Ko ha Lēsoni mei he Hisitōlia Faka-Lomá
“KAPAU naʻe fakaetangata pe ʻeku tau mo e manu fekai ʻi Efeso.” ʻOku fakakaukau ʻa e niʻihi ko e ngaahi lea ko ia naʻe hiki ʻi he 1 Kolinito 15:32, ʻoku ʻuhingá naʻe tautea ʻa e ʻapositolo ko Paulá ke faitau ʻi ha malaʻe vaʻinga faka-Loma. Pe naʻá ne fai pehē pe ʻikai, ko e ngaahi faitau ki he mate ʻi he ngaahi malaʻe vaʻingá naʻe failahia ia ʻi he lolotonga ʻo e taimi ko iá. Ko e hā ʻoku tala mai ʻe he hisitōliá kiate kitautolu ʻo fekauʻaki mo e malaʻe vaʻingá pea mo e ngaahi meʻa naʻe hoko aí?
ʻI he tuʻunga ko e kau Kalisitiané, ʻoku tau holi ke fakafuo hotau konisēnisí ʻo fakatatau ki he fakakaukau ʻa Sihová, ʻa ia ʻoku malava ke tokoniʻi ai kitautolu ke fai ha ngaahi fili fekauʻaki mo e fakafiefia ʻi onopōní. Ko e fakatātaá, fakakaukau angé ki he fakakaukau ʻa e ʻOtuá ʻo fekauʻaki mo e fakamālohí, ʻoku hā ʻi he ngaahi lea: “ʻOua te ke fakaʻamua ha tangata fai fakamalohi, pea ʻoua te ke fili ha taha ʻo hono ngaahi founga.” (Palovepi 3:31) Naʻe ala maʻu ʻe he muʻaki kau Kalisitiané ʻa e akonaki ko iá ke tataki ʻaki kinautolu ʻi he taimi ʻa ia ko e tokolahi naʻe takatakai kiate kinautolú naʻa nau hoko ʻo fiefia ʻi he ngaahi feʻauhi faka-Loma ʻo e tau ki he maté. ʻI he fakakaukau atu ki he meʻa naʻe hoko ʻi he ngaahi meʻa peheé, tau sio pe ko e hā ʻa e lēsoni ʻoku hā mahino mai ki he kau Kalisitiane ʻi he ʻaho ní.
Ko e ongo tangata tau ki he mate ʻe toko ua ʻokú na fehangahangai ʻi ha malaʻe vaʻinga faka-Loma. ʻI he ʻuluaki patō pē ʻa e heletaá ʻi he paá, ʻoku kaikaila fakaʻaiʻai atu ʻa e fuʻu matanga fakakaekaé ki heʻenau poné. Ko ha tau tāmate ia. Taimi siʻi pē, kuo kafo pea ʻikai malava ke hoko atu, ʻoku lī hifo ʻe he tokotahá ʻene meʻataú pea tūʻulutui, ʻo fakahaaʻi ʻa ʻene foʻí mo kole ki ha meesi. ʻOku fakaʻau ke leʻo-lahi ange ʻa e longoaʻá. ʻOku kaikaila atu ʻa e niʻihi ʻi he fuʻu matangá ki ha meesi, ko e niʻihi kehé ke tāmateʻi ia. ʻOku hanga ʻa e mata kotoa ki he ʻemipolá. Ko iá, ʻi heʻene tokanga ki he loto ʻo e fuʻu kakaí, ʻoku malava ke ne fakaʻatā ʻa e tokotaha tau kuo ikuʻí, pe ko ʻene fakaʻilonga atu ke tāmateʻi ia.
