Langa Nifo​—Ko ha Hisitōlia ʻo e Langa Lahi

ʻI he māketi ʻo ha malaʻe fakakolo ʻi he kuonga lotolotó, ʻoku lea pōlepole ai ha tangata kākā tui teunga lelei, ʻe lava ke ne fai ha taʻaki nifo ʻo ʻikai langa. Ko hono hoa ngāue kākaá, ʻi heʻene fakangalingali toupīkoí, ʻokú ne manga mai ki muʻa, pea ʻoku ʻai loi ʻe he tangata taʻaki nifó ʻokú ne taʻaki ha foʻi nifo, ʻo ne toʻo hake ha foʻi kaungao totototo ke sio ki ai ʻa e tokotaha kotoa. ʻOku loto-toʻa leva ai ʻa e kau langa nifó ke totongi kae taʻaki honau nifó. ʻOku tā leʻo-lahi ʻa e ngaahi nafa pea ifi mo e ngaahi talupite ke ʻikai ongona ʻenau kekeé koeʻuhi ke ʻoua naʻa loto-siʻi ai ʻa e niʻihi kehé. ʻI ha ngaahi ʻaho siʻi pē mei ai, ʻoku ʻasi hake he taimi ʻe niʻihi ʻa e ngaahi keisi fakatuʻutāmaki ʻi he kona ʻa e nifó, ka ʻi he taimi ko ení kuo loa e puli ʻa e tangata kākaá ia.

KO E kau langa nifo tokosiʻi pē kuo nau ʻalu ki he kau ngāue kākā peheé ʻi he ʻahó ni. Ko e kau toketā nifo ʻi onopōní ʻoku lava ke nau faitoʻo ʻa e langa nifó, pea ʻoku faʻa lava ke nau taʻofi ʻa e mole ʻa e foʻi nifó. Naʻa mo ia, ʻoku ongoʻi loto-hohaʻa ʻa e kakai tokolahi fekauʻaki mo e ʻaʻahi ki ha toketā nifó. Ko ha vakai ki he anga ʻo e muʻaki ako ʻa e kau toketā nifó ke fakafiemālieʻi ʻenau kau langa nifó ʻe lava ke ne tokoniʻi kitautolu ke tau mahuʻingaʻia ʻi he ngāue ki he nifó ʻi onopōní.

Ko e mahakiʻia ʻa e nifó ʻoku pehē ko e mahaki fika ua lahi taha ia ʻo e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá, ʻo hoko hake ʻi he fofonú. ʻOku ʻikai ko ha mahaki pē ia ʻi onopooni. Ko e maau ʻa e tuʻi ko Solomoné ʻoku fakahaaʻi ai ʻi ʻIsileli ʻo e kuonga muʻá ko e taʻefiemālie ʻi he siʻi ʻa e nifo ʻoku toé ʻa e tuʻunga naʻe ʻamanekina mei he kakai taʻumotuʻá.​—Koheleti 12:3.

Faingataʻaʻia Naʻa mo e Haʻa Tuʻí

Neongo ko ʻIlisapesi 1 naʻá ne kuini ʻi ʻIngilani, naʻe ʻikai lava ke ne hao mei he langa nifó. Ko ha tokotaha ʻaʻahi Siamane ʻa ia naʻá ne vakaiʻi e ʻuliʻuli ʻa e nifo ʻo e kuiní naʻá ne līpooti ʻo pehē ko ha “maumau ia ʻoku hā ngali ne hoko lahi ʻi he kau Pilitāniá ʻi heʻenau maʻu ʻo fuʻu lahi ʻa e meʻa melié.” ʻI Tīsema 1578, naʻe fakamamahiʻi ai ʻi he ʻaho mo e pō ʻe he langa nifó ʻa e kuiní. Naʻe fakahaaʻi ange heʻene kau toketaá ke taʻaki ʻa e foʻi nifo naʻe mahakiʻiá, ka naʻá ne fakafisingaʻi, ʻi heʻene ilifia nai ki he langa ʻe hoko aí. Ke fakaʻaiʻai iá, ko e pīsope ʻo Lonitoni ko John Aylmer, naʻá ne tuku ai ke taʻaki ʻa e taha ʻo hono nifo ʻoʻoná, mahalo ko ha foʻi nifo naʻe mahakiʻia, ʻi he ʻao ʻo e kuiní—ko ha foʻi ngāue feilaulauʻi-kita ia, koeʻuhi naʻe toe siʻi pē ʻa e nifo ʻo e tangataʻeikí ni!

ʻI he taimi ko iá, ko e kakai lāuvale naʻe fiemaʻu ke taʻaki hanau nifó naʻa nau ō ki ha tokotaha kosi ʻulu pe naʻa mo ha tokotaha tuki ukamea. Ka ʻi he malava ʻo maʻu ʻe he kakai tokolahi ange ʻa e paʻanga ke fakatau mai ʻaki ʻa e meʻa melié, naʻe fakautuutu ai ʻa e langa nifó​—ʻo fakautuutu tatau ai pē mo hono fiemaʻu ha kau taʻaki nifo pōtoʻí. ʻI heʻene peheé, naʻe kamata leva ai ke mahuʻingaʻia ʻa e kau toketā mo e kau toketā tafa ʻe niʻihi ʻi hono faitoʻo ʻo e nifo mahakiʻiá. Kae kehe, naʻe pau ke nau ako ʻia kinautolu pē, koeʻuhi naʻe maluʻi fefeka ʻe he kau mataotaó ʻa e tuʻunga fakapulipuli ʻo ʻenau ngāué. Ne ʻikai foki lahi ha ʻū tohi ʻi he kaveingá ni.

ʻI ha senituli mei he taimi ʻo ʻIlisapesi I, naʻe pule ai ʻa Lui XIV ko e tuʻi ʻo Falanisē. Naʻe fakamamahiʻi ia ʻe he langa nifó ʻi he konga lahi ʻo ʻene moʻuí, pea ʻi he 1685 naʻe taʻaki kotoa ai ʻa e tafaʻaki toʻohema ʻo hono nifo ʻolungá. ʻOku taukaveʻi ʻe he niʻihi ko e mahakiʻia e nifo ʻo e tuʻí naʻe tupu mei ai ʻa ʻene fili faingataʻa ʻi he taʻu ko iá ke fakamoʻoni ki he tauʻatāina ʻa e lotú ʻi Falanisē, ko ha foʻi ngāue naʻá ne kamataʻi ha hokohoko fakatangaʻi fakamamahi ʻo e fanga kiʻi kulupu lotu īkí.

Ko e Tupuʻanga ʻo e Ngāue ki he Nifó ʻi Onopōní

Ko e tākiekina ʻe he founga moʻui toloveka ʻa Lui XIV ʻa e kakai māʻolunga ʻo Pālesí naʻe iku ai ki he tupuʻanga ʻo e ngāue ki he nifó. Ko e lavameʻa ʻi he lotoʻā fakatuʻí mo e kakai māʻolungá naʻe fakatuʻunga ia ʻi ha hā fakaʻofoʻofa. Ko e fiemaʻu lahi ange ke tui ʻa e nifo loí koeʻuhi ko e fōtungá kae ʻikai ki he kaí, naʻe tupu ai ha kulupu foʻou ʻo e kau toketā tafa—ko e kau toketā nifo naʻa nau ngāue ki he kakai māʻolungá. Ko e toketā nifo tuʻu-ki-muʻa ʻi Pālesí ko Pierre Fauchard, ʻa ia naʻá ne ako tafa ʻi he vaʻa Tau Tahi ʻa Falaniseé. Naʻá ne fakaangaʻi ʻa e kau toketā tafa naʻa nau tuku ke fai ʻa e taʻaki nifó ʻe he kau kosi ʻulu mo e kau kākaá pea ko e fuofua tokotaha ia naʻá ne ui ia tonu ko ha toketā faitafa nifo.

ʻI hono maumauʻi ʻa e tōʻonga ko ia ʻo hono maluʻi ʻa e ngaahi fakapulipuli ʻo e ngāué, ʻi he 1728, naʻe hiki ai ʻe Fauchard ha tohi ʻa ia naʻá ne fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi founga kotoa naʻá ne ʻiloʻí. Ko hono olá, naʻe hoko ai ʻo ui ia “ko e Tamai ʻo e Ngāue ki he Nifó.” Ko e fuofua tokotaha ia naʻá ne fakatangutu ʻa e kau langa nifó ʻi ha sea ngaahi nifo kae ʻikai ʻi he falikí. Naʻe toe ngaohi ʻe Fauchard ʻa e meʻangāue ʻe nima ki hono taʻaki ʻo e nifó, ka naʻá ne toe mahulu lahi ange ʻi he hoko pē ko ha tokotaha taʻaki nifó. Naʻá ne faʻu ha meʻa vili ki he nifó mo e ngaahi founga ki hono fakafonu ʻo e avá. Naʻá ne ako ke fakafonu ʻa e tefito ʻo e nifó pea ke fakapipiki ki ai ha foʻi nifo loi. Ko ʻene ngaahi foʻi nifo loí, ʻi hono tongi mei he leí, naʻe ʻi ai ha foʻi sipilingi ke pukepuke maʻu ʻaki ʻa e nifo ʻolungá. Naʻe fokotuʻu ʻe Fauchard ʻa e ngāue ki he nifó ko ha ngāue tefito. Ko ʻene ongoongoá naʻe aʻu ia ki he ʻAtalanitikí.

Fakamamahiʻi ʻa e ʻUluaki Palesiteni ʻo ʻAmeliká

ʻI ha senituli hili ʻa Lui XIV, naʻe faingataʻaʻia ai ʻa George Washington ʻi he langa nifó ʻi ʻAmelika. Naʻe taʻaki tahataha ʻa hono foʻi nifo ʻi he meimei taʻu kotoa pē kamata ʻi heʻene taʻu 22. Fakaʻuta atu ki he mamahi kuo pau naʻá ne kātekina lolotonga ʻene taki ʻa ʻene Kau Tau Fakakoloniá. ʻI he taimi naʻá ne hoko ai ko e fuofua palesiteni ʻo ʻAmeliká, ʻi he 1789, naʻe meimei ʻosi hono nifó.

Naʻe toe tofanga ʻa Washington ʻi he faingataʻaʻia fakaeʻatamai koeʻuhi ko e palakū hono fōtungá tupu mei he ngangana hono nifó pea mo e ʻikai feʻunga lelei hono ngaahi nifo loí. Naʻá ne tokanga ʻaupito ki hono fōtungá ʻi heʻene fāinga ke fokotuʻu hano maka fakamanatu fakapuleʻanga ki he tuʻunga ko e palesiteni ʻo ha puleʻanga foʻou. ʻI he ngaahi ʻaho ko iá, naʻe ʻikai ngaohi ha nifo loi ia ʻo fakafuo pea tuku ai ke seti ka naʻe tongi ia mei he leí, ko ia naʻe faingataʻa ʻa hono ʻai ke tuʻu maʻú. Naʻe hokosia ʻe he kau tangata māʻolunga Pilitāniá ʻa e ngaahi faingataʻaʻia tatau mo Washington. Ne pehē tokua ko ʻenau faʻahinga fakakata taʻemalimalí ko e tupu ia mei he fiemaʻu ke nau fakaʻehiʻehi mei he kata leʻo-lahi ʻo ʻasi ai honau nifo loí.

Ko ha talanoa tokua ʻo pehē naʻe tui ʻe Washington ʻa e nifo loi papá ʻoku hā ngali taʻemoʻoni. Naʻe ʻi ai hono ngaahi nifo loi naʻe ngaohi mei he nifo ʻo e tangatá, leí, mo e pulú, kae ʻikai mei he papá. ʻOku ngalingali naʻe maʻu ʻe heʻene kau toketā nifó ʻa e ngaahi foʻi nifo mei he kau kaihaʻa mei he ngaahi faʻitoká. Ko e kau fefakatauʻaki nifó naʻa nau toe muimui foki ʻi he ngaahi kau taú ʻo taʻaki ʻa e nifo mei he kau maté mo e faʻahinga ʻoku tei maté. Ko ia ai ko e nifo loí ko e koloa mahuʻinga ia ki ha tangata koloaʻia. ʻI he toki aʻu mai ki he 1850 tupú, ʻi hono ʻiloʻi ʻo e ulapa haká, ʻa ia naʻe ngāueʻaki ki hono ngaohi ʻo e peleti nifo loí, ne hoko ai ʻo ala maʻu ha nifo loi ki he kakai lāuvalé. Neongo ko e kau toketā nifo ʻa Washington ne nau tuʻu-ki-muʻa ʻi he ngāué ni, ne kei ʻikai pē ke nau mahinoʻi kakato ʻa e tupuʻanga ʻo e langa nifó.

Ko e Moʻoni Fekauʻaki mo e Langa Nifó

Talu mei he kuonga muʻá mo e pehē ʻe he kakaí naʻe fakatupunga ʻa e langa nifó ʻe he fanga kiʻi ʻuanga​—ko ha foʻi fakamahalo naʻe hokohoko mai ʻo aʻu ki he 1700 tupú. ʻI he 1890, naʻe ʻiloʻi ai ʻe Willoughby Miller, ko ha toketā nifo ʻAmelika ne ngāue ʻi Siamane ʻi he ʻUnivēsiti ʻo Pēliní, ʻa e tupuʻanga ʻo e hele ʻo e nifó, ʻa ia ko ha tupuʻanga lahi ia ʻo e langa nifó. Ko ha faʻahinga pau ʻo e pekitīliá ʻa ia ʻoku tupu ʻāfaʻafa tautefito ʻi he meʻa melié ʻoku nau faʻu ʻa e ʻēsiti ʻa ia ʻokú ne maumauʻi ʻa e nifó. Ka ʻe lava fēfē ke taʻofi ʻa hono hele ʻo e nifó? Naʻe faifai pē ʻo ʻiloʻi moʻoni ʻa e talí.

ʻI he laui taʻu lahi ne fifili ai ʻa e kau toketā nifo ʻi Colorado, ʻAmeliká, pe ko e hā kuo melo mo ʻuliʻuli pehē ai ʻa e nifo ʻo e kakai tokolahi. Naʻe faifai pē ʻo ʻiloʻi ʻa e tupuʻangá ko e fuʻu lahi ʻo e fololaiti ʻi he maʻuʻanga vaí. Ka ʻi he lolotonga ʻa e fakatotolo ki he palopalema fakalotofonua ko iá, naʻe hokonoa ai hono ʻiloʻi ʻe he kau fakatotoló ha moʻoniʻi meʻa ʻoku mahuʻinga fakaemāmani lahi ki hono taʻofi ʻo e langa nifó: Ko e kakai naʻe tupu hake ʻi he feituʻu ʻoku taʻefeʻunga ai ʻi he vai inú ʻa e fololaití ʻoku lahi ange hono hele honau nifó. Ko e fololaití, ʻa ia ʻoku maʻu fakanatula ʻi he ngaahi maʻuʻanga vai lahi, ko ha konga ia ʻo e ʻelemēniti ʻoku faʻuʻaki ʻa e kofu tuʻa ʻo e nifó. ʻI he taimi ʻoku tokonaki ai ʻo lahi feʻunga ʻa e fololaití ki he kakai ʻoku siʻi ʻi heʻenau maʻuʻanga vaí, ʻoku holo hifo ai ʻa e hele ʻo e nifó ʻaki ʻa e peseti ʻe 65.

Ko ia naʻe solova ai ʻa e misitelí. Ko e lahi taha ʻo e langa nifó ko e tupu ia mei he hele ʻo e nifó. ʻOku tokoni ʻa e meʻa melié ki hono fakatupungá. ʻOku tokoni ʻa e fololaití ki hono taʻofí. Ko e moʻoni, kuo mahinoʻi lelei ko e fololaití ʻoku ʻikai ko ha fetongi ia ʻo e fulu nifó mo hono fufuluʻaki ʻa e filó.

Fekumi ki he Ngaahi Nifo ʻIkai Langá

Ki muʻa ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e huhu fakaongonoá, naʻe fakatupunga ʻe he ngaahi founga ngaahi ʻo e nifó ʻa e langa lahi ki he kau mahakí. Naʻe kapeʻi ʻe he kau toketā nifó ʻa e nifo mamahingofua naʻe helé ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi meʻangāue māsila pea toki tātaaʻi hifo ʻa e mētale vela ki he avá ko ha fakafonu. Koeʻuhi naʻe ʻikai ʻi ai haʻanau faitoʻo kehe, naʻa nau tāmateʻi ʻa e neave ʻo ha foʻi nifo naʻe mahakiʻia ʻaki hono tekeʻi hifo ha meʻi ukamea vela uloulo ki he tefitó. Ki muʻa ke ngaahi ʻa e ngaahi meʻangāue makehe mo e meʻa fakaongonoá, ko ha hokosia fakamamahi moʻoni ʻa e taʻaki nifó. Naʻe tali pē ʻe he kakaí ʻa e founga fakamamahi peheé koeʻuhi naʻe toe kovi ange ʻa e nofo ia fakataha mo e langa nifó. Neongo naʻe ngāueʻaki ha ngaahi ʻakau fakafaitoʻo hangē ko e ʻōpiamú, maliuaná mo e tutaí (mandrake) ʻi he laui senituli, ko e ngaahi meʻá ni ne nau fakasiʻisiʻi pē ʻa e langá. ʻE faifai ange pea lava ke fakahoko ʻe he kau toketā nifó ha tafa ʻo ʻikai langa?

Ko e meʻa fakaongonoa ko e kasa nitrous oxide, pe kasa katá, naʻe ʻilo ia ʻi he hili pē hono fuofua ngaohi ia ʻe he kēmisi Pilitānia ko Joseph Priestley ʻi he 1772. Ka naʻe ʻikai ke ngāueʻaki ia ʻe ha taha ko ha meʻa fakaongonoa ka ʻi he toki aʻu mai ki he 1844. ʻI Tīsema 10 ʻo e taʻu ko iá, naʻe kau ai ha toketā nifo ko Horace Wells ʻi Hartford, Connecticut, ʻAmelika, ki ha ako ʻa ia naʻe fakafiefiaʻi ai ʻa e kakaí ʻaki ʻa e kasa katá. Naʻe fakatokangaʻi ai ʻe Wells ko ha tokotaha naʻá ne ngāueʻaki ia, naʻe tau lahi hono hiviʻivaʻé ʻi ha fuʻu sea kae ʻikai hā mei ai ha fakaʻilonga ʻo ha langa. Ko Wells ko ha tangata manavaʻofa ia pea naʻá ne ongoʻi hohaʻa lahi ʻi he langa naʻe hoko ki heʻene kau mahakí. Naʻá ne fakakaukau leva ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e kasá ko ha meʻa fakaongonoa. Ka ki muʻa ke ʻoange ia ki he niʻihi kehé, naʻá ne fili ke ne ʻahiʻahiʻi ia ʻiate ia tonu. ʻI he ʻaho pē hono hokó, naʻá ne tangutu hifo ai ʻi hono sea ngāué ʻo mihi ʻa e kasá ʻo aʻu ki he ʻikai te ne toe ʻiloʻi ha meʻa. Naʻe hanga leva ʻe hano kaungāngāue ʻo taʻaki ʻa hono foʻi nifo-hau naʻe langa. Ko ha meʻa fakahisitōlia eni. Ko ʻene aʻu mai leva ia ʻa e ngaahi nifo ʻikai langá!a

Talu mei ai mo e aʻusia ʻe he ngaahi nifó ʻa e ngaahi fakalakalaka fakatekinolosia lahi. Ko ia ai, te ke ʻiloʻi ko ha ʻaʻahi he ʻahó ni ki he toketā nifó ʻe fakamoʻoniʻi ko ha hokosia ia ʻoku fakafiefia lahi ange.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 24]

Ko ha nifo ngaohi mei he leí ʻo George Washington, ko e ʻuluaki palesiteni ʻo ʻAmeliká

[Maʻuʻanga]

Courtesy of The National Museum of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 25]

Ko hono tā ʻe ha tokotaha ʻaati ʻa e fuofua ngāue ki he nifó ʻo ngāueʻaki ʻa e “nitrous oxide” ko ha meʻa fakaongonoa, 1844

[Maʻuʻanga]

Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine

[Maʻuʻanga Tā ʻi he peesi 23]

Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine