1914—Ko e Taʻu Naʻá Ne Fakaʻohovaleʻi ʻa e Māmaní

“Ko e Tau Lahi ʻo e 1914-18 ʻoku hangē ko ha konga fonua fāsiʻi mo lōloa naʻe māngia ʻo mavahe ai ʻa e taimi ko iá mei hotau taimí. ʻI hono fakaʻauhamālie ʻa e ngaahi moʻui lahi . . . , ʻi hono fakaʻauha ʻa e ngaahi tuí, liliu ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukaú, pea tuku mai pē ʻa e ongoʻi kuo mole ʻa e ʻamanakí ʻo taʻealafakaleleiʻi, naʻe fakatupunga ai ha fuʻu vahaʻa fakaesino pea mo e fakaeʻatamai ʻi he ongo kuongá.”—Mei he The Proud Tower​—A Portrait of the World Before the War 1890–1914, naʻe fai ʻe Barbara Tuchman.

“ʻOku meimei​—ka ʻoku teʻeki ai​—ko e konga ʻo e hisitōliá, he ko e toko laui afe ʻa e kakai naʻa nau kei siʻi ʻi he kamataʻanga ʻo e senituli mahuʻinga hono uanoa ko ʻení ʻoku nau kei moʻui.”—Mei he tohi 1914, naʻe fai ʻe Lyn MacDonald, naʻe pulusi ʻi he 1987.

KO E HĀ ke mahuʻingaʻia ai ʻi he taʻu 1914? Te ke pehē nai, ‘ʻOku ou loto-hohaʻa ki he kahaʻú, kae ʻikai ki he kuo hilí.’ ʻOku ngali taʻe fakatupu ʻamanaki ʻa e kahaʻu ʻo e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá koeʻuhi ko e ngaahi palopalema ʻo hangē ko e ʻuliʻi ʻo e māmani lahí, ko e maumau ʻo e moʻui fakafāmilí, ko e fakautuutu ʻo e faihiá, mahaki fakaeʻatamaí, pea mo e taʻe maʻu ngāué. Kaekehe, ko e tokolahi kuo nau sivisiviʻi ʻa e mahuʻinga ʻo e 1914, kuo nau maʻu ha ʻuhinga ke ʻamanaki ki ha kahaʻu lelei ange.

Kuo fakamatalaʻi ʻe he Ko e Taua Leʻo ʻi he laui hongofuluʻi taʻu, naʻe hokosia ʻe he faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá ʻi he 1914 ʻa e meʻa naʻe ui “ko e kamataʻanga pe ʻo e langā.” Ko e kupuʻi lea ko iá ʻoku kau ki he kikite mahuʻinga ʻa Sīsū Kalaisi ʻo fekauʻaki mo e ngaahi meʻa ʻe hoko ki muʻa pea ngata ʻa e fokotuʻutuʻu fulikivanu ʻo e tangatá.​—Mātiu 24:​7, 8.

ʻI he ʻahó ni, ʻoku toe ʻa e tokosiʻi pē ʻo e faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá ʻoku nau kei manatuʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakafokifā mo fakaofo ʻo e 1914. ʻE ʻosi atu ʻa e toʻutangata matuʻotuʻa ko iá ki muʻa pea toki fakahaofi ʻe he ʻOtuá ʻa e māmaní mei hano maumauʻi? Fakatatau ki he Tohitapú ʻe ʻikai pehē. Naʻe talaʻofa ʻe Sīsū: “Ka mou ka mamata ki he ngāhi meʻa ko ia pea mou ʻilo kuo panaki ia, ʻio, kuo aʻu ki he matapa. He ko au e, ʻoku ou tala atu, ʻE ʻikai ʻaupito mole ʻa e toʻutangata ko eni, kaeʻoua ke hoko ʻa e ngāhi meʻa ko ia kotoa pe.”​—Mātiu 24:​33, 34.

Ke mahino ʻa e ʻuhinga ʻoku mahuʻinga fakahisitōlia pehē ai ʻa e 1914, fakakaukau ange ki he tuʻunga ʻo e māmaní ʻo aʻu mai ki he lotolotonga ʻo e 1914. Ki muʻa ʻi he taimi ko iá, ko e ngaahi tuʻi ʻo hangē ko Sā Nikolasi ʻo Lūsiá, ko Kaisa Viliami ʻo Siamané, pea mo ʻEmipola Franz Josef ʻo ʻAositulia mo Hungalí naʻa nau maʻu ha mafai lahi. Ko e kau tangata ko ʻení taki taha naʻe malava ke nau fakatahatahaʻi ha kau tangata sōtia ʻo lahi hake ʻi he toko fā milioná pea tuku atu kinautolu ke fai ha tau. Ka naʻe fakamoʻoni hingoa ʻa ʻenau ngaahi kui tangatá ki he meʻa naʻe ui ko e Aleapau Toputapu, ʻo taku ai kuo fili kinautolu ʻe he ʻOtuá ke nau pule ki he ngaahi konga kehekehe ʻo ha fuʻu “puleʻanga Kalisitiane” ʻe taha.

Fakatatau ki he The Encyclopædia Britannica, ko e aleapau ko ʻení “naʻá ne uesia lahi ʻaupito ʻa e founga ʻo e fealeaʻaki fakaevahaʻapuleʻanga ʻi ʻIulope he lolotonga ʻa e senituli hono 19.” Naʻe ngāueʻaki ia ke fakafepakiʻiʻaki ʻa e ngaahi feinga fakatemokalatí kae poupouʻi ʻa e pehē ʻoku maʻu pē ʻe he ngaahi tuʻí ʻa e totonu ke nau pulé mei he ʻOtuá. Naʻe faitohi ʻa Kaisa Viliami kia Sā Nikolasi ʻo ne pehē: “Ko kitautolú ko e ngaahi Tuʻi Kalisitiane, ʻoku tau maʻu ʻa e fatongia toputapu ʻe taha naʻe ʻomai kiate kitautolu mei Hēvani, ʻa ia ko hono poupouʻi ʻa e tefitoʻi moʻoni ko e [maʻu pē mei he ʻOtuá ʻa e totonu ke pulé].” Naʻe ʻuhinga ʻení ko e ngaahi tuʻi ʻo ʻIulopé naʻa nau fekauʻaki mo e Puleʻanga ʻo e ʻOtuá ʻi ha faʻahinga founga? (Fehoanaki mo 1 Kolinitō 4:8.) Pea fēfē ʻa e ngaahi siasi naʻa nau poupouʻi ʻa e ngaahi tuʻi ko iá? Naʻe moʻoni ʻa ʻenau taku ko e kau Kalisitiane kinautolú? Naʻe hoko ʻo mahino maʻalaʻala ʻa e tali ki he ngaahi fehuʻi ko ʻení ʻi he ngaahi taʻu hono hoko mai ʻi he hili pē ʻo e 1914.

Fakafokifā pē, ʻi ʻAokosi

Naʻe tohi ʻe he taki fakapolitikale Pilitānia mataotao ko Uinisitoni Sēsili: “Ko e faʻahitaʻu matala mo e māfana ʻo e 1914 naʻe fakaʻilongaʻi ia ʻi ʻIulope ʻaki ha nonga makehe.” Ko e kakaí fakalūkufua naʻa nau maʻu ʻa e fakakaukau pau pē ʻo fekauʻaki mo e kahaʻú. Naʻe pehē ʻe Louis Snyder ʻi heʻene tohi ko e World War I: “Ko e māmani ʻo e 1914 naʻe fonu ʻi he ʻamanaki mo e fakaʻamanakilelei.”

Ko e moʻoni, naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e fuʻu fefakavahaʻaʻaki lahi ʻi Siamane mo Pilitānia ʻi he ngaahi taʻu lahi. Ka neongo ia, ʻo hangē ko e fakamatala ʻa e tokotaha faihisitōlia ko G. P. Gooch ʻi heʻene tohi ko e Under Six Reigns: “ʻI he 1914 naʻe siʻi ange ai ʻa e ngalingali ʻe hoko ha fepaki ʻi ʻIulopé ʻi he taʻu ki muʻa atu ʻa ia ko e 1911, 1912 pe 1913 . . . Naʻe lelei ange heni ʻa e vā ʻo e ongo puleʻanga ko ení ʻi ha toe taimi ki muʻa atu.” Fakatatau kia Uinisitoni Sēsili, ko ha mēmipa ʻo e kapineti ʻa Pilitāniá ʻi he 1914: “Naʻe ngalingali naʻe vili ʻa Siamane ʻo hangē tofu pē mo kitautolú, ki he feinga ke maʻu ʻa e melinó.”

Kaekehe, ʻi hono fakapoongi ʻi Sarajevo ʻa e pilinisi hoko ʻo e ʻEmipaea ʻo ʻAositulia mo Hungalí ʻi Sune 28, 1914, ko e meʻa ia naʻe kamata ke uesia ai ʻa e melinó. ʻI he ʻosi ha māhina ʻe taha mei ai, naʻe tala tau ʻa ʻEmipola Franz Josef ki Sēpia pea naʻá ne fekauʻi ʻene ngaahi kau taú ke ʻohofi ʻa e puleʻanga ko iá. Lolotonga iá, ʻi he efiafi poʻuli ʻo ʻAokosi 3, 1914, ʻi he fekau ʻa Kaisa Viliami naʻe ʻoho fakafokifā ai ha fuʻu kau tau Siamane ki he puleʻanga ʻo Pelesiumé pea naʻa nau huʻu atu ki Falanisē. Ko e ʻaho hono hokó naʻe tala tau ai ʻa Pilitānia ki Siamane. Ko e meʻa fekauʻaki mo Sā Nikolasí, naʻá ne tuʻutuʻuni ke fakatahatahaʻi ʻa e fuʻu kau tau Lūsiá ke fai tau mo Siamane mo ʻAositulia mo Hungali. Naʻe ʻikai ke lava ʻe he Aleapau Toputapú ke taʻofi ʻa e ngaahi tuʻi ʻo ʻIulopé mei hono ʻai ʻa e konitinenití ke fetotoʻi ʻi he fetāmateʻaki tavalé. Ka kuo teʻeki ai ke hoko mai ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakaʻohovale lahí.

ʻOsi Nai Ki Muʻa He Kilisimasí?

ʻI he kamata ke fai ʻa e taú naʻe ʻikai ke vaivai ai ʻa e fakakaukau pau ʻa e kakaí ki he lelei ʻi he kahaʻú. Naʻe tui ʻa e tokolahi ʻe hoko mei ai ha māmani lelei ange, pea naʻe fakatahataha ʻa e fuʻu falukunga kakai ʻi ʻIulope kotoa ke fakahā ʻa ʻenau poupou ki ai. Naʻe tohi ʻe A. J. P. Taylor ʻi heʻene tohi ko e The Struggle for Mastery in Europe​—1848–1918 ʻo pehē: “Naʻe ʻikai ke ʻi ai ha taha ʻi he 1914 naʻá ne fai ha fuʻu tokanga lahi ki he ngaahi fakatuʻutāmaki ʻo e taú tukukehe pē ʻa e faʻahinga he tafaʻaki fakakautaú. . . . Naʻe ʻikai ke ʻi ai ha tokotaha naʻá ne ʻamanekina ha fakatuʻutāmaki ki he anga ʻo e nofo ʻa e kakaí.” Ka naʻe tala ʻe he tokolahi ia ko e taú ʻe ʻosi pē ia ʻi ha ngaahi māhina siʻi pē.

Ka neongo ia, ki muʻa fuoloa ʻaupito pea toki aʻu ke kātoangaʻi ʻe he kau ʻIulopé ʻa e Kilisimasí ʻi he 1914, naʻe hanga ʻe he tau fetotoʻi fetēkeaki tuʻumaʻú ni ʻo keli ha ngaahi luo fakakolotau lōloa ʻo lahi hake ʻi he maile ʻe 450 mei Suisalani ʻi he tongá ki he matāfonua ʻo Pelesiume ʻi he tokelaú. Naʻe ui ʻeni ko e Western Front, pea ko e tokotaha faʻutohi Siamane ko Herbert Sulzbach naʻe lave ki ai ʻi heʻene hiki ki heʻene tohi noa ʻi he ʻaho fakaʻosi ʻo e 1914. ʻOku pehē hono fakaleá: “ʻOku hokohoko atu ai pē ʻa e tau fakalilifu ko ʻení, neongo naʻe fakakaukau ha taha ʻi he kamataʻangá ʻe ʻosi ʻi ha ngaahi uike siʻi pē, ka ko ʻeni ʻoku ngalingali ʻe fuoloa hono fai ʻa e taú.” Lolotonga iá, ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu kehe ʻo ʻIulopé, naʻe fakalalahi ai ʻa e ngaahi tau fetotoʻi ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e kau tau ʻa Lūsia, Siamane, ʻAositulia mo Hungali, mo Sēpia. Naʻe vave ʻa e movete ʻa e fepakí ʻo laka atu ʻi ʻIulope, pea naʻe fai ʻa e ngaahi tau ʻi he ngaahi ʻōsení pea mo ʻAfilika, ko e Hahake Lotolotó, pea mo e ngaahi ʻotu motu ʻo e Pasifikí.

ʻI he ʻosi ʻa e taʻu ʻe fā mei ai naʻe maumau lahi ʻa ʻIulope. Ko Siamane, Lūsia, ʻAositulia mo Hungali naʻe mole taki taha meiate kinautolu ʻa e kau sōtia ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e toko taha ki he toko ua miliona. Naʻe aʻu ʻo mole foki mei Lūsia ʻa hono tuʻunga-tuʻí ʻi he liukava Bolshevik ʻi he 1917. Ko ha meʻa fakaʻohovale ē ki he ngaahi tuʻi ʻo ʻIulopé mo honau kau poupou ko e haʻa-faifekaú! Ko e kau faihisitōlia ʻo onopooní ʻoku nau kei fakahā pē ʻa ʻenau ofo ʻi he meʻá ni. ʻOku ʻeke ʻe Gordon Brook-Shepherd, ʻi heʻene tohi ko e Royal Sunset: “Naʻe lava fēfē ʻa e kau pule ko iá, ʻa ia ko e tokolahi taha naʻa nau felāveʻi ʻi he toto pe ʻi he mali pea nau ʻosiʻosi-loto kotoa kinautolu ki he fakatolonga ʻo e tuʻunga-tuʻí, ke nau kau ki he tāmate tavale ʻo e kāinga pē ʻa ia naʻe mate ai ʻa e niʻihi ʻo kinautolu pea ko kinautolu kotoa naʻa nau haó kuo vaivai honau tuʻungá?”

Naʻe toe mole foki mei he lepupilika ʻo Falaniseé ʻa e kau sōtia naʻe lahi hake ʻi he toko taha miliona, pea ko e ʻEmipaea Pilitāniá, ʻa ia naʻe ʻosi vaivai pē ʻa hono tuʻunga-tuʻí ki muʻa fuoloa pē ia pea toki fai ʻa e taú, naʻe lahi hake ʻi he toko 900,000 naʻe mole. Ko hono fakakātoá, naʻe lahi hake ʻi he toko 9 miliona ʻa e kau sōtia naʻe mate, pea naʻe lavelavea ʻa e toko 21 miliona kehe. ʻOku pehē ʻe he The World Book Encyclopedia ʻo fekauʻaki mo e mole ʻa e faʻahinga naʻe ʻikai ko e kau sōtiá: “ʻOku ʻikai ke ʻilo ʻe ha taha ia pe ko e toko fiha ʻo e kakai naʻe ʻikai ko e kau sōtiá naʻe mate koeʻuhi ko e ngaahi mahaki, fasimanava, mo e ngaahi meʻa kehe ko e fakatupunga mei he taú. ʻOku tui ʻa e kau faihisitōlia ʻe niʻihi naʻe lahi tatau ʻa e mate ʻa e kakai naʻe ʻikai ko e kau sōtiá mo kinautolu ko e kau sōtiá.” Ko e mahaki fakaʻauha ʻo e 1918 naʻe mole ai mo ha ngaahi moʻui ʻe 21,000,000 ʻi māmani kātoa.

Ko e Liliu Fuʻu Lahi ʻAupito

Kuo ʻikai pē ke toe tatau ʻa e māmani ia ʻi he ʻosi ʻa e Tau Lahí, ʻo hangē ko ia naʻe uiʻaki ʻi he taimi ko iá. Ko e tokolahi ʻo e kau hao ʻi he taú naʻe mole meiate kinautolu ʻenau ʻamanaki leleí ʻo nau sītuʻa mei he lotú ka nau poupouʻi ʻa e fakakaukau ʻoku ʻikai ke ʻi ai ha ʻOtuá, koeʻuhi he ko e ngaahi siasi lahi ʻi Puleʻanga-Haʻa-Kalisitiane naʻa nau kau loto-māfana ki he tau ko iá. Naʻe hanga ʻa e niʻihi kehe ia ki hono tulitāupau ki he koloa fakamatelié mo e ngaahi meʻa fakafiefiá. Fakatatau kia Palōfesa Modris Eksteins ʻi heʻene tohi ko e Rites of Spring, ʻi he ngaahi taʻu ʻo e 1920 tupu “naʻe aʻu ki ha tuʻunga kāfakafa moʻoni ʻa e fakakaukau ʻo pehē ko e fiefiá ko e lelei tefito ia ʻo e moʻuí pea mo e ʻofa pē kiate kitá.”

ʻOku fakamatala ʻe Palōfesa Eksteins ʻo pehē: “Ko e taú naʻá ne liliu lahi ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga fakaeʻulungaangá.” Naʻe akoʻi ʻa e kau tangata ʻe he kau taki lotu, kau taki tau, mo e kau taki fakapolitikale ʻi he ongo tafaʻakí ke nau sio ki he tāmate tavalé ko e ʻulungaanga lelei pē ia. Ko e meʻa eni ʻoku pehē ʻe Eksteins, “ko e founga māʻulalo taha pē ia ki hono maumauʻi ʻa e tuʻunga fakaeʻulungaanga ʻa ia naʻe taukaveʻi ko e tupu mei he ʻulungaanga faka-Siú mo e faka-Kalisitiané.” Naʻá ne tānaki mai ki ai ʻo pehē: “ʻI he Western Front, naʻe faʻa ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi fale nofoʻanga muitau ʻi he ngaahi ʻapitanga fakakautaú . . . ʻI he lotolotonga ʻo e kakai naʻe ʻikai ko e kau sōtiá naʻe toe hoko ʻo ʻulungaanga taʻetaau ʻa e kakai tangata mo e kakai fefine. Naʻe mātuʻaki fakaʻaʻau ke lahi ʻa e fehokotaki fakasino totongí.”

Ko e moʻoni, naʻe liliu ʻa e ngaahi meʻa lahi ʻe he 1914. Naʻe ʻikai ke maʻu mei ai ha māmani lelei ange, pea naʻe ʻikai ke hā mai ai “ko e tau ia ke fakangata ʻa e ngaahi tau hono kotoa pē,” ʻo hangē ko ia naʻe ʻamanaki ki ai ʻa e kakai tokolahi. Ka, ʻo hangē ko e fakamatala ʻa e tokotaha faihisitōlia ko Barbara Tuchman: “Ko e ngaahi fakakaukau lalahi mo e ʻamanaki naʻe mei malava ke hoko ki muʻa ʻi he 1914 naʻe puli māmālie ia ʻi he fuʻu mole ʻa e ngaahi ʻamanaki mo e ngaahi tui.”

Kaekehe, naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e niʻihi naʻa nau sio tonu ki he meʻa fakamamahi naʻe hoko ʻi he 1914 naʻe ʻikai te nau ʻohovale kinautolu ʻi he ngaahi meʻa naʻe hoko ʻi he taʻu ko iá. Ko hono moʻoní, ki muʻa ke kamata ʻa e taú, naʻa nau ʻamanekina ʻa e “taimi fuʻu faingataʻa fakaʻulia.” Ko hai ʻa kinautolu? Pea ko e hā ʻa e meʻa naʻa nau ʻilo kae ʻikai ke ʻilo ki ai ʻe he niʻihi kehé?

[Puha ʻi he peesi 5]

Ko e Fakakaukau Pau ʻa Pilitānia ʻi he 1914

“ʻOku fakafuofua ki he meimei senituli ʻe taha naʻe ʻikai ke hā ha fili ʻi hotau tahi takatakai ʻi hotau motú. . . . Naʻa mo ha fakakaukau ki ha malava ke hoko ha tuʻutāmaki ki he fonua melino ko ení naʻe faingataʻa. . . . Naʻe hā fiefia mo lakalakaimonū ange ai ʻa Lonitoni ʻi ha toe taimi ki muʻa. Naʻe lahi ange ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ke fai, mo sio ki ai, mo fanongo ki ai ʻi ha toe taimi ki muʻa. Ko hono moʻoní, naʻe ʻikai ke huʻuhuʻu ʻa e kakai taʻu motuʻá pe ko e kau talavoú ko e meʻa naʻa nau sio tonu ki aí, lolotonga ʻa e taimi taʻealafakatataua ko ia ʻo e 1914, ko e ngataʻanga ia ʻo ha kuonga.”​—Before the Lamps Went Out, naʻe fai ʻe Geoffrey Marcus.