“Ko e Taki Fefine ʻUlu-ʻUliʻuli ʻo e Toafa Sīliá”

KO E fōtunga ʻo hono matá naʻe melomelo, ko hono nifó naʻe hangē ha mataʻitofé, ko hono ongo kanoʻimatá naʻe lanu ʻuliʻuli mo uloulo. Naʻá ne ako lelei pea naʻe pōtoʻi ʻi he ngaahi lea kehekehe. Ko e kuini toʻa ko ení naʻe pehē naʻe lahi ange ʻa hono potó ʻona ʻia Kaliopeta pea tatau pē nai ʻa hona fakaʻofoʻofá. Koeʻuhi naʻá ne loto-toʻa ke tuʻu ki he mafai fakaemāmani naʻe pule ʻi hono ʻahó, naʻá ne fakahoko ai ha ngafa fakaekikite ʻi ha talanoa Fakatohitapu. Hili e fuoloa ʻo ʻene maté, naʻe fakahīkihikiʻi ia ʻe he kau faʻu-tohí, pea tā ia ʻo mahulu atu ʻe he kau tāvalivalí. Naʻe fakamatalaʻi ia ʻe ha tokotaha faʻu-maau ʻi he senituli hono 19 “ko e taki fefine ʻulu-ʻuliʻuli ʻo e toafa Sīliá.” Ko e fefine ko eni ʻoku fakavīkivikiʻi lahi peheé ko Zenobia​—ʻa e kuini ʻo e kolo Sīlia ko Palmyra.

Naʻe anga-fēfē ʻa e hoko ʻo ʻiloa ʻa Zenobia? Ko e hā ʻa e ʻātakai fakapolitikale naʻe taki atu ki heʻene mahiki hake ʻo maʻu mafaí? Ko e hā ʻoku lava ke leaʻaki fekauʻaki mo hono ʻulungāngá? Pea ko e hā ʻa e ngafa fakaekikite naʻe fakahoko ʻe he kuini ko ení? ʻUluaki vakai angé ki he fokotuʻutuʻu fakasiokālafi ʻa ia ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻe he foʻi talanoá.

Ko ha Kolo ʻi he Ngataʻanga ʻo ha Toafa

Ko e kolo ʻo Zenobia, ʻa Palmyra, naʻe tuʻu ia ʻi he kilomita ʻe 210 nai ʻi he tokelau-hahake ʻo Tāmasikusí, ʻi he ngataʻanga fakatokelau ʻo e Toafa Sīliá ʻi he feituʻu ʻoku hifo ai ʻa e ngaahi moʻunga fehangahangai ʻo Lepanoní ki he tokaleleí. Ko e kolo kelekele lelei ko ení naʻe ʻi he vahaʻa tonu nai ʻo e Tahi Metiteleniané ki he hihifó pea mo e Vaitafe ʻIufaletesí ki he hahaké. Naʻe ui nai ia ʻe Tuʻi Solomone ko Tatimoa, ko ha feituʻu naʻe mātuʻaki mahuʻinga nai maʻá e lelei ʻo hono puleʻangá ʻi he ʻuhinga ʻe ua: ʻi he tuʻunga ko ha nofoʻanga fakakautau ki hono maluʻi ʻo e kauʻāfonua fakatokelaú pea ko ha fetaulakiʻanga mahuʻinga ia ʻo e fanga kiʻi ʻotu kolo kalavaná. Ko ia ai, naʻe “ngaohi ʻa Tatimoa ʻi he Toafa” ʻe Solomone.​—2 Kalonikali 8:4.

Ko e hisitōlia ʻo e taʻu ʻe taha afe hili ʻa e pule ʻa Tuʻi Solomoné ʻoku ʻikai lave ia ai ʻo kau ki Tatimoa. Kapau ʻoku tonu hono fakahaaʻi ia ko Palmyra, ko ʻene kake ʻo ʻiloá naʻe kamata ia hili e hoko ʻa Sīlia ko ha vahefonua mamaʻo ia ʻo e ʻEmipaea Lomá ʻi he 64 K.M. “Naʻe mahuʻinga ʻa Palmyra ki Loma ʻi he malaʻe ʻe ua, ko e fakaʻikonōmiká mo e fakakautaú,” ko e lau ia ʻa Richard Stoneman ʻi heʻene tohi ko e Palmyra and Its Empire​—Zenobia’s Revolt Against Rome. Koeʻuhi ko e kolo paameʻia ko ení naʻe ʻi ha halanga fefakatauʻaki lahi, naʻá ne fakafehokotaki ʻa Loma ki Mesopotēmia mo e Hahaké, naʻe fou atu ai ʻa e ngaahi koloa fakakomēsiale ʻo e māmani he kuonga muʻá​—ko e ngaahi sipaisi mei he ʻInitisi Hahaké, silika mei Siaina, mo e ngaahi koloa kehe mei Pēsia, Talalo ʻo Mesopotēmiá, mo e ngaahi fonua Metiteleniané. Naʻe fakafalala ʻa Loma ki hono hū mai ʻo e ngaahi koloá ni.

