Ko e Manakoa Lahi ʻo e Pīnati Taʻemahuʻingá
ʻOkú ke saiʻia he pīnatí? Kapau ko ia, ʻoku kau fakataha mo koe ʻa e tokolahi. Ko e pīnatí, ʻa ia ʻoku toe ui ko e nati ʻo e kelekelé, ʻoku saiʻia ai ʻa e fuʻu konga lahi ʻo e fāmili fakaetangatá. Ko e ongo fonua nofoʻi tokolahi taha ʻo e māmaní—ʻa Siaina mo ʻInitia—ʻokú na ʻomai fakataha ʻa e peseti laka hake he 50 ʻo e pīnati fakakātoa ʻi he māmaní.
ʻOku taʻaki fakataʻu ʻe he ʻIunaite Seteté ʻa e kilokalami pīnati laka hake he pilioná, ʻo ʻomai ai ʻa e meimei peseti ʻe hongofulu ʻo e pīnati fakakātoa ʻi he māmaní. Ko Malauī, Naisīlia, Pelēsila, Senikolo, Sutani, ʻAfilika Tonga, mo ʻĀsenitina ko e toe ngaahi fonua tō pīnati lalahi foki mo ia. Naʻe anga-fēfē ʻa e hoko ʻa e pīnatí ʻo fuʻu manakoá? ʻOku fakapotopoto ke fakaʻehiʻehi ʻi ha tuʻunga mei he kai ʻo e pīnatí?
Ko ha Hisitōlia Fuoloa
ʻOku pehē tokua ko e pīnatí naʻe ʻuluaki tupu ia ʻi ʻAmelika Tonga. Ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi fuofua meʻa fakameaʻa ʻiloa ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e leleiʻia ʻa e tangatá ʻi he pīnatí ko ha vaasi Kolomupia naʻe ʻilo ʻi Pelū. Ko e vāsí ʻoku fuo ia hangē ha foʻi pīnatí pea ʻoku toe teuteuʻiʻaki ia ʻa e ngaahi tisaini fuo pīnati. Ko e kau kumi fonua Sipeiní, ʻa ia naʻa nau ʻuluaki fetaulaki mo e pīnatí ʻi ʻAmelika Tongá, naʻa nau ʻiloʻi ko ha maʻuʻanga meʻakai lelei ʻaupito ia ki heʻenau ngaahi folaú. Naʻa nau ʻomai leva ia ʻi heʻenau foki ki ʻIulopé. Naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻa e pīnatí ʻe he kau ʻIulopé ki ha ngaahi meʻa kehe, naʻa mo ʻene hoko ko e fetongi ʻo e fuaʻi kofí.
Ki mui ai naʻe ʻuluaki ʻave ai ʻe he kau Potukalí ʻa e pīnatí ki ʻAfilika. Naʻe ʻiloʻi vave ai ʻa e pīnatí ko ha maʻuʻanga meʻakai mahuʻinga ʻa ia ʻe tupu ʻi he kelekele ʻoku fuʻu kakā ke lava ʻo moʻui ai ʻa e ngaahi ngoue foha kehé. Ko hono moʻoní, naʻe fakaleleiʻi ʻe he pīnatí ʻa e kelekele koví ʻaki ʻa e naitolokena ʻa ia ʻoku fiemaʻu lahí. Naʻe faifai pē ʻo ʻalu ʻa e pīnatí mei ʻAfilika ki ʻAmelika Tokelau lolotonga ʻa e taimi ʻo e fefakatauʻaki pōpulá.
ʻI he 1530 tupú, naʻe fononga ai ʻa e pīnatí mo e kau Potukalí ki ʻInitia mo Makao pea ki he ʻOtu Motu Filipainí mo Sipeini. Naʻe ʻave leva ʻe he kau fefakatauʻakí ʻa e pīnatí mei he ngaahi fonuá ni ki Siaina. Naʻe vakai ai ki he pīnatí ko ha ʻakau foha ʻa ia ʻe lava ke ne tokoniʻi ʻa e fonuá ke fekuki mo e fakamafasia ʻo e hongé.
Ko e kau ako ki he ʻakaú ʻo e 1700 tupú naʻa nau ako ki he pīnatí, ʻa ia naʻa nau ui ko e piisi kelekelé, pea fakaʻosiʻaki ʻe hoko ia ko ha meʻakai lelei ʻaupito ki he fanga puaká. ʻI he aʻu ki he konga ki muʻa ʻo e 1800 tupú, naʻe tō fakakomēsiale ai ʻa e pīnatí ʻi South Carolina ʻi he ʻIunaite Seteté. Lolotonga ʻa e Tau Fakalotofonua ʻi ʻAmeliká, ʻa ia naʻe kamata ʻi he 1861, naʻe hoko ai ʻa e pīnatí ko ha meʻakai ki he kau sōtia ʻo e ongo faʻahi fepakí fakatouʻosi.
Kae kehe, ʻi he taimi ko iá, naʻe fakakaukau ʻa e kakai tokolahi ki he pīnatí ko e meʻakai ia ki he masivá. Ko e mahino ko ení ʻoku fakamatalaʻi fakakonga ai ʻa e ʻuhinga naʻe ʻikai tō lahi ai ʻe he kau faama ʻAmelika ʻo e ʻaho ko iá ʻa e pīnatí ko ha meʻakai ki he tangatá. ʻIkai ngata aí, ki muʻa ʻi hono ʻiloʻi ʻa e meʻangāue fakamīsiní ʻi he taʻu 1900 nai, ko hono tō ʻo e pīnatí naʻe mātuʻaki fiemaʻu ki ai ʻa e kau ngāue tokolahi.
Ka ʻi he aʻu ki he 1903 ko e ʻuluaki kēmisi fakangoue ʻAmelika ko George Washington Carver naʻá ne kamata fakatotolo ai ki hano ngaahi ngāueʻaki foʻou ʻo ha fuʻu pīnati. Naʻe aʻu ʻo ne ngaohi mei ai ʻa e ngaahi koloa laka hake he 300, ʻo kau ai ʻa e ngaahi inu, ngaahi meʻa teuteu, ngaahi fakalanu, ngaahi faitoʻo, koa fō, faitoʻo ʻinisēkite, mo e vaitohi ki he mīsini pākí. Naʻe toe fakalotolahiʻi ʻe Carver ʻa e kau faama fakalotofonuá ke tuku ʻenau ngāue ki hono tō pē ʻo e vavaé, ʻa ia naʻá ne toʻo ʻa e konga lahi ʻo e kelekelé, pea ke tō fetongitongi ia mo e ngoue pīnatí. ʻI he taimi ko iá, naʻe fakaʻauha ai ʻe he boll weevil ʻa e ngaahi ngoue vavaé, ʻo fakaʻaiʻai ai ʻa e kau faama tokolahi ke nau muimui ki he faleʻi ʻa Carver. Ko e hā hono olá? Naʻe lavameʻa lahi ai ʻa e pīnatí ʻo hoko ai ko ha ngoue fakataua lahi ia ʻi he fakatonga ʻo e ʻIunaite Seteté. ʻI he ʻahó ni ʻoku tuʻu ha maka fakamanatu kia Carver ʻi Dothan, Alabama. Pea ko e kolo ko Enterprise, Alabama, kuo aʻu ʻo ne fokotuʻu ha maka fakamanatu ki he boll weevil, koeʻuhi naʻe tokoni ʻa e maumau ʻa e ʻinisēkite ko iá ki hono ueʻi ʻa e kau fāmá ke nau tō ʻa e pīnatí.
Tupu ʻa e Pīnatí
Ko e pīnatí ʻoku ʻikai moʻoni ko e nati ia ka ko hono moʻoní, ko e ngaahi tenga ia ʻo e fuʻu pīnatí. ʻI he tupu ʻa e fuʻu ʻakaú, ʻokú ne ʻomai ʻa e matala engeenga ʻoku fakafua ʻia kinautolu pē.
ʻI he muiʻi meʻa ʻo ha faʻunga hangē ha vaʻá ʻoku ui ko e aka foha, ko e fua ko ia ʻo e fuʻu pīnatí kuo fakamaliʻí, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e tengá, ʻoku kamata ke hūhū ia ʻi he kelekelé. ʻI he kelekelé ʻoku tupu mata tatau ai ʻa e tengá mo e fukahi kelekelé pea kamata ke matuʻotuʻa ia ʻi he lalo kelekelé, ʻo tupu ai ki he fōtunga anga-maheni ʻo ha foʻi pīnatí. ʻOku tupu nai ʻo aʻu ki he foʻi pīnati ʻe 40 ʻi ha fuʻu ʻakau ʻe taha.
ʻOku sai ki he pīnatí ʻa e ʻea māfana mo laʻalaʻaá fakataha mo ha ʻuha feʻunga. Ko e taimi mei hono toó ki hono taʻakí ʻoku fetōʻaki ia mei he ʻaho ʻe 120 ki he 160, ʻo fakatuʻunga pē ʻi he kalasi kehekehe ʻo e pīnatí pea mo e ngaahi tuʻunga ʻo e ʻeá. Ke taʻaki ʻa e pīnatí, ko e kau toó kuo pau ke nau taʻaki hake ʻa e ʻakaú, ʻa e meʻa kotoa kau ai ʻa e fuʻu ʻakaú, ʻo fakatūʻuluʻi, pea tuku ke mōmoa koeʻuhi ke lava ʻo tuku fuoloa ia ʻikai ke kovi. ʻOku ngāueʻaki he ʻahó ni ʻe he kau tō tokolahi ʻa e meʻangāue fakangoue fakaeonopooni ʻa ia ʻoku lava ai ke nau taʻaki hake ʻa e fuʻu ʻakaú, lulu ʻa e kelekelé mei ai, pea fulihi, ʻi ha foʻi ngāue pē ʻe taha.
Ko e Ngaahi ʻAonga Lahi ʻo e Pīnatí
Ko e mahuʻinga fakaemeʻatokoni ʻo e pīnatí ʻoku lahi fau. ʻOku māʻolunga lahi ʻa e pīnatí ʻi he faipá, pea ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e vaitamini ʻe 13 mo e minulolo ʻe 26, ʻa ia ko e lahi ai ʻoku ʻikai maʻu ia ʻi he ngaahi meʻakai fakaeonopōní. ʻI ha fakahoa meimei tatau ʻo e mamafá, ʻoku maʻu ʻe he pīnatí ʻa e polotini, minulolo, mo e vaitamini lahi ange ʻi he ʻateʻi pulú,” ko e lau ia ʻa e The Encyclopædia Britannica. Kae tokanga, ʻa e faʻahinga ʻoku tokanga ki honau mamafá! ʻOku toe maʻu ʻe he pīnatí ʻa e “ngako lahi ange ʻi he kilimi matolú” mo e “ivi meʻakai lahi ange (kalolī) ʻi he suká.”
ʻOku ngāueʻaki ʻa e pīnatí ʻi he ngaahi feimeʻatokoni fakafonua lahi. Pea ko honau ifo makehé ʻoku faingofua ke ʻiloʻi. “Ko e ifo ʻo e pīnatí ʻoku mātuʻaki mālohi pea makehe ʻa ia ko ha tisi pē ʻoku fakaifo ʻaki ʻa e pīnati fohá te ne maʻu ha nanamu meimei tatau,” ko e lau ia ʻa e faʻu-tohi tohi kuki ko Anya von Bremzen. “Ko ia ai, ʻe ʻi ai ʻa e tuʻunga meimei tatau ʻi he ifo ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ha soosi pīnati faka-ʻInitonīsia, ko ha supo ʻAfilika Hihifo, nūtolo faka-Siaina, sitiu faka-Pelū, mo ha sanuisi pata pīnati.”
Ko e pīnatí ko ha kai maʻamaʻa manakoa ia ʻi he māmaní takatakai. Hangē ko ení, ʻi ʻInitia, ʻoku fio ai ʻa e pīnatí mo e ngaahi lekiume mōmoa kehé pea fakatau atu ko ha meʻakai maʻamaʻa ʻi he halá. Ko e meʻa mālié, ko e pata pīnatí, ko ha meʻa vali sanuisi manakoa ia ʻi he ngaahi fonua ʻe niʻihi, naʻe līpooti ko e “ʻiloʻi ia ʻe ha toketā ʻi Sā. Louis [U.S.A.] ʻi he 1890 nai ko ha meʻakai fakatupu moʻui lelei ki [he] kau taʻumotuʻá,” fakatatau ki he tohi The Great American Peanut.
Ka ʻoku toe ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi ʻaonga kehe lahi ʻo e pīnatí tuku kehe ʻa hono ʻomai fakahangatonu ko e meʻakaí. ʻI he kotoa ʻo ʻĒsiá, ko e pīnatí ko ha maʻuʻanga mahuʻinga ia ʻo e lolo feimeʻatokoní. Ko e lolo pīnatí ʻoku lava ke ngāueʻaki ia ki he feimeʻatokoní ʻi ha mafana lahi ʻaupito, pea ʻoku ʻikai te ne toʻo ʻa e ifo ʻo e meʻa ʻoku kukí.
ʻI Pelēsila, ko e meʻakai pīnatí, ʻa ia ko ha meʻa ʻoku toe maʻu mei hono ngaohi ʻo e lolo pīnatí, ʻoku ngāueʻaki ia ko ha meʻakai ʻa e fanga manú. Pea ko e ngaahi meʻa ngaohi mei he pīnatí ʻoku toe maʻu ia i he ngaahi ngāueʻanga lahi ʻi he ʻaho kotoa pē.—Sio ki ʻolunga.
Tokanga—Kovi ʻa e Pīnatí ki he Sinó!
ʻE lava ke tuku tauhi ʻa e pīnatí ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi lōloa ʻo ʻikai tuku ʻaisi. Kae kehe, ʻoku fiemaʻu ʻa e tokanga. Ko e pīnati kuo hoko ʻo tuʻungafulufuluá ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e aflatoxin, ko ha meʻa ʻoku lava ke ne fakatupunga ʻa e kanisaá. Tānaki atu ki ai, ʻoku kovi ki he sino ʻo e kakai ʻe niʻihi ʻa e pīnatí. Ko e tali ʻi he kovi ki he sinó ʻoku “lava ke ne fakatupu ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻilonga ʻo e mahaki ʻa ia ʻoku ʻalu mei he hafu ʻa e ihú mo e petepete ʻa e sinó ki he faingataʻa ʻa e mānavá ʻoku fakamanavahē ki he moʻuí,” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa e makasini Prevention. Kuo fakahaaʻi ʻi he ngaahi ako ʻe niʻihi ʻoku hoko ʻo anga-maheni ʻaki ke tupu ʻo kovi ʻa e pīnatí ki he sino ʻo e fānau īkí .
Kapau ko e ongo mātuʻa fakatouʻosi ʻa ha kiʻi tama ʻokú na maʻu ʻa e mahaki-helá, kula ʻa e ihú ʻi he kovi ki he sinó, pe ko e mahaki-kilí, ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki lahi ʻo e hoko ha kovi ʻa e pīnatí ki he sino ʻo e kiʻi tamá, ko e līpooti ia ʻa e Prevention.
ʻOku hoko ʻa e meʻa tatau ki he fanga kiʻi pēpē ʻa ia ʻoku maʻu ʻe heʻenau ngaahi faʻeé ha hisitōlia ʻo e kovi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ki he sinó pea mo e fanga kiʻi pēpē ʻoku hoko ʻo kovi kia kinautolu ʻa e huʻakaú lolotonga honau ʻuluaki taʻú. ʻOku lelei ki he ngaahi fāmilí ni ke toʻo ʻa e pata pīnatí mei he houa kai ʻa e pēpeé kae ʻoua kuo aʻu ki hono taʻu tolú,” ko e lau ia ʻa Dr. Hugh Sampson, ko e palōfesa ʻo e tokangaʻi ʻo e fānaú ʻi he ʻUnivēsiti Senitā Fakafaitoʻo Johns Hopkins, U.S.A.
Pe ko ha tokotaha saiʻia koe he pīnatí pe ʻikai, mahalo ko e lāulea ko eni ki hono ngaahi ʻaonga lahí kuó ne ʻoatu kia koe ʻa e houngaʻia lahi ange ki he kiʻi tenga fuo iiki kae manakoa lahi ko ení.
[Puha/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 18]
Ko e Ngaahi Koloa Kehe mei he Pīnatí ʻe Maʻu Nai Ia ʻi he Ngaahi Koloa Lahi Fakaʻahó
• Pepa-ʻaofi
• Ngaahi fefie tofunanga
• Meʻa toʻo tuʻu-mamaʻo ʻa e pusí
• Pepa
• Huhuʻa koa
• Ngako faitoʻo
• Meʻa fakangingila mētale
• Meʻa fakahinehina vala
• Vaitohi
• Ngako ʻakisela
• Kilimi tele
• Kilimi mata
• Koa
• Linōliume
• Ulapa
• Ngaahi meʻateuteu
• Vali
• ʻOne
• Semipū
• Faitoʻo
[Maʻuʻanga]
Maʻuʻanga fakamatalá: The Great American Peanut
[Taiakalami/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 16]
(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻú, sio ki he tohí)
Lau
Aka foha
Fukahi kelekele |
Aka Pīnati
[Maʻuʻanga]
The magazine The Peanut Farmer
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 16]
Ko ha maka fakamanatu kia George Washington Carver
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 17]
ʻIunaite Setete
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 17]
ʻAfilika
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 17]
ʻĒsia
[Maʻuʻanga]
FAO photo/R. Faidutti
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 17]
Ngaahi kai maʻamaʻa kehekehe ʻo e pīnatí
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 18]
Ko e pata pīnatí ko ha meʻakai manakoa ia ʻi he ngaahi fonua ʻe niʻihi