Ko e Pōtoʻi mo e Saienisi ʻo e Fakamatala ʻEá

MEI HE FAIONGOONGO ʻĀ HAKE! ʻI PILITĀNIA

ʻI ʻOKATOPA 15, 1987, NAʻE FETUʻUTAKI AI HA FEFINE KI HA FALE TV ʻI PILITĀNIA ʻO LĪPOOTI KI AI NAʻÁ NE FANONGO ʻOKU ʻI AI HA MATANGI MĀLOHI ʻOKU HAʻU. NAʻE TALA FAKAPAPAU ʻE HE TOKOTAHA FAKAMATALA ʻEÁ KI HEʻENE KAU MAMATA TELEVĪSONÉ: “ʻOUA ʻE HOHAʻA. ʻOKU ʻIKAI HA MATANGI MĀLOHI IA.” KAE KEHE, ʻI HE PŌ KO IÁ, NAʻE TAAʻI AI ʻA E TAFAʻAKI FAKATONGA ʻO ʻINGILANÍ ʻE HA MATANGI MĀLOHI ʻO NE FAKAʻAUHA ʻA E ʻULUʻAKAU ʻE 15 MILIONA, MATE ʻA E TOKO 19, PEA HOKO AI HA MAUMAU NAʻE LAKA HAKE HONO FAKAMOLÉ ʻI HE $1.4 PILIONA.

ʻI HE pongipongi taki taha, ko e laui miliona ʻo kitautolu ʻoku tau fakamoʻui ʻetau letioó mo e televīsoné ke fanongo ki he fakamatala ʻeá. ʻOku ʻuhinga ʻa e ʻaoʻaofia ʻo e langí ʻe ʻuha? ʻE tolonga nai ʻa e hopo hake ʻa e laʻaá ʻi he pongipongí? ʻE ʻomai ʻe he mafana ʻo e ʻeá ha māfana feʻunga ke vaia ai ʻa e sinoú mo e ʻaisí? ʻI heʻetau fanongo pē ki he fakamatala ʻeá, ʻoku tau fili leva ʻa e vala ke tuí pea pehē pe ʻe toʻotoʻo ha fakamalu pe ʻikai.

Neongo ia, mei he taimi ki he taimi, ʻoku hā mahino ʻa e hala ʻa e ngaahi fakamatala ʻeá. ʻIo, neongo kuo fakalakalaka lahi ʻa e tonu ʻa e ngaahi fakamatala ʻeá ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ki mui ní, ko hono tomuʻa tala ʻo e ʻeá ko ha fakatahaʻi fakamānako ia ʻo e pōtoʻí mo e saienisí ʻa ia ʻoku ʻikai totonu mātē. Ko e hā ʻoku kau ʻi hono tomuʻa tala ʻo e ʻeá, pea ʻoku falalaʻanga fēfē ʻa e ngaahi fakamatala ʻeá? ʻI he tali ki aí, tau ʻuluaki fakatotoloʻi ʻa e anga ʻo e tukuʻau mai ʻa e fakamatala ʻeá.

Ko Hono Fua ʻo e ʻEá

ʻI he ngaahi taimi ʻo e Tohitapú naʻe fakatuʻunga tefito ʻa e fakamatala ʻeá ʻi he sio ʻaki pē ʻa e matá ʻataʻatā pē. (Mātiu 16:​2, 3) ʻI he ʻahó ni, ʻoku maʻu ʻe he kau vakai matangí ha ngaahi naunau fihi lahi ʻoku malava ke nau ngāueʻaki, ʻo fakatefito ia ki hono fua ʻo e mamafa ʻo e ʻeá, hauhau ʻo e ʻeá mo e matangí.

ʻI he 1643, naʻe fuofua ʻilo ai ʻe he fīsiki ʻĪtali ko Evangelista Torricelli ʻa e palōmetá—ko ha meʻangāue feʻunga pē ki hono fua ʻa e mamafa ʻo e ʻeá. Naʻe vave ʻa hono fakatokangaʻi ko e mamafa ʻo e ʻeá ʻoku ʻalu hake mo tō hifo ʻi he liliu ʻa e ʻeá, ko ha tō hifo ʻi hono mamafá ʻokú ne faʻa fakahaaʻi mai ha matangi mālohi. Ko e haikolomitá, ʻa ia ʻokú ne fua ʻa e hauhau ʻo e ʻeá, naʻe eʻa ia ʻi he 1664. Pea ʻi he 1714, naʻe fakaeʻa ai ʻe he fīsiki Siamane ko Daniel Fahrenheit ʻa e meʻa-fua-māfana meakulí. ʻOku malava leva heni ke fua totonu ai ʻa e fua māfaná.

ʻI he 1765 nai, naʻe fokotuʻu mai ʻe he faisaienisi Falanisē ko Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier ʻo pehē ʻoku malava ke fai ʻa hono fua fakaʻaho ʻo e mamafa ʻo e ʻeá, hauhau ʻo e ʻeá, pea mo e vave mo e halanga ʻo e matangí. “ʻI he kotoa ʻo e fakamatalá ni,” naʻá ne tala, “ʻoku meimei malava maʻu pē ke tomuʻa tala ʻa e ʻeá ʻi ha ʻaho ʻe taha pe ua ki muʻa ʻo tonu feʻunga pē.” Ko e pangó, ko hono fai iá ʻoku ʻikai ko ha meʻa faingofua.

Ko Hono Fakatotoloʻi ʻo e ʻEá

ʻI he 1854, naʻe ngoto ai ha vaka tau Falanisē mo e ngaahi vaka uta koloa ʻe 38 ʻi ha fuʻu matangi lahi naʻe tō ʻo mamaʻo atu mei he taulanga Kulimea ʻo Balaklava. Naʻe kole ʻa e kau maʻu mafai Falaniseé kia Urbain-Jean-Joseph Leverrier, ko e talēkita ʻo e Vaʻa Ako Vavā ʻo Pālesí, ke ne fakatotoloʻi. ʻI hono vakaiʻi ʻa e ngaahi lēkooti fakamatala matangí, naʻá ne ʻiloʻi ai naʻe tupu ʻa e matangi mālohí ʻi he ʻaho ʻe ua ki muʻa ʻi he fakatamakí pea naʻá ne tafiʻi ʻa ʻIulope mei he tokelau-hihifó ki he tonga-hahaké. Kapau naʻe ʻi ai ha founga ke fakatotoloʻi ai ʻa e ngaʻunu ʻa e matangi mālohí, naʻe mei maʻu ʻe he ngaahi vaká ha fakatokanga tokamuʻa. Naʻe fokotuʻu leva ai ha vaʻa fakatokanga-matangi mālohi fakapuleʻanga ʻi Falanisē. Naʻe kamata leva mei ai ʻa e fakamatala matangi fakaonopōní.

Neongo ia, naʻe fiemaʻu ha founga vave ke maʻu ai ʻe he kau saienisí ʻa e fakamatala ʻeá mei he ngaahi feituʻu kehé. Pea ko e ʻilo ki muí ni ʻa Samuel Morse ki he mākoni fakaʻuhilá ko e founga tofu pē ia ki hono fakahoko ʻo e meʻá ni. Naʻe ʻai ʻe he meʻá ni ke malava ʻe he Vaʻa Ako Vavā ʻa Pālesí ʻo kamata pulusi ʻa e fuofua mape fakamatala ʻeá ʻi he fokotuʻutuʻu fakaeonopōní ʻi he 1863. ʻI he aʻu mai ki he 1872, naʻe fai ai ʻe he ʻŌfisi Vakai Matangi ʻa Pilitāniá ʻa e meʻa tatau pē.