ʻI he tuʻunga fakakautaú, naʻe hoko ʻa e vahefonua Sīliá ko ha feituʻu tuʻu-ʻatā ia ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ongo mafai feʻauʻauhi ʻo Loma mo Pēsiá. Naʻe vaheʻi ʻe he vaitafe ʻIufaletesí ʻa Loma mei hono kaungāʻapi fakahahaké lolotonga ʻa e ngaahi ʻuluaki taʻu ʻe 250 ʻo Hotau Kuongá. Naʻe ʻi he tafaʻaki mai pē ʻe taha ʻo e toafá ʻa Palmyra, ʻi he hihifo ʻo e kolo ko Dura-Europos ʻi he funga ʻIufaletesí. ʻI hono ʻiloʻi hono tuʻuʻanga mahuʻingá, naʻe ʻaʻahi ai ʻa e ongo ʻemipola Loma hangē ko Hadrian mo Valerian ki Palmyra. Naʻe fakalahi atu ʻe Hadrian ki he fuʻu fakaʻofoʻofa hono langá peá ne fai ha ngaahi tokoni loto-fiefoaki lahi. Naʻe fakapaleʻi ʻe Valerian ha nōpele Palmyra ko hono hingoá ko Odenathus​—ko e husepāniti ʻo Zenobia​—ʻaki hono hiki hake ia, ʻi he 258 T.S., ki he lakanga ko e konisela ʻo Loma koeʻuhi he naʻe lavameʻa ʻene feingatau fakafepaki ki Pēsiá peá ne fakalahi atu ʻa e kauʻāfonua ʻo e ʻEmipaea Lomá ki Mesopotēmia. Naʻe fakahoko ʻe Zenobia ha konga mahuʻinga ʻi he mahiki hake ʻa hono husepānití ki he mafaí. Naʻe tohi ʻa e faihisitōlia ko Edward Gibbon: “Ko e lavameʻa ʻa Odaenathus ʻi he tuʻunga lahi naʻe tupunga lahi ia ʻi heʻene [Zenobia] fakapotopoto mo loto-mālohi taʻealafakatatauá.”

Lolotonga iá, naʻe fakapapau ʻa Tui Sapor ʻo Pēsiá ke ne poleʻi ʻa e tuʻunga mafai ʻo Lomá pea fakahaaʻi ʻa ʻene haú ʻi he kotoa ʻo e ngaahi vahefonua ki muʻa ʻo Pēsiá. Naʻá ne laka fakahihifo atu, mo ha fuʻu kau tau fakamanavahē, ʻo puke ʻa e ongo kolo nofoʻanga fakakautau Loma ko Nisibis mo Carrhae (Hālaní), pea hoko atu ke haveki ʻa e fakatokelau ʻo Sīlia mo Silisiá. Naʻe haʻu tonu ʻa ʻemipola Valerian ke taki atu ʻene ngaahi kongakaú ke fakafefekaʻi ʻa e kau fakatūʻutá ka naʻe ikunaʻi ia pea puke ʻe he kau Pēsiá.

Naʻe fakakaukau leva ʻa Odaenathus kuo taimi tonu ke ʻoatu ʻa e ngaahi meʻaʻofa totongi mamafa mo ha pōpoaki fakamelino ki he tuʻi Pēsiá. Naʻe tuʻutuʻuni loto-pōlepole ʻa Tuʻi Sapor ke laku ʻa e ngaahi meʻaʻofá ki ʻIufaletesi pea kounaʻi atu ke hā ʻa Odaenathus ʻi hono ʻaó ʻi he tuʻunga ko ha pōpula kole fakamolemole. ʻI he tali ki aí, naʻe fakatahataha ai ʻe he kau Palmyra ha kau tau ko e kau nofo holo ʻo e toafá pea mo e toenga ʻo e ngaahi kongakau Lomá pea kamata ke ʻohofi ʻa e kau Pēsiá ʻa ia naʻa nau holomui he taimi ko iá. ʻI he fehangahangai mo e ngaahi founga ʻohofi pea lele ʻa e kau tau ʻo e toafá, ko e ngaahi kongakau ʻa Sapor​—ʻi heʻenau helaʻia he feingataú mo mafasia ʻi hono ʻave ʻenau koloá mei he taú​—naʻe siʻi ai ʻenau maluʻí pea pau ai ke nau hola.