Naʻe loto-māfana ʻaupito ʻa e kau Lomá ki he ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali ʻo e tau ki he maté. Te ke ʻohovale nai ʻi he ʻiloʻi ko e ngaahi tau peheé naʻe fuofua fai ia ʻi ha ngaahi putu ʻo e faʻahinga tāutaha mahuʻinga. ʻOku ʻi ai ʻa e tui ʻo pehē naʻe tupu ʻa e ngaahi feʻauhí ʻi he feilaulau fakaetangata ʻi he lotolotonga ʻo e kakai ʻOsikeni pe kau Seminaite ʻa ia ko ʻĪtali lotoloto ia he taimi ní. Naʻe fai ʻa e ngaahi feilaulaú ke fakanonga ʻa e ngaahi laumālie ʻo e kau maté. Naʻe ui ʻa e faitau peheé ko ha munus, pe “meʻaʻofa” (pululá, munera). Ko e ʻuluaki ngaahi feʻauhi naʻe lēkooti ʻi Lomá naʻe fai ia ʻi he 264 K.M. ʻa ia naʻe tau ai ʻa e ngaahi hoa ʻe tolu ʻo e kau faitau ki he maté ʻi he māketi pulú. ʻI he putu ʻo Mākisi ʻAmiliasi Lepatusí, naʻe tau ai ʻa e foʻi hoa ʻe 22. ʻI he putu ʻo Papiliasi Lisiniasí, naʻe fehangahangai ai ʻa e foʻi hoa ʻe 60. ʻI he 65 K.M., naʻe tuku atu ai ʻe Suliasi Sisa ʻa e ngaahi hoa ʻe 320 ki he malaʻe vaʻingá.
“Ko e ngaahi putu houʻeikí ko ha founga ia ke laka ki muʻa ai ʻa e ngaahi taumuʻa fakapolitikalé,” ko e lau ia ʻa e faihisitōlia ko Keith Hopkins, “pea ko e ngaahi feʻauhi ʻi he putú naʻe ʻi ai hono ngaahi kaunga fakapolitikale . . . koeʻuhi ko honau manakoa ʻe he kau tangataʻifonua naʻe kau ʻi he fili pālotí. Ko e moʻoni, ko e tupulaki ʻi he fisifisimuʻa ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali ʻo e tau ki he maté naʻe tafunaki lahi ia ʻe he feʻauhi fakapolitikale ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau houʻeiki fie māʻolungá.” ʻI he aʻu mai ki he pule ʻa ʻAokositusí (27 K.M. ki he 14 T.S.), naʻe hoko ai ʻa e munera ko e ngaahi meʻaʻofa ne fuʻu lahi fau—ki he fakafiefiaʻi ʻa e ngaahi fuʻu kakaí—ʻo fakahoko atu ai ʻe he kau ʻōfisa koloaʻia ʻo e puleʻangá ʻe toe fakalahi atu ʻenau ngaahi ngāue fakapolitikalé.
Faʻahinga Naʻe Kau ki Aí mo Hono Akoʻí
Te ke ʻeke nai, ‘Ko hai ʻa e kau faitau ki he maté?’ Sai, mahalo pē ko e kau pōpulá, kau faihia hiamateá, kau pōpula ʻo e taú, pe kau tangata tauʻatāina ne fakaʻaiʻai ʻe he loto-fiefia pe ʻamanaki ki he ongoongoá mo e koloá. Naʻe akoʻi kotoa kinautolu ʻi he ngaahi ʻapiako hangē ha ʻapi pōpulá. Ko e tohi ko e Giochi e spettacoli (Ngaahi Feʻauhí mo e Ngaahi Fakaʻaliʻalí) ʻoku fakamatala ai ʻo pehē ko e kau faitau ki he maté ʻi hono akoʻí “naʻe leʻohi maʻu pē ʻe he kau kaʻate pea fakamoʻulaloaʻi ki he akonekina fefeka, ko e mamafa taha ia ʻo e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuní, pea mo e ngaahi tautea fefeka fakaʻulia . . . Naʻe faʻa iku ʻa e tōʻongafai ko ʻení ki he taonakita, fakafepaki, mo e angatuʻu.” Ko e ʻapiako lahi taha ʻa Loma ki he faitau ki he maté naʻe ʻi ai ha fanga kiʻi loki ai ki he kau nofo ʻo ʻikai toe siʻi hifo ʻi he toko taha afé. Naʻe taki taha pē tangata mo hono faiva. Naʻe faitau ʻa e niʻihi ʻaki ʻa e meʻatau, ko e pā, mo e heletā, ko e niʻihi mo e kupenga pea mo e tao mata-tolu. Lolotonga iá naʻe akoʻi ʻa e niʻihi kehe ia ke nau fehangahangai mo ha fanga manu fekai ʻi ha toe faʻahinga fakaʻaliʻali ia ʻe taha, ko e tuli manú. Naʻe lave nai ʻa Paulá ki he faʻahinga meʻa tofu pē ko ʻení?
Naʻe malava ʻa e kau fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e fakaʻaliʻalí ke nau kumi tokoni mei he kau pisinisi ʻa ia naʻa nau fakakau mo akoʻi ʻa e kau taʻu 17 pe 18 ke hoko ko e kau faitau ki he maté. Ko hono fefakatauʻaki ʻo e ngaahi moʻui fakaetangatá naʻe hoko ia ko ha fuʻu pisinisi lahi. Ko ha fakaʻaliʻali tuʻu-ki-muʻa ʻe taha naʻe tuʻuaki ai ʻe Talāseni ke ne kātoangaʻi ha ikuna fakakautau naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e kau faitau ki he maté ʻe toko 10,000 mo e fanga manu ʻe 11,000.
Ko ha ʻAho ʻi he Malaʻe Vaʻingá
Naʻe vaheʻi ʻa e ngaahi pongipongí ʻi he malaʻe vaʻingá ki he tuli manú. Ko e fanga manu fekai ʻo e faʻahinga kehekehe naʻe ʻomi fakamālohiʻi nai ki he malaʻe vaʻingá. Naʻe tautefito ʻa e mālieʻia ʻa e kau mamatá ʻi he hoa ʻa ha fuʻu pulu mo ha pea. Naʻe faʻa haʻi fakatahaʻi ʻa e ongo monumanu ko ʻení ke na tau pē kae ʻoua kuo mate ʻa e taha, pea ko e haó leva naʻe toki tāmateʻi ia ʻe ha tokotaha tuli manu. Ko e toe ngaahi feʻauhi manakoa kehé ko e fepaki ʻa ha fanga laione mo ha fanga taika, pe fanga ʻelefānite mo ha fanga pea. Naʻe fakahāhaaʻi ʻe he kau tuli manú ʻenau pōtoʻí ʻi hono tāmateʻi ʻa e fanga manu muli naʻe ʻomai mei he ngaahi tapa kotoa ʻo e ʻemipaeá, tatau ai pē pe ko e hā ʻa e fakamolé—ʻa e fanga lēpatí, ʻa e ngaahi lainosolosí, ngaahi hipopotamá, fanga silafí, fanga hainá, fanga kāmelí, fanga ulofí, fanga fuʻu puaka kaivaó, mo e ʻanitelopé.
Ko e tākiekina fakaemamatá naʻá ne ʻai ʻa e ngaahi tuli manú ke fakangalongataʻa. Naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi maka, fanga kiʻi ano, mo e ʻuluʻakau ke fakatatau ki he ngaahi vaotaá. ʻI he ngaahi malaʻe vaʻinga ʻe niʻihi, naʻe ʻasi ʻa e fanga manú ʻo hangē naʻe fai ʻaki ha faimaná, ʻi hano ʻohake ʻi ha ngaahi lifi mo ha ngaahi matapā ʻi lolofonua. Ko e ʻulungaanga ʻikai tomuʻa ʻilo ki ai ʻo e monumanú naʻe toe tānaki atu ki he fakamānakó, ka ko e meʻa ʻoku ngalingali naʻá ne ʻai ʻa e ngaahi tuli manú ke tautefito ʻene fakatoʻoalotó ko e anga-fakamamahí.
Naʻe hoko mai leva ʻi he polokalamá ʻa e ngaahi tāmaté. Naʻe fai ʻa e ngaahi feinga ke fakahoko ʻa e ngaahi meʻá ni ʻi he founga foʻou. Ko e ngaahi tulama fakaetalatupuʻá naʻe fai ia ʻo mate moʻoni ai ʻa e kau faivá.
ʻI he lolotonga ʻo e ngaahi houa efiafí, naʻe fetauʻaki ai ʻa e ngaahi kulupu kehekehe ʻo e kau faitau ki he maté naʻa nau teunga tau ʻi he ngaahi founga kehekehe pea naʻe akoʻi ʻi he ngaahi founga mātuʻaki kehe. Ko e niʻihi ʻo e faʻahinga naʻa nau toho atu ki tuʻa ʻa e ngaahi ʻangaʻangá naʻa nau teunga ʻo hangē ko e ʻotua ʻo pulotú.
Ola ki he Kau Mamatá
Ko e holi ʻa e fuʻu matangá ki he faitaú naʻe fakatoponongataʻa, ko ia ko e kau faitau naʻe tauholomuí naʻe fakaʻaiʻai ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi uipi mo e ngaahi ukamea uloulo. ʻE kaila atu ʻa e fuʻu matangá: “Ko e hā ʻokú ne vaipalo pehē ai he fetaulaki mo e heletaá? Ko e hā ʻokú ne tā mātuʻaki ngāvaivai aí? Ko e hā ʻoku ʻikai te ne fie mate [loto-lelei] aí? Uipi ia ke hoko atu ʻene faitaú! Tuku ke na fetāʻaki taʻekofu ke ʻasi hona fatafatá ki he heletaá!” ʻOku tohi ʻe ha politiki Loma ko Seneca ʻo pehē ʻi he lolotonga ʻo ha mālōlō ʻoku hoko mai leva ʻa e fanongonongó ni: “ʻE ʻi ai ha tāmate ʻi he lolotonga ʻo e mālōloó, ko ia ʻe kei hoko atu pē ʻa e fakafiefiá!”
ʻOku ʻikai fakaʻohovale, ʻa e lea moʻoni ʻa Seneca ʻo pehē naʻá ne foki ki ʻapi ʻo “anga-fakamamahi mo taʻeʻofa lahi ange.” Ko e lea moʻoni fakahangatonu ʻa e tokotaha mamata ko iá ʻoku taau ke tau fakakaukau fakamātoato ki ai. ʻOku ʻi ai nai ha kau mamata ʻi he niʻihi ʻo e ngaahi sipoti ʻi he ʻaho ní ʻoku uesia meimei tatau, ʻo nau hoko ai ʻo “anga-fakamamahi mo taʻeʻofa lahi ange”?
Mahalo naʻe fakakaukau hifo ʻa e niʻihi kiate kinautolu naʻa nau monūʻia ʻi heʻenau toe foki ki ʻapí. ʻI hono fai ʻe ha tokotaha mamata ʻe toko taha ha lea tūkuhua fekauʻaki mo Tomitiani, naʻe tuʻutuʻuni ʻe he ʻemipola ko iá ke toho mai ia mei hono tangutuʻangá pea lī ki he fanga kulií. ʻI he siʻisiʻi ha kau faihia ke fakaʻauhá naʻe iku ai ki he tuʻutuʻuni ʻa Kalikula ke puke mai ha konga ʻo e fuʻu matangá ʻo lī ki he fanga manu fekaí. Pea ʻi he ʻikai ke ngāue ʻa e ngaahi mīsini ʻi he siteisí ʻo fakatatau ki heʻene saiʻiá, naʻe fekau atu ai ʻa Kolotiasi ki he kau makēnika naʻe ngāue ki aí ke nau faitau ʻi he malaʻe vaʻingá.
Naʻe taki atu foki ʻa e loto-māfana tōtuʻa ʻa e tokotaha mamatá ki he ngaahi fakatamaki mo e maveuveu. Ko ha fuʻu fale mamataʻanga sipoti ʻi he tokelau pē ʻo Lomá naʻe holo, pea ʻoku pehē naʻe mate ai ʻa e laui afe. Naʻe hoko ha moveuveu he lolotonga ʻo ha fakaʻaliʻali ʻi Pomupei ʻi he 59 T.S. ʻOku fakamatala ʻa Tasitusi ki ha ngaahi fepaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ha fuʻu matanga ʻo e feituʻú mo ha kau feʻauhi mei ha kolo ofi ai ʻa ia naʻe kamata ʻaki ha ngaahi felāuaki, hoko atu ki he tau tolo maka, pea fakaʻosiʻaki ʻa e heletaá. Naʻe konga-tangata ai ha niʻihi pe lavelavea, pea mate ai ʻa e tokolahi.
Ko ha Lēsoni Mahino
Ko ha fakaʻaliʻali ki muí ni mai (Sangue e arena, “Toto mo e ʻOneʻone”) ʻi he Colosseum ʻi Loma naʻe fakamanatu mai ai ʻa e ngaahi faitatau ʻi onopooni ʻo e munera. Ko e meʻa ʻoku mahinó, naʻe fakahaaʻi mai ʻa e ngaahi konga ʻi he vitioó fekauʻaki mo e tau mo ha fuʻu pulu, ko e fuhu fakapolofesinalé, ngaahi fepakipaki fakalilifu ʻi he ngaahi lova kā mo e ngaahi lova paikí, ko e fuhu taʻealataʻofi ʻa e kau sipoti ʻatelitá ʻi he ngaahi feʻauhí, mo e fuhu fakamoveuveu ʻa e kau mamatá. Naʻe fakaʻosiʻaki ʻa e fakaʻaliʻalí ni ha vakai mei he ʻataá ki he Colosseum. ʻOkú ke fakakaukau atu ko e hā naʻe fakaʻosiʻaki ʻe he kau ʻaʻahí? Ko e toko fiha te nau ako mei ai ha lēsoní?
Ko e tau ʻa e fanga kulií, tau ʻa e fanga moa taʻané, ngaahi tau ʻa e tangatá mo e pulú, mo e ngaahi sipoti anga-fakamālohí ʻoku failahia ia ʻi he ngaahi fonua ʻe niʻihi ʻi he ʻahó ni. ʻOku ʻai ʻa e ngaahi moʻuí ke ʻi he tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki ʻi hono fakafiefiaʻi ha fuʻu matanga tokolahi fau ʻi he ngaahi lova meʻalelé. Pea fakakaukau atu ki he ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali fakaʻaho ʻi he televīsoné. Naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻi ha ngaahi ako ʻi ha fonua uēsite ʻe taha ʻoku fakaʻavalisi ko e mamata TV ʻa ha kiʻi tama ʻokú ne sio tonu nai ai ki he ngaahi fakapō ʻe 10,000 mo e ngaahi tōʻonga fakaaoao ʻe 100,000 ʻi he taimi ʻokú ne aʻu ai ki hono taʻu hongofulú.
Ko e ngaahi mālie ʻo e ngaahi feʻauhí naʻe “ʻikai fehoanaki ia mo e lotu moʻoní pea mo e talangofua moʻoni ki he ʻOtua moʻoní,” ko e lau ia ʻa e tokotaha-tohi ʻo e senituli hono tolú ko Tetuliane. Naʻá ne lau ʻa e faʻahinga ko ia naʻa nau mamata ʻiate kinautolú ko e kau kaungāhia mo e faʻahinga ʻoku nau fai ʻa e tāmaté. Fēfē ʻa e ʻahó ni? ʻE lava ke te ʻeke hifo kiate kita, ‘ʻOku ou fiefia ʻi he fakaʻaliʻali ʻoku ʻasi ai ʻa e toto, mate, pe fakamālohi ʻi he televīsoné pe ʻi he ʻInitanetí?’ ʻOku taau ke manatuʻi ʻoku pehē ʻe he Sāme 11:5: “ʻOku sivi ʻe Sihova ʻa e maʻoniʻoni: ka ko e angakovi, mo e ʻofa ki he fakamalohi, ʻoku fehiʻa ki ai ʻene moʻui.”
[Puha ʻi he peesi 28
Ngaahi Tau ke “Fakanonga ʻa e Kau Maté”
ʻI he fekauʻaki mo e tupuʻanga ʻo e faitau ki he maté, ʻoku pehē ʻe he tokotaha-tohi ʻo e senituli hono tolú ko Tetuliane: “Naʻe fakakaukau ʻa e kakai ʻo e kuonga muʻá ko e faʻahinga fakaʻaliʻali ko ʻení naʻa nau fai ai ha ngāue ki he kau maté, ʻi he hili ʻenau fakavaivaiʻi ʻa e fakaʻaliʻalí ʻaki ha tōʻonga fakasivilaise lahi ange ʻo e anga-fakamamahí. ʻI he ngaahi taimi fuoloá, ʻi he tui ko e ngaahi soulu ʻo e kau maté ʻoku fakafiemālieʻi ʻaki ʻa e toto fakaetangatá, naʻa nau tōʻongaʻaki ʻi he ngaahi putú ke feilaulauʻaki ai ʻa e kau pōpulá pe kau tamaioʻeiki ʻikai ʻi he tuʻunga lelei ko ia naʻa nau fakatau maí. ʻI he hili iá naʻe hā lelei ke ʻufiʻufi ʻenau anga-taʻefakalotú ʻaki hono ʻai ʻa e tōʻongá ni ko ha meʻa fakafiefia. Ko ia, ʻi he hili ʻa hono akoʻi ʻa e faʻahinga ko ia naʻe puke maí ʻi he ngaahi meʻatau ko ia naʻe ala maʻú ki he lelei taha ʻo ʻenau malavá—ko honau akoʻí ke ako ke hoko ʻo mate!—naʻe toki tāmateʻi leva kinautolu ʻi he ʻaho putu naʻe ʻosi kotofá ʻi he ngaahi fonualotó. Ko ia, naʻa nau maʻu ai ʻa e fakafiemālie ki he kau maté ʻi he fakapoó. Ko e tupuʻanga ʻeni ʻo e munus. Ka ʻi he hili atu ha taimi naʻe fakalakalaka ai ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻaliʻalí ʻo ʻi he tuʻunga tatau pē ai ʻa e fakaleleiʻi fakasivilaisé mo hono fakahāhaaʻi ʻa e anga-fakamamahí; koeʻuhi ko e fiefia ʻo e ʻaho mālōloó ʻe ʻikai kakato ia, kae ʻoua kuo toe kau ki ai foki mo e fanga manu fekaí ʻi hono halu kongokonga iiki ʻa e sino ʻo e tangatá. Ko e meʻa naʻe foaki ke fakanongaʻaki ʻa e kau maté naʻe lau ia ko ha ouau fakaeputu.”
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 27]
Ko e tatā mo e meʻa maluʻi vaʻe ʻo e tau ki he maté he kuonga muʻá
[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 29]
Naʻe ʻikai ala tali ʻe he kau Kalisitiane ʻo e kuonga muʻá ʻa e fakafiefia anga-fakamālohí. ʻOkú ke pehē?
[Maʻuʻanga]
Fuhu: Dave Kingdon/Index Stock Photography; kā mafuli: AP Photo/Martin Seppala
[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 26]
Phoenix Art Museum, Arizona/Bridgeman Art Library