Ko e lahi ange ʻo hono maʻu ʻe he kau vakai matangí ʻa e fakamatalá, ko e lahi ange ai pē ia ʻenau lāuʻilo ki he fihi fakaʻulia ʻo e ʻeá. Naʻe faʻu leva ha ngaahi meʻangāue fakakalafi koeʻuhi ke malava ʻe he ngaahi mape fakamatala ʻeá ʻo fakahoko mai ha toe ngaahi fakamatala. Ko e fakatātaá, ko e ʻaisopaá ko e ngaahi laine ia ʻoku tā ke ne fakafehokotaki ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu ʻoku nau maʻu ʻa e mamafa tatau ʻo e ʻeá. Ko e ʻaisofemí ʻokú ne fakafehokotaki ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu ʻoku nau maʻu ʻa e fua māfana tataú. ʻOku toe ngāueʻaki ʻe he ngaahi mape fakamatala ʻeá ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻilonga ʻokú ne fakahaaʻi ʻa e halanga ʻo e matangí mo hono mālohí, fakataha mo e ngaahi laine ʻokú ne fakahaaʻi ʻa e fetaulaki ʻa e ngaahi konga ʻea māfaná mo e momokó.

Kuo toe faʻu foki mo ha ngaahi naunau fihi. ʻI he ngaahi ʻahó ni, ʻoku laui teau ʻa e ngaahi fale fakamatala ʻea takatakai ʻi he māmaní ʻoku nau tukuange atu ha ngaahi foʻi pula ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi letiōseni—ko e ngaahi meʻangāue ʻokú ne fua ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga ʻi he ʻatimosifiá peá ne fakahoko mai leva ʻa e fakamatalá. ʻOku toe ngāueʻaki foki ʻa e leitá. ʻI he foki mai ʻa e ngaahi peau fakaletioó mei he ngaahi tulutā ʻuhá mo e ngaahi patikolo ʻaisi ʻi he ʻaó, ʻoku malava ai ʻa e kau vakai matangí ke fakatotoloʻi ʻa e ngaʻunu ʻa e matangi mālohí.

Ko ha foʻi ngaʻunu ki muʻa ʻi he tonu ʻo hono vakaiʻi ʻo e ʻeá naʻe hoko mai ia ʻi he 1960 ʻi he taimi naʻe ʻalu hake ai ki he vavaá ʻa e TIROS I, ko e fuofua satelaite vakai matangi ʻa e māmaní, ʻa ia ne fakanaunauʻaki ha meʻa-faitā TV. ʻOku takaiʻi leva ʻe he ngaahi satelaite vakai matangí ʻa e foʻi māmaní mei he pole ki he pole, lolotonga iá ko ha ngaahi satelaite faʻu pē ʻoku nau tauhi maʻu ha tuʻuʻanga pau ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he fukahi māmaní ʻo ne vakaiʻi hokohoko ʻa e feituʻu ʻo e foʻi kolopé ʻokú ne huluʻí. ʻOku fakatou hanga ʻe he ongo kalasí ni ʻo ʻohifo ʻa e ngaahi ʻata ʻo e ʻeá, ʻa ia ʻoku nau vakai hifo ki ai mei ʻolungá.

Ko Hono Fakamatala ʻo e ʻEá

Lolotonga ko ha meʻa mahinongofua ke ʻiloʻi pau ʻa e anga ʻo e tuʻu ʻa e ʻeá he taimi ní, ko ha meʻa mātuʻaki kehe ia ke tala ki muʻa pe ʻe anga-fēfē ia ʻi he hili ha houa ʻe taha, ha ʻaho pe ha uike. Hili ha taimi nounou mei he Tau I ʻa Māmaní, naʻe pehē ʻe he tangata vakai matangi Pilitānia ko Lewis Richardson, koeʻuhi ʻoku muimui ʻa e ʻatimosifiá ki he ngaahi lao ʻo e fīsikí, ʻe malava ai ke ne ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi fiká ke tala ki muʻa ʻa e ʻeá. Ka, ko hono foungá naʻe fuʻu fihi ʻaupito pea ko e ngāue ki hono fikaʻí naʻe mātuʻaki taimi lahi ʻo mavahe atu ʻa e ʻalotāmaki ʻuhá ia ki muʻa ʻoku teʻeki ke ʻosi ʻa e faifika ia ʻa e kau fakamatala ʻeá. ʻIkai ngata aí, naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻe Richardson ʻa hono lau ʻo e fakamatala ʻeá ʻo fakavaha houa ono. “Ko ha lavameʻa siʻi pē ʻi he fakamatala ʻeá ʻe fiemaʻu ke fakahoko ʻa e fuá ʻi he vahaʻa ko e miniti ʻe tolunoa ʻi he lahi tahá,” ko e lau ia ʻa e tokotaha vakai matangi Falanisē ko René Chaboud.

Kae kehe, ʻi he hoko mai ʻa e komipiutá, naʻe malava ai ke fakahoko vave ʻa e founga faifika lōloá. Naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻe he kau vakai matangí ʻa e ngaahi fika ʻa Richardson ke faʻu ha founga fakafika fihi—ko ha ngaahi ʻotu ʻekuasi fakafika ʻokú ne kātoi kotoa ʻa e ngaahi lao fakafīsiki ʻiloa ʻokú ne puleʻi ʻa e ʻeá.

Ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi ʻekuasi ko ʻení, ʻoku vahevahe ʻe he kau vakai matangí ʻa e fukahi māmaní ki ha vahevahe fakaevakaimatangi. ʻI he tuʻunga lolotongá, ko e sīpinga fakaemāmani lahi ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻe he ʻŌfisi Vakai Matangi ʻa Pilitāniá ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi vahevahe fakaevakaimatangi ʻoku taki kilomita nai ʻe 80 honau vahaʻá. Ko e ʻatimosifia ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he tapafā taki taha ʻoku ui ia ko ha puha, pea ko hono vakaiʻi ʻo e matangi ʻi he ʻatimosifiá, mamafa ʻo e ʻeá, fua māfaná, mo e hauhau ʻo e ʻeá ʻoku lēkooti ia ʻi he ngaahi lēvolo kehekehe ʻe 20 ʻo e ʻalitituté. ʻOku ʻanalaiso ʻe he komipiutá ʻa e fakamatala ʻoku maʻu mei he ngaahi feituʻu faiʻanga fakamatala ʻea kotoa ʻo e māmaní—ʻoku laka hake he 3,500 ʻo kinautolu—pea faʻu leva ha fakamatala tokamuʻa ki he anga ʻo e tuʻu ʻa e ʻea ʻo e māmaní ʻi he miniti ʻe 15 hono hokó. ʻI heʻene lava pē ʻení, ʻoku vave leva hono maʻu ʻa e fakamatala ʻea ʻo e miniti ʻe 15 hoko maí. ʻI he tā tuʻo lahi hono toutou fai ʻo e foʻi ngāue ko ʻení, ʻoku malava ai ʻe ha komipiuta ke ne fai ha fakamatala ʻea tokamuʻa fakaemāmani lahi ki he ʻaho ʻe ono hoko maí ʻi ha miniti pē ʻe taha nima.

Ki ha fakaikiiki lahi mo tonu ange ʻi he fakamatala ʻea fakalotofonuá, ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻe he ʻŌfisi Vakai Matangi Pilitāniá ʻa e Founga Fakangatangata Fakafeituʻú, ʻa ia ʻoku kāpui ai ʻa e ʻAtalanitiki Tokelaú mo e ngaahi feituʻu ʻIulopé. ʻOku ngāueʻaki ai ʻa e vahevahe fakaevakaimatangi ʻoku fakavahaʻaki ʻa e kilomita ʻe 50 nai. ʻOku toe ʻi ai mo ha sīpinga ʻa ia ʻokú ne kāpui pē ʻa e ʻOtu Motu Pilitāniá mo e ngaahi potutahi takatakaí. ʻOku ʻi ai heni ʻa e foʻi vahevahe fakaevakaimatangi ʻe 262,384 ʻoku fakavahaʻaki ʻa e kilomita ʻe 15 pea mo e ngaahi lēvolo ʻe 31 ʻoku ʻalu hangatonu ki ʻolunga!