ʻI he lāuʻilo ki heʻene ikunaʻi ʻa Sapor, naʻe ʻoange ai ʻe he fohá pea ko e fetongi ia ʻo Valerian, ko Gallienus, kia Odaenathus ʻa e hingoa fakalakanga ko e corrector totius Orientis (kōvana ʻo e Hahaké kotoa). Naʻe faai mai pē, ʻo ʻai ai ʻe Odaenathus kiate ia ʻa e hingoa fakalakanga “tuʻi ʻo e ngaahi tuʻi.”

Kumi ʻa Zenobia ke Faʻu ha ʻEmipaea

ʻI he 267 T.S., ʻi he tumutumu ʻo ʻene ngāué, naʻe fakapoongi ai ʻa Odaenathus mo e ʻea kiate iá, tokua ʻe ha ʻilamutu faisāuni. Naʻe fetongi leva ʻe Zenobia ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo hono husepānití, he naʻe fuʻu kei siʻi hono fohá. ʻI heʻene hoihoifua, loto-feinga, pōtoʻi ʻi he tuʻunga ko ha taha pule, alāanga ʻi he feingatau fakataha mo hono husepāniti kuo mālōloó, pea pōtoʻi ʻi he ngaahi lea kehekehe, naʻá ne malava ai ke ne maʻu ʻa e fakaʻapaʻapa mo e poupou ʻa e faʻahinga naʻá ne pule ki aí​—ko ha lavameʻa lahi ia ʻi he haʻohaʻonga ʻo e kau Petouiní. Naʻe manako ʻa Zenobia ki he akó pea naʻá ne fakafonu takai ia ʻaki ʻa e kau potó. Ko e taha ʻo hono kau faleʻí ko e filōsefa mo e tokotaha faiva lea ko Cassius Longinus​—naʻe pehē naʻá ne hoko ko “ha laipeli moʻui mo ha mesiume luelue.” Naʻe pehē ʻe he faʻu-tohi ko Stoneman: “Lolotonga ʻa e taʻu ʻe nima ʻi he hili ʻa e mate ʻa Odenathus . . . ne ʻosi fokotuʻu ai ʻe Zenobia ia ʻi he ʻatamai ʻo hono kakaí ko ha taki fefine ʻo e Hahaké.”

Ko Pēsia naʻe ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe taha ʻo e vahefonua ʻo Zenobia, ʻa ia ko ia mo hono husepānití naʻá na fakavaivaiʻí, pea ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá ko Loma ia ne toó. Fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi tuʻunga ʻi he ʻEmipaea Lomá ʻi he taimi ko iá, ʻoku pehē ʻe he faihisitōlia ko J. M. Roberts: “Ko e senituli hono tolú ko ha . . . taimi faingataʻa ia ki Loma ʻo tatau pē ʻi he kauʻāfonua hahaké mo e hihifó, lolotonga ia ʻi Lomá naʻe kamata ai ha vahaʻa taimi foʻou ʻo e tau fakalotofonua pea kamata ai ha ngaahi vākovi hokohoko. Ko e kau ʻemipola ʻe toko uofulumāua (taʻekau ai ʻa e kau fakangalingali) naʻa nau hoko mai mo puli atu.” ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe taha, ko e taki fefine Sīliá, ko ha kuini ia naʻe fokotuʻu lelei fakaʻaufuli ʻi hono puleʻangá. “ʻI hono tokangaʻi ʻa e mafamafatatau ʻo e ongo ʻemipaeá [ʻa Pēsia mo Loma],” ko e fakamatala ia ʻa Stoneman, “naʻe malava ke ne kumi ke faʻu hano tolu ʻa ia te ne puleʻi fakatouʻosi kinaua.”

