana. avai evvalavu sīkkiratthil thōndrina? kaalpandhaatta maidhaanatthil appadiyē nadakkaiyil, oru ettukkum kuraivaana idaiveliyildhaan andha palvagai uyirinangal thidīrena thōndrina!
ōralavu kurugiya kaalappagudhiyil palvagai uyirinangal thidīrena thōndriyiruppadhaal, daarvinin paarambariya kōtpaattai patri parinaama aaivaalargal kēlvi eluppiyirukkiraargal. udhaaranamaaga, 2008-il parinaama uyiriyalaalar stūvart niyūmēnudan nadatthappatta oru pēttiyil, pudhuppudhu vagai uyirinangal thidīrena thōndriyadhai vilakkum oru pudhiya parinaama kōtpaadu avasiyamena avar kūrinaar. “ellaa parinaama maatratthaiyum vilakkuvadharku payanpadutthappatta daarvinin kōtpaattai ini mukkiyamaana ondraaga karudha mudiyaadhu, maaraaga matra anēga kōtpaadugalai pōla adhuvum oru kōtpaadu endrē karudha mudiyum—mēkrō parinaamatthai (adhaavadhu, udal uruppugalil ērpatta periya maatratthai) purindhukolvadharku atthiyaavasiyamaana ondraagakkūda adhai karudha mudiyaadhu”33 endru avar kūrinaar.
“atthaatchigalil” ulla sikkalgal
sila paadanūlgalil kurippitta varisaiyil iruppadhaaga kaanbikkappadum pudhaipadivangalin uruva alavugal ēn maatrappattullana?
idadhu: sila paadanūlgalil kaattappattirukkum pudhaipadivangalin uruva alavugal
valadhu: nija oppīttu alavu
aanaal, mīngal nīr-nila vaalvanavaagavum ūrum praanigal paalūttigalaagavum maariyadhai nirūbippadharku payanpadutthappadum pudhaipadivangalai patri enna sollalaam? parinaama valarchikku avai aanittharamaana atthaatchi alikkindranavaa? pudhaipadivangalai innum kūrndhu aaraayumpōdhu anēga sikkalgal iruppadhu vettavelichamaagiradhu.
mudhalaavadhaaga, ūrum praanigalmudhal paalūttigalvarai endra varisaiyil varum uyirinangalin uruva alavu paadanūlgalil silasamayangalil thavaraaga kaattappattulladhu. avai orē maadhiriyaana alavil illaamal, sila miga periyavaiyaagavum sila miga siriyavaiyaagavum irukkindrana.
irandaavadhaaga, andha uyirinangalellaam ēdhōvoru vidhatthil ondrōdondru thodarbudaiyana enbadharku pudhaipadivatthil atthaatchi illaadhadhum periya sikkal. andha varisaiyil vaikkappattulla pudhaipadivangal ovvondrukkum idaiyē kōdikkanakkaana aandukaala idaiveli iruppadhaaga aaivaalargal kanikkiraargal. perumbaalaana indha pudhaipadivangalukku idaiyē ulla kaalappagudhiyai kuritthu vilangiyalaalar hendri gī ivvaaru kūrugiraar: “indha pudhaipadivangalukku idaippatta kaalappagudhi avvalavu adhigamaai iruppadhaal munbirundha uyirinangalukkum pinbu thōndriya uyirinangalukkum idaiyē ulla thodarbai patri naam thittavattamaai edhuvum solla mudiyaadhu.”34c
mīngal matrum nīr-nila vaalvigalin pudhaipadivangalai kuritthu uyiriyalaalar maalkam s. gōrdan ivvaaru kurippidugiraar: “andha kaalatthil irundha indha thogudhigalai sērndha palvagai uyirinangalil vegu sorpa pudhaipadivangalē kandupidikkappattullana, adhuvum avai endha inatthai sērndhavai endru kurippittu solla mudiyaadhu.” avar mēlum kūrugiraar: “andha kurippitta vagai uyirinangalukkum pirpaadu thōndriya uyirinangalukkum idaiyē oruvēlai ēdhaavadhu thodarbu irundhirundhaalum adhu endhalavukku irundhadhu alladhu avai ovvondrukkum enna thodarbu irundhadhu enbadhaiyellaam arindhukolvadharku endhavoru valiyumillai.”35d
“thiraippada surul” unmaiyil enna solgiradhu?
“parinaamatthai patriya oru thiraippada surulil ovvoru 1,000 frēmgalilum 999 frēmgal editting araiyil kaanaamal pōivittaal eppadi irukkumō appadiyē [pudhaipadiva padhivum] irukkiradhu”36 ena 2004-il nēshanal jiyōgraafik idhalil velivandha oru katturai kurippittadhu. indha udhaaranam suttikkaattum vishayangalai satru sindhitthu paarungal.
vilangugal oru vagaiyilirundhu matrondraaga parinamikkavillai endru pudhaipadivangalin “95 frēmgal” kaattugiradhendraal, tholluyiriyal vallunargal parinaamatthai aadharippadharkaaga ēn mīdhamulla andha “aindhu frēmgalai” varisaippadutthi kaattugindranar?
oru latcham frēmgalai konda oru thiraippadatthil 100 frēmgalai mattumē nīngal kandupiditthiruppadhaaga karpanai seidhukollungal. andha thiraippadatthin kadhai ennavenbadhai eppadi kandupidippīrgal? andha kadhai ippaditthaan irukkum endru ērkenavē ungaludaiya manadhil nīngal thīrmaanitthirukkalaam. aanaal, andha 100 frēmgalil 5 frēmgal mattumdhaan nīngal ninaikkum kadhaikku otthirukkiradhu; mīdhamulla 95 frēmgalō romba vitthiyaasamaana kadhaiyai solgiradhu. andha aindhē frēmgalai vaitthu nīngal ērkenavē manadhil ninaittha kadhaidhaan sariyendru aditthu solvadhu nyaayamaaga irukkumaa? ungaludaiya kadhaikku saadhagamaai irukkiradhu endra kaaranatthirkaaga andha aindhu frēmgalai ungalukku pidittha varisaiyil vaippadhu sariyaa? matra 95 frēmgalaiyum kanakkil edutthukkolvadhu nyaayamaai irukkum, allavaa?
indha udhaaranam pudhaipadivatthai patriya parinaamavaadhigalin kannōttatthōdu eppadi sambandhappattulladhu? kaala ōttatthil uyirina vagaigal maaravillai enbadhai ekkachakkamaana pudhaipadivangal—adhaavadhu thiraippada surulin 95 frēmgal—nirūbitthapōdhilum pala aandugalaaga aaraaichiyaalargal adhai ētrukkollavillai. ippadippatta mukkiyamaana atthaatchiyai ēn avargal kandukollaamal irukkiraargal? richard mōris endra nūlaasiriyar ivvaaru kūrugiraar: “atthaatchigal nērmaaraaga irundhapōdhilum uyirinangal padippadiyaaga parinamitthu vandhana endra prabala karutthai tholluyiriyal vallunargal udumbu pōl piditthukkondaargal! ētrukkollappatta parinaama kōtpaattin adippadaiyil pudhaipadiva atthaatchiyai vilakka avargal muyarchi seidhukondirundhaargal.”37
“sila pudhaipadivangalai varisaippadutthi indha marabuvaliyildhaan uyirinangal thōndrina endru solvadhu sōdhanai mūlam nirūbikkakkūdiya vinnyaana kōtpaadu alla. sollappōnaal, adhu pillaigalukku sollappadum kadhai maadhiridhaan irukkum—kētpadharku svaarasyamaaga, oru pōdhanaiyaaga irukkalaamē thavira vinnyaanappūrvamaai irukka mudiyaadhu.”—hendri gī-yin, palangaalatthai thēdi—pudhaipadiva kaalatthirku munbirundhu uyirin pudhiya varalaaru varai (aangilam), pakkangal 116-117
indraiya parinaamavaadhigalai patri enna sollalaam? perumbaalaana pudhaipadiva matrum marabiyal atthaatchigalin adippadaiyil illaamal tharpōdhu ētrukkollappatta parinaama karutthukkalin adippadaiyil pudhaipadivangalai varisaippadutthugiraargalaa?e
nīngal enna ninaikkirīrgal? endha mudivu atthaatchiyudan nangu otthuppōgiradhu? idhuvarai paarttha atthaatchigalai sindhiyungal.
mudhanmudhalil būmiyil thōndriya uyir “saadhaarana” ondralla.
oru sellil ulla kūrugalkūda thaanaagavē varuvadharku thulikūda saatthiyamillai.
selgalai iyakkum DNA, adhaavadhu “kampyūttar purōgraam” alladhu sangēdha moli miga miga sikkalaanadhu; idhu manidhan kandupiditthirukkum endhavoru thagaval padhivu muraiyaivida panmadangu thiramai vaaindhadhu.
orē mūdhaadhaiyilirundhu uyir thōndravillai enbadhai marabiyal aaraaichi kaattugiradhu. adhōdu, vilangugalin perum thogudhigal thidīrena thōndriyadhaaga pudhaipadivangal kaattugindrana.
indha unmaigalin adippadaiyil, uyir thōndriyadharkaana atthaatchigal baibil tharum vilakkatthirku isaivaaga irukkindrana endra mudivukku varuvadhē ungalukku nyaayamaaga thōndrugiradhaa? aanaal, padaippai patri baibil solvadhu vinnyaanatthirku muranaaga irukkiradhu endru palar solgiraargalē. adhu unmaiyaa? baibil unmaiyil ennadhaan solgiradhu?
a failaa endra uyiriyal peyar (orumaiyil failam) orē vidhamaana udal amaippai konda vilangugalin thogudhiyai kurikkiradhu. ellaa uyirinangalaiyum adippadaiyil ēlu pirivugalaaga vinnyaanigal vagaippadutthugiraargal. ovvoru pirivum mundhina pirivaivida innum thittavattamaaga vagaippadutthappattulladhu. mudhal pirivu perum thogudhiyai (kingdoms) kurikkiradhu. idhu uyirinangalai podhuppadaiyaaga vagaippadutthugiradhu. adutthaduttha pirivugal pinvarumaaru: thogudhi (phylum), vaguppu (class), varisai (order), kudumbam (family), inam (genus), sitrinam (species). udhaaranatthirku, kudhirai pinvarumaaru vagaippadutthappattulladhu: perum thogudhi, animēliyaa; thogudhi, kaardēttaa; vaguppu, mammēliyaa; varisai perisōdaaktailaa; kudumbam, īkvidē; inam, ikvas; sitrinam, kaabaalas.
b niyu sayantist katturaiyum sari baaptist, rōs endra vinnyaanigalum sari, parinaama kōtpaadu thavaru endru solvadhillai enbadhai gavanatthil kolla vēndum. maaraaga, daarvinin kōtpaattirku mukkiya aadhaaramaaga vilangum uyir maratthirku endha atthaatchiyum illai enbadhē avargaludaiya kurippu. itthagaiya vinnyaanigal parinaamatthai aadharikkum matra vilakkangalai innum thēdi kondēdhaan irukkiraargal.
c parinaama kōtpaadu thavarena hendri gī sollavillai. pudhaipadivatthilirundhu ōralavudhaan therindhukolla mudiyum enbadhai kaattuvadharkē avarudaiya kūtru kodukkappattulladhu.
d maalkam s. gōrdan parinaamatthai aadharippavar.
e udhaaranatthirku, “manidha parinaamatthai patriyenna?” endra pettiyai kaanga.
f kurippu: indha pettiyil mērkōl kaattappadum endhavoru aaraaichiyaalarum manidhan padaikkappattaan enbadhai nambuvadhillai. ivargal anaivarum parinaamatthai ētrukkolbavargal.
g manidha kudumbatthaiyum manidha inatthirku ottha aadhikaala uyirinangalaiyum kurippadharku “hōminid” endra vaartthaiyai parinaama aaivaalargal payanpadutthugiraargal.