Ko e Ngafa ʻo e Tokotaha Fakamatala ʻEá

Kae kehe, ko hono tala ki muʻa ʻo e ʻeá ʻoku ʻikai ke fakatuʻunga fakaʻaufuli ia ʻi he saienisí ʻataʻatā pē. Hangē ko hono fakamatalaʻi ʻe he The World Book Encyclopedia, “ko e ngaahi founga ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻe he komipiutá ko e ngaahi fakamatala fakafuofua pē ʻo e anga ʻo e ʻatimosifiá.” ʻIkai ngata aí, naʻa mo ha fakamatala ʻea totonu ki ha fuʻu feituʻu lahi ʻoku ʻikai nai ke fakakau ai ʻa e kaunga ia ʻo e konga fonua fakalotofonuá ki he ʻeá. Ko ia ai, ʻoku mātuʻaki fiemaʻu ha tuʻunga ia ʻo e pōtoʻí. Ko e taimi leva eni ʻoku fiemaʻu ai ʻa e tokotaha fakamatala ʻeá. ʻOkú ne ngāueʻaki ʻene taukeí mo ʻene fakakaukau leleí ke fakapapauʻi ʻa e fakafuofua ke ʻoatu ki he fakamatala ʻokú ne maʻú. ʻOku malava ai ʻi he meʻá ni ke ne fai ha fakamatala ʻea tonu ange.

Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi he ngaʻunu ʻa e ʻea ʻoku fakamokomoko ʻe he potu Tahi Tokelaú ki he ʻotu fonua ʻIulopé, ʻoku faʻa faʻu ai ha konga ʻao manifi. Pe ʻe ʻomai nai ʻe he konga ʻao ko ʻení ha ʻuha ki he konitinēniti ʻIulopé ʻi he ʻaho hono hokó pe ko haʻane liliu pē ʻaʻana ko e mao ʻi he vela ʻa e laʻaá, ʻoku fakatuʻunga ia ʻi ha fua māfana ʻoku kehekehe ʻaki ha vahe hongofulu siʻi pē ʻo ha tikilī. Ko e fakamatala ʻa e tokotaha fakamatala ʻeá, fakataha mo ʻene ʻilo ki he ngaahi tuʻunga meimei tatau ki muʻá, ʻoku malava ai ke ne ʻomai ha faleʻi alafalalaʻanga. Ko e fakatahaʻi ko ʻeni ʻo e pōtoʻí mo e saienisí ʻoku mātuʻaki mahuʻinga ia ki hono faʻu ha fakamatala ʻea ʻoku tonú.

ʻOku Falalaʻanga Fēfē?

ʻOku taukaveʻi ʻe he ʻŌfisi Vakai Matangi lolotonga ʻo Pilitāniá ʻa e tonu peseti ʻe 86 ʻi heʻene fakamatala ʻea ki he houa ʻe 24. Ko e fakafuofua ki he ʻaho ʻe nima mei he Senitā ʻIulope ki he Fakamatala ʻEa ʻa e ʻOtu-Lotolotó ʻokú ne aʻusia ha tonu peseti ʻe 80—ʻo lelei ange ia ʻi he tuʻunga alafalalaʻanga ʻo e fakamatala ʻea ki he ʻaho ʻe ua naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻi he kamata mai ʻa e 1970 tupú. ʻOku fakaofo, ka ʻoku mamaʻo ia mei he tonu haohaoá. Ko e hā ʻoku ʻikai falalaʻanga lahi ange ai ʻa e ngaahi fakamatala ʻeá?

Ko hono ʻuhingá pē he ʻoku fihi fakaʻulia ʻa e ngaahi sisitemi ʻo e ʻeá. Pea ʻoku ʻikai malava ai ke fai ʻa e ngaahi fua kotoa pē ʻoku fiemaʻu ki hono fai ha ngaahi fakamatala tokamuʻa ʻoku alafalalaʻangá. Ko e ngaahi konga lahi ʻo e ʻōsení ʻoku ʻikai ke ʻi ai ha ngaahi foʻi poe fakamatala ʻea ai ke ne ʻoatu ʻa e fakamatalá ʻo fakafou ʻi he satelaité ki he ngaahi feituʻu fakamatala ʻea ʻi ʻutá. ʻOku hāhāmolofia ke tuʻu feʻungatonu matematē ʻa e founga vahevahe fakaevakaimatangi ʻo e fakamatala ʻeá ʻi he tuʻuʻanga ʻo e ngaahi maʻuʻanga fakamatala ʻeá. Tuku kehe ia, ʻoku kei taʻemahino pē ki he kau saienisí ʻa e kotoa ʻo e ngaahi mālohi ʻo natula ʻokú ne tākiekina ʻa e ʻeá.

Ka ʻoku kei hokohoko atu pē ʻa e laka ki muʻa ʻi he fakamatala ʻeá. Ko e fakatātaá, ʻi heʻene aʻu mai ki he lolotonga ní, ʻoku fakatuʻunga tefito ʻa e fakamatala tokamuʻa ʻo e ʻeá ʻi hono vakaiʻi ʻa e ʻatimosifiá. Ka koeʻuhi ko e peseti ʻe 71 ʻo e funga kolopé ʻoku ʻufiʻufi ʻe he ʻōsení, ʻoku tokanga ai ʻa e kau fakatotoló he taimí ni ki he anga ʻo hono tauhi mo tukuange atu ʻo e iví mei ʻōseni ki he ʻeá. Fakafou ʻi ha sisitemi ʻo e ngaahi foʻi poé, ʻoku tokonaki mai ai ʻe he Sisitemi Vakai Fakaemāmani Lahi ʻo ʻŌsení ʻa e fakamatala fekauʻaki mo ha kiʻi ʻalu hake siʻisiʻi ʻa e mafana ʻo e vaí ʻi ha feituʻu ʻe taha ʻo malava ke ne fakahoko ʻa e ngaahi liliu lahi ʻaupito ʻi he ʻeá ʻi ha feituʻu mamaʻo ʻaupito.a

Naʻe ʻeke ki he pēteliake ko Siopé: “E faa ilo koa e ha taha hono folahi atu oe gaahi ao, be ki he logoaa o hono nofoaga [ʻo e ʻOtuá]?” (Siope 36:​29, PM) ʻOku kei siʻisiʻi pē ʻa e ʻilo ʻa e tangatá he ʻahó ni ʻo fekauʻaki mo e fakafōtunga ʻo hotau ʻeá. Ka neongo ia, ʻoku tonu feʻunga pē ʻa e fakamatala ʻea ʻi onopōní ke fakakaukau fakamātoato ki ai. ʻI hono fakalea ʻe tahá, ko e taimi hono hoko ʻe tala atu ai ʻe he tokotaha fakamatala ʻeá kiate koe ngalingali ʻe ʻuhá, te ke loto nai ke toʻo ha fakamalu!

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 29]

Leverrier

Torricelli

Ko Lavoisier ʻi hono lēpí

Ko ha muʻaki meʻa-fua-māfana sioʻata

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā]

ʻŪ Tā ʻo Leverrier, Lavoisier mo Torricelli: Brown Brothers

Meʻa-Fua-Māfana: © G. Tomsich, Science Source/Photo Researchers

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 31]

Ko e Satelaité, ngaahi foʻi pula vakai matangí mo e komipiutá ko e niʻihi ia ʻo e ngaahi meʻangāue ʻa e kau fakamatala ʻeá

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā]

Peesi 2 mo e 31: Satelaite: NOAA/Department of Commerce; afā: NASA photo

Commander John Bortniak, NOAA Corps