Ko ha faingamālie kia Zenobia ke fakalahi atu ai ʻa hono ngaahi mafai fakatuʻí naʻe hoko ia ʻi he 269 T.S., ʻi he taimi naʻe hā ai ha tokotaha fakangalingali ʻo fakakikihiʻi ʻa e tuʻunga pule Loma ʻi ʻIsipité. Naʻe laka fakavave atu ʻa e kau tau ʻa Zenobia ki ʻIsipite, ʻo laiki ʻa e tokotaha angatuʻú, ʻo ne maʻu ai ʻa e fonuá. ʻI hono fanongonongo ia tonu ko e kuini ʻo ʻIsipité, naʻá ne faʻu ai ha ngaahi foʻi koini ʻi hono hingoá. Naʻe falō atu he taimi ko ení ʻa hono puleʻangá mei he vaitafe Nailá ki he vaitafe ʻIufaletesí. ʻI he tuʻunga ko ení heʻene moʻuí, naʻá ne hoko ai ʻo maʻu ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e “tuʻi tonga” ʻoku lau ki ai ʻi he kikite faka-Tohitapu ʻa Tanielá, koeʻuhi naʻe puleʻi ʻe hono puleʻangá he taimi ko iá ʻa e feituʻu tonga ʻo e fonua ʻo Tanielá. (Taniela 11:​25, 26) Naʻá ne toe ikunaʻi foki mo e konga lahi ʻo ʻĒsia Minu.

Naʻe fakafefekaʻi mo teuteuʻi ʻe Zenobia ʻa hono kolomuʻá, ʻa Palmyra, ʻo aʻu ki ha lahi ʻa ia naʻe tuʻunga tatau ai mo e ngaahi kolo lalahi ange ʻi he māmani Lomá. Ko e fakafuofua ʻo hono tokolahí naʻe aʻu ʻo laka hake he toko 150,000. Naʻe fonu ʻa e koló ʻi he ngaahi fale fakapuleʻanga, ngaahi temipale, ngaahi ngoue, ngaahi pou teuteu, mo e ngaahi maka fakamanatu fisifisimuʻa, ʻi loto he ngaahi ʻā ʻa ia naʻe pehē naʻe kilomita ʻe 21 ʻa hono fuatakaí. Ko e ʻotu pou teuteu Kolinitō laka hake he mita ʻe 15 hono māʻolungá​—ko e 1,500 nai ʻo kinautolu—naʻe fakaʻotu ʻi he hala lahí. Ko e ngaahi maka fakamanatu mo e ngaahi tā tongitongi ʻo e ʻulu ʻo e kau heló mo e kau foaki meʻaʻofa tuʻumālié naʻe fonu ʻi he koló. ʻI he 271 T.S., naʻe fokotuʻu ai ʻe Zenobia ha ongo maka fakamanatu ʻoʻona mo hono husepāniti kuo mālōloó. ʻI he ngataʻanga ʻo e toafá, naʻe fetapaki ai ʻa Palmyra ʻo hangē ha siuelí.

Ko e Temipale ʻo e Laʻaá ko e taha ia ʻo e ngaahi langa lelei taha ʻi Palmyra pea ʻoku ʻikai ha veiveiua naʻá ne fakamaeʻeeʻa ʻa e feituʻu faiʻanga lotu ʻi he koló. ʻOku hangehangē, naʻe lotu foki mo Zenobia ki ha ʻotua naʻe felāveʻi mo e ʻotua ko e laʻaá. Kae kehe, ko Sīlia ʻo e senituli hono tolú, ko ha fonua ia ʻo e ngaahi lotu lahi. ʻI he fonua ʻo Zenobia naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e kau Kalisitiane lau pē, kau Siu, kau ʻasitalolosia, mo e kau lotu ki he laʻaá mo e māhiná. Ko e hā ʻene fakakaukau ki he ngaahi founga lotu kehekehe ʻi hono puleʻangá? ʻOku pehē ʻe he faʻu-tohi ko Stoneman: “ʻE ʻikai liʻaki ʻe ha pule poto ha ngaahi anga-fakafonua pē ʻe hā ngali feʻungamālie ki hono kakaí. . . . Ko e ngaahi ʻotuá, naʻe . . . ʻamanekina, naʻa nau fakatahataha maau ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo Palmyra.” ʻOku hangehangē, naʻe kātaki ʻi he tuʻunga fakalotú ʻa Zenobia. Ka ko e ngaahi ʻotuá naʻe moʻoni ʻenau “fakatahataha maau ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻo Palmyra”? Ko e hā naʻe ʻi he kahaʻu ofi mai ki Palmyra mo hono “tokotaha pule potó”?

