ʻOku Taʻe Mataʻofia ʻa e Ngaahi Taú?

KO E taú ko e tafaʻaki fakatupu loto-mafasia ia ʻi he ongoongó. Ko e meʻa fakatupu loto-mamahi nai kiate koe ʻa e fakamatala ʻo kau ki he tōʻonga anga-fakamanu ko ia ʻoku hā ʻi he ongoongó. Ka mahalo pē ʻoku nau toe ʻai koe ke ke fifili ki he ʻuhinga ʻoku faʻa fakaleleiʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi fakakikihí ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi mahafú. ʻE ʻikai koā ke ako ʻa e kakaí ia ke nofo melino pē?

ʻOku hā ngalingali maʻungataʻa ange ʻa e fakaleleiʻi ʻo e meʻa fakafiu ko e taú ʻi he faitoʻo ki he ʻEITISÍ. ʻI he lolotonga ʻo e senituli hono 20, kuo fakatahataha ʻa e ngaahi puleʻangá fakakātoa ki he taú, ko e kau tangata ʻe laui miliona kuo fekauʻi atu ki he taú, pea ko e ngaahi kolo ʻe laui ngeau kuo fakaʻauha aí. ʻOku ngalingali ʻoku ʻikai ke ʻi ai ha ngataʻanga ia ʻo e tāmateʻi ʻo e tokolahí. Ko e fefakatauʻaki ʻo e ngaahi mahafú ko e pisinisi fakatupu-paʻanga ia ʻokú ne fakapapauʻi ʻe hokohoko atu pē ʻa e ngāue fakatupu-manavahē ʻa e kau tau mo e kau tau toitoi ʻi he māmaní.

ʻI he hoko ʻo fakatupu mate ange ʻa e ngaahi mahafu ki he taú, kuo fakautuutu ai ʻa e lahi ʻo e kau maté pe laveá. Naʻe tokolahi ange ʻi he vaeua ʻo e kau sōtia ʻe toko 65 miliona naʻa nau kau ki he Tau I ʻa Māmaní naʻe tāmateʻi pe lavea. ʻI he taʻu nai ʻe 30 ki mui mai aí, ko ha ongo foʻi pomu ʻātomi pē ʻe ua naʻá na tāmateʻi ʻa e kau Siapani naʻe ʻikai ko e kau sōtia ʻa ia naʻe tokolahi ange ʻi he toko 150,000. Talu mei he Tau II ʻa Māmaní, kuo fakangatangata pē ki he ngaahi feituʻu kehekehe ʻa e ngaahi fepakí. Ka neongo iá, ʻoku nau fakatupu mate, tautautefito ki he kakai ʻoku ʻikai ko e kau sōtia, ʻa ia ko e peseti ʻe 80 ʻo e kau mate pe laveá.

ʻOku ngali kehé, he ko e tāmate tavale ko ʻeni ʻo e fuʻu tokolahí kuo hoko ia ʻi he lolotonga ʻo ha kuonga kuo tau sio ai ki he ngaahi feinga taʻe ʻi ai hano tatau ke ʻai ke tapui ʻa hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e taú ko ha founga ke fakaleleiʻi ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi fakakikihi ʻa e ngaahi puleʻangá. ʻI he toki ngata ki muí ni ʻa e fakafili fakapolitikalé ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ongo puleʻanga mālohí, naʻe lahi ʻa e ʻamanