Sokaletí—Mei he Pīní kia Koe
MEI HE TOKOTAHA-TOHI ʻĀ HAKE! ʻI KŌTEVUĀ
ʻOku ifoʻia ʻa e kakai takatakai he māmaní ʻi he ifo makehe ʻo e sokaletí. ʻOku haʻu mei fē ʻa e sokaletí, pea ʻoku anga-fēfē hono ngaohí? Kau fakataha mo kimautolu ʻi heʻemau feinga ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e hisitōlia ʻo e sokaletí.
ʻOKU pehē ʻe he kau ako ki he ʻakaú ko e ʻulu koko tupu noaʻiá ʻoku hangehangē naʻe tupu ia ʻi he ngaahi teleʻa ʻAmasoni mo e ʻOlinoko ʻo ʻAmelika Sauté ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ʻe laui afe kuohilí. Ko e kau Meiá ʻa e fuofua faʻahinga nai ke nau ngoueʻi ʻa e kokó, ʻa ia naʻa nau ō mo ia ʻi heʻenau hiki ki he Yucatán. Ko e fāmili fakatuʻi ʻAsitekí naʻa nau maʻu mo inu ʻa e sokaleti tamala naʻe ngaohi, ʻaki hono fio fakataha ʻa e ngaahi foʻi piini koko ʻosi momosí mo e koane fakapalá pe uainé, ʻa ia naʻe toki tufa ia ʻi ha ngaahi ipu koula. ʻOku pehē naʻe inu ʻe he ʻemipola ʻAsiteki ko Montezuma ha ipu sokaleti laka hake he 50 ʻi he ʻaho.
Naʻe mahuʻingaʻia lahi ange ʻa e taki Sipeini ko Hernán Cortés (1485-1547) ʻi he ngaahi ipu koulá ʻi he huhuʻa naʻe ʻi lotó, neongo naʻá ne fakatokangaʻi naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻe he kau ʻAsitekí ʻa e ngaahi foʻi piini kokó ko e paʻanga. Naʻá ne fokotuʻu leva ha ngaahi ngoueʻanga koko. Ko e ngaahi ngoueʻanga ko eni ʻo e “koula melomeló” naʻe maʻu mei ai ʻa e tupu lahi, pea naʻe meimei puleʻi leva ʻe Sipeini ʻa e māketi piini kokó ʻo aʻu ki he senituli hono 18.
Naʻe ʻave ʻe he kau Sipeiní ʻa e ngaahi foʻi pīní ki Haiti, Tuliniteti pea mo e motu ʻAfilika Hihifo ko Bioko. Naʻe ʻave ha foʻi fuaʻi piini ʻe taha mei he motu ko iá ki he fonua lahi ʻo ʻAfiliká, pea ʻi he taimi ní ʻoku lakalakaimonū ha fefakatauʻaki ʻo e kokó ʻi he ngaahi fonua ʻAfilika Hihifo ʻe fā.
Sokaletí ʻi ʻIulope
ʻI he senituli hono 16, naʻe ʻoatu ai ʻe Cortés ʻa e inu sokaleti ʻa e kau ʻAsitekí ki he nofoʻanga fakatuʻi ʻi Sipeiní. Ko e kau fefine ʻo e fāmili fakatuʻi ʻi Sipeiní naʻa nau maʻanga fakapulipuli mei heʻenau inu naʻe ʻai ki ai ʻa e sipaisí pea taimi ʻe niʻihi naʻe tānaki ki ai ʻa e pepá, ʻo tauhi ia maʻa kinautolu. Naʻe faai atu pē ʻo ʻoatu ʻa e inú ki he kakai māʻolunga ʻi he sōsaieti ʻo ʻIulopé.
Naʻe fakatupulekina ʻe he kau ʻIulopé ha saiʻia ki he ifo foʻou pea toe pehē ko ia naʻe ʻi he tuʻunga fakafaitoʻo ʻo e sokaletí. ʻI he 1763 ko e kau ngaohi ʻo e pia Pilitāniá naʻa nau ongoʻi tailiili ʻaupito ʻi he tupu fakautuutu hono manakoa ʻo e sokaletí ʻo nau kounaʻi ai ke faʻu ha lao ke fakangatangata ʻaki ʻa hono ngaohí. Ko ha feʻauʻauhi lahi ʻi he fefakatauʻaki ʻo e sokaletí naʻe taki atu ai ʻa e niʻihi ke nau tānaki ki ai ʻa e sitāsí ki hono ngaohi ke toe lahi ange ʻa e sokaletí. Ke ʻai ke mālohi ange ʻa e lanu ʻo e sokaletí, naʻe aʻu ʻo toe tānaki ki ai ʻe he kau Pilitāniá ha kiʻi efuefuʻi piliki! Naʻe tupulaki hokohoko ai pē ʻa e fiemaʻu ʻo ha sokaleti lelei ange mo ifo angé.
Naʻe ʻomai ʻi he fuʻu liliu fakaʻekonōmiká ʻa e founga fakamīsiní ki hono ngaohi ʻo e sokaletí. ʻI he taimi naʻe kamata ai hono ngāueʻaki ʻo e mīsini maó ke ne fakalele ʻa e ngaahi mīsini momosi sokaletí, naʻe ʻikai ke kei hoko ai ʻa e sokaletí ʻo momosiʻaki ʻa e nimá ka naʻe momosiʻaki ia ʻa e mīsiní. Naʻe hokosia ʻe he sokaletí ha liliu lahi ange ʻi he 1828 ʻi he taimi naʻe ako ai ʻa e kēmisi Hōlani ko Coenraad van Houten ki he founga hono fakamavaheʻi ʻo e efuefuʻi kokó mo e pata ʻo e kokó mei he heunga ʻo e ngaahi foʻi piini koko ʻosi momosí. Ko hono olá, naʻe toki faʻu ʻe he kau fokotuʻu fakakaukau foʻoú ki mui ʻa e huʻi totonu ʻo e huhuaʻi sokaletí (ko ha heunga fatu fakapōpōʻuli), pata ʻo e kokó mo e suká ke ngaohiʻaki ʻa e “sokaleti kai” fefeká.
ʻI he konga ki mui ʻo e 1800 tupú, naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻe he kau Suisalaní ha founga ʻo hono sivi lahi ange ʻo e sokaletí. ʻI he founga ko ení, ʻoku ʻiloa ko e conching, ko e heunga ʻo e ngaahi piini ʻosi momosí ʻoku laiki ia ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi lauʻi tisi maka ʻi ha ngaahi houa lahi, ʻo faʻu ai ha sokaleti momole ʻa ia ʻoku vaia hifo ʻi he ʻeleló. ʻOku taukaveʻi ʻe he kau mataotaó ko e sokaleti lelei tahá ʻoku laiki ia ʻo ʻikai toe siʻi ange ʻi he houa ʻe 72.
Ko e kau pōtoʻi pisinisi tokolahi, hangē ko Hershey, Kohler, Lindt, Nestlé, Peter, Suchard mo Tobler—ko e ngaahi hingoa te ke fakatokangaʻi nai ʻi he ngaahi puha sokaleti he ʻaho ní—naʻa nau fai ha ngaahi tokoni mahuʻinga ki he ngaohiʻanga sokaletí, ʻo tatau pē ʻi hono faʻu ʻo ha mīsini ola lelei angé pe ʻi hono sivi ʻo e ngaahi founga ngaohi sokaletí.
Ko e Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Sokaletí
Ko e ʻulu koko fakatalopikí ʻoku lelei taha ʻene tupú ʻi loto he tikilī latitute ʻe 20 fakatokelau pe fakatonga ʻo e ʻekuetá. ʻOku moʻui lelei ia ʻi ha ʻea ʻoku malumalu mo hauhaú. ʻOku laku matala mo fua ʻa e ʻulu ʻakaú ʻi he taʻú hono kotoa. Ko e fua ʻo e fuʻu kokó, ko ha foʻi fua hangē ha meleni maká (1), ʻa ia ʻoku tupu fakahangatonu mei he sinoʻi ʻakaú mo e ngaahi vaʻa māʻulalo angé.
Ko e hā ʻa e meʻa ʻoku hoko ki he ngaahi ngoueʻanga kokó ʻi he taimi tolí? Ko e ngaahi foʻi fua momohó ʻoku tuʻusi ia mei he fuʻu ʻakaú ʻo ngāueʻaki ʻa e ʻū hele pelu pe ngaahi vaʻa kofe ʻoku fakamaʻu ki ai ʻa e ngaahi mataʻi hele māsila. ʻOku fahiʻi ʻa e ngaahi foʻi fuá (2) ke ʻasi hake ʻa e ngaahi foʻi piini ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 20 ki he 50 ʻoku nau pipiki ki ha foʻi uho hinehina melie tamala. ʻOku tatae nimaʻi hake leva ʻa e ngaahi foʻi pīní mei he ngeʻesí. Lolotonga ʻa e taimi tolí, ʻoku faʻa ngāue ʻa e kau tolí mei he aata hake ʻa e ʻahó ʻo aʻu ki he efiafi poʻulí ʻi hono fahi ʻo e ngaahi foʻi fuá mo hono tatae ki tuʻa ʻa e ngaahi foʻi pīní. ʻOku toki ʻufiʻufi leva ʻa e ngaahi foʻi pīní ʻaki ha ngaahi fuʻu loufusi pe ngaahi vaʻa ʻo e ʻulu ʻakaú pea tuku ai ʻi ha ngaahi ʻaho lahi. Ko e lolotonga ʻa e tuʻunga ko ení ʻoku kamata ai ke pala ʻa e uhó pea ʻoku hanga ai ʻe he maliliu fakakemikalé ʻo liliu ʻa e ngaahi foʻi piini kokó ke lanu melomelo hangē ko e sokaletí. Hokó, ʻoku fakamōmoa ʻa e ngaahi foʻi pīní (3), ʻaki hano veteki kinautolu ʻi he laʻā vevelá pe ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi polou ʻea vela. Ko hono fakamōmoá ʻoku fakatolonga ai kinautolu ki hono fakafolau vaká mo hono tuku tauhí.
ʻOku ʻi ai ʻa e ongo kalasi tefito ʻe ua ʻo e ngaahi piini kokó, ko e Forastero mo e Criollo. Ko e Forastero ko e piini totonu pe tefito ia, ʻa ia ʻoku faʻuʻaki ʻa e konga lahi ange ʻo e koko ʻa e māmaní. Ko e ngaahi feituʻu ngoue tefitó ʻoku ʻi ʻAfilika Hihifo, Pelēsila mo ʻĒsia Tonga-Hahake. Ko e Criollo ko e piini fakaifó ia. ʻOku ngoueʻi ia ʻi ha tuʻunga siʻisiʻi ʻaupito ange ʻi ʻAmelika Lotoloto, ʻEkuatoa mo Venisuela. ʻOkú ne tānaki mai ʻa e ngaahi ifo kehekehe ʻo e natí mo e matalaʻiʻakaú ki he sokaletí.
Hili ʻa e founga fakamōmoá, ʻoku mateuteu ke faʻo ʻa e ngaahi foʻi piini kokó ki ha ngaahi tangai (4) pea fakafolau vaka ia ki he ngaahi kautaha ngaohiʻanga sokaleti takatakai he māmaní, ʻo tautefito ki ʻIulope mo ʻAmelika Tokelau. Ko e falukunga nai ʻe ua ʻo e ngaahi foʻi piini koko ʻosi fakamōmoa ko ení (5) ʻe ngaohiʻaki ia ha lole sokaleti pāuni ʻe taha. ʻOku faingataʻa ke sioloto atu ʻe lava ʻa e ngaahi foʻi tenga tamala ʻo e fuaʻi kokó ʻo liliu ki he ngaahi meʻa melie ifo ko ia ʻoku tau maʻu ʻi ha puha sokaletí, ka ko e founga ngaohí kuo teʻeki ai ʻaupito pē ke liliu ia ʻi he laui senituli.
Ko Hono Ngaohi ʻo e Sokaletí
ʻI he aʻu atu pē ki he fale ngāué, ʻoku fufulu mo fakakalakalasi ai ʻa e ngaahi foʻi pīní. Hangē tofu pē ko hono tunu ʻa e ngaahi foʻi piini kofí ke maʻu honau ifo lelei tahá, ʻoku tunu he taimi ko ení ʻa e ngaahi foʻi piini kokó ke maʻu ʻa e foʻi nanamu lelei kakato ʻo e sokaletí. ʻOku toki fahi leva ʻo ava ʻa e ngaahi foʻi pīní (6). Ko e fanga kiʻi momoʻi meʻa lanu melomelo fakapōpōʻuli ʻi lotó, ʻa e fanga kiʻi nib, ʻa e tefito ʻo e koko mo e sokaleti kotoa pē.
Ko e fanga kiʻi nib ʻoku momosi ia ke maʻu ai ha huhuʻa fatu fakapōpōʻuli, ʻa ia ʻoku ui ko e huhuaʻi sokaleti (7). ʻI heʻene fefeká, ʻoku fakatau atu ia ko e sokaleti ki he taʻo meʻá. ʻOku toki haka leva ʻa e huhuʻá ʻi ha tuʻunga vela lahi ange—ʻa e founga naʻe ʻuluaki ʻiloʻi ʻe Van Houten—pea ʻoku toʻo mei ai ʻa e pata ʻo e kokó, ʻo toe pē ʻa e toenga ʻo e efuefuʻi kokó. Kapau ʻoku tānaki atu ha toe pata koko lahi ange ki he huhuaʻi sokaletí, ʻoku hoko atu leva ʻa e foʻi tuifio ifó ke hoko ko e sokaleti kai, ʻa ia ʻoku tau anga-maheni ki aí. Ko e conching (8) mo e ngaahi founga sivi kehé ʻoku ngāue fakataha ia ke faʻuʻaki ʻa e kalasi sokaleti ʻoku saiʻia ai ʻa e kau fakataú he ʻaho ní (9).
Ko ia ko e taimi hoko te ke kai ai ʻa e sokaleti ifo mo momolé, vaheʻi ha mōmeniti ke fakakaukau ai fekauʻaki mo e fononga lōloa kuo fai mei he foʻi piini tamala ʻoku tupu ʻi he ngaahi fonua Talopikí ki he lole sokaleti fakamānako ʻi muʻa ʻiate koé.
[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 20]
Tā 2, 3 mo e 4 (tuku kehe ʻa e tangai ʻi ʻolungá): © CHOCOSUISSE, Münzgraben 6, 3011 Berne
[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 21]
Tā 6, 7 mo e 8: © CHOCOSUISSE, Münzgraben 6, 3011 Berne