Ko ha ʻEmipola Naʻe “Toʻa Hono Loto” kia Zenobia

Lolotonga ʻa e taʻu 270 T.S., naʻe hoko ai ʻa Aurelian ko e ʻemipola ʻo Loma. Naʻe lavameʻa ʻa ʻene fuʻu kau taú ʻi hono talitekeʻi mo hono puleʻi ʻa e kau pāpeliane ʻo e tokelaú. ʻI he 271 T.S.​—ʻi hono fakafofongaʻi he taimi ko ení ʻa e “tuʻi tokelau” ʻo e kikite ʻa Tanielá​—ko Aurelian naʻe “lagaʻi ene malohi, bea e toʻa hono loto ki he tuʻi oe botu toga,” ʻa ia naʻe fakafofongaʻi ʻe Zenobia. (Taniela 11:25a, PM) Naʻe tuku fakahangatonu atu ʻe Aurelian ʻa e niʻihi ʻo ʻene ngaahi kongakaú ki ʻIsipite pea taki fakahahake atu ʻene konga kau tefitó ʻo fou atu ʻi ʻĒsia Minu.

Ko e tuʻi ʻo e tongá​—ko e pule naʻe ʻi ai naʻe puleʻi ʻe Zenobia​—ʻe gaue’ ke tau mo Aurelian “moe kau tau toko lahi fakamanavahe” ʻi he malumalu ʻo e ongo seniale ʻe toko ua, ko Zabdas mo Zabbai. (Taniela 11:25e, PM) Ka naʻe hamu ʻe Aurelian ia ʻa ʻIsipite peá ne toki fai atu ha folau ki ʻĒsia Minu mo Sīlia. Naʻe ikunaʻi ʻa Zenobia ʻi Emesa (ko Homs ia he taimí ni), pea naʻá ne holomui ki Palmyra.

ʻI hono ʻākoloʻi ʻe Aurelian ʻa Palmyra, ko Zenobia, ʻi heʻene ʻamanekina ʻe maʻu ha tokoni, naʻá ne hola mo hono fohá ki Pēsia, ʻo maʻu ai pē ʻe he kau Lomá ʻi he Vaitafe ʻIufaletesí. Naʻe tukulolo ʻe he kau Palmyra honau koló ʻi he 272 T.S. Naʻe fai anga-fakaʻeiʻeiki ʻa Aurelian ki he kau nofo aí, ʻo tānaki ha fuʻu koloa vete lahi, ʻo kau ai ʻa e ʻaitoli mei he Temipale ʻo e Laʻaá, pea mavahe ki Loma. Naʻe fakahaofi ʻe he ʻemipola Lomá ʻa Zenobia, ʻo ʻai ia ko e meʻa tefito ke mātā ʻi heʻene laka fakaeikuna ʻi Loma ʻi he 274 T.S. Naʻá ne fakamoleki ʻa e toenga ʻo ʻene moʻuí ʻi he tuʻunga ko ha fefine mali ngeia ʻi Loma.

Fakaʻauha ʻa e Kolo Toafá

ʻI ha ngaahi māhina siʻi hili hono hamu ʻe Aurelian ʻa Palmyra, naʻe tāmateʻi tavale ai ʻe he kau Palmyra ʻa e nofoʻanga fakakautau Loma naʻá ne tuku aí. ʻI he aʻu atu ʻa e ongoongo ʻo e angatuʻú ni kia Aurelian, naʻá ne tuʻutuʻuni leva ʻene kau sōtiá ke nau toe foki, pea ʻi he taimi ko ení naʻá ne hilifaki atu ai ha sāuni fakalilifu ki he kakai kotoa naʻe nofo aí. Ko e faʻahinga ko ia naʻe hola mei he tāmate taʻetoemeesi ko ení naʻe taki pōpula. Naʻe nuiki pea haveki ʻa e kolo hīkisia ko ení ʻo ʻikai toe ala fakaleleiʻi. Ko ia ai, naʻe toe foki ʻa e fuʻu kolo moʻumoʻuá ki hono tuʻunga ki muʻá​—ko “Tatimoa ʻi he toafa.”

ʻI he tuʻu ʻa Zenobia ki Lomá, ko ia mo ʻEmipola Aurelian naʻá na fakahoko ai ʻi he taʻeʻilo ʻa hona ngafa ʻi he tuʻunga ko e “tuʻi tonga” mo e “tuʻi tokelau,” ʻo fakahoko ai ʻa e konga ʻo ha kikite naʻe lēkooti mātuʻaki fakaikiiki ʻe he palōfita ʻa Sihová ʻi he taʻu nai ʻe 800 ki muʻa. (Taniela, vahe 11) ʻI hono ʻulungaanga tuʻu-ki-muʻá, naʻe manumanumelieʻia ai ʻa e tokolahi ʻia Zenobia. Kae kehe, ko e meʻa mahuʻinga tahá, ko hono ngafa ʻi hono fakafofongaʻi ha tuʻunga fakapolitikale naʻe ʻi ai, naʻe tomuʻa tala ʻi he kikite ʻa Tanielá. Naʻe ʻikai toe laka hake ʻa ʻene pulé ʻi he taʻu ʻe nima. Ko Palmyra, ʻa e kolomuʻa ʻo e puleʻanga ʻo Zenobia, ʻi he ʻahó ni ko ha kiʻi kolo pē. Naʻa mo e ʻEmipaea kāfakafa Lomá kuo fuoloa ʻene mole atu pea faʻu ia ko ha ngaahi puleʻanga ʻi onopooni. Ko e hā ʻa e kahaʻu ia ʻo e ngaahi mafaí ni? Ko honau tufakangá foki ʻoku puleʻi ia ʻe he fakahoko papau ʻo e kikite ʻa e Tohitapú.​—Taniela 2:​44.

[Puha ʻi he peesi 29]

Meʻaʻofa ʻa Zenobia

ʻI heʻene foki ki Loma hili hono ikunaʻi ʻa Zenobia, ʻa e kuini ʻo Palmyra, naʻe langa ai ʻe ʻEmipola Aurelian ha temipale ki he laʻaá. Naʻá ne fokotuʻu ai ʻa e ngaahi maka fakamanatu ʻo e ʻotua-laʻā ko ia naʻá ne ʻomai mei he kolo ʻo Zenobia. ʻI he lave ki he ngaahi toe meʻa naʻe fokotuʻú, ʻoku pehē ʻe he makasini ko e History Today: “Ko e meʻa tuʻuloa taha ʻi he kotoa ʻo e ngaahi ngāue ʻa Aurelian mahalo ko hono fokotuʻu, ʻi he TS 274, ʻo ha kātoanga fakataʻu ʻo e ʻasi ʻa e laʻaá ʻi hono taimi mamaʻo taha mei he ʻekuetá he faʻahitaʻu momokó, ʻi hono 25 ʻo Tīsemá. ʻI he taimi naʻe hoko ai ʻo Kalisitiane ʻa e ʻemipaeá naʻe hiki leva ʻa e ʻaho ʻaloʻi ʻo Kalaisí ki he ʻaho ko ení ke ʻai ʻa e lotu foʻoú ke toe tali lahi ange ʻe he faʻahinga ko ia naʻa nau fiefia ʻi he ngaahi kātoanga motuʻá. Ko ha fakakaukau taʻeʻamanekina ia, ʻa ia ʻoku totonu ai ke mātuʻaki tukuakiʻi lahi ʻa e ʻEmipola Fefine ko Zenobia . . . ki hono kātoangaʻi [ʻe he kakaí] ʻetau Kilisimasí.”

[Mape/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 28, 29]

(Ki he fakamatala kuo fokotuʻú, sio ki he tohi)

TAHI METITELENIANÉ

SĪLIA

ʻAniteoke

Emesa (Homs)

PALMYRA

Tāmasukusi

MESOPOTĒMIA

ʻIufaletesi

Carrhae (Hālani)

Nisibis

Dura-Europos

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā]

Map: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

ʻOtu Pou: Michael Nicholson/Corbis

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 29]

Koini Loma ʻoku ʻi ai nai ʻa e fakatātā ʻo Aurelian

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 30]

Temipale ʻo e laʻaá ʻi Palmyra

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā]

The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 31]

Ko Kuini Zenobia ʻi heʻene leʻa ki heʻene sōtiá

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā]

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Queen Zenobia Addressing Her Soldiers, Samuel H. Kress Collection, Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 28]

Fakaikiiki ʻo e: Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Queen Zenobia Addressing Her Soldiers, Samuel H. Kress Collection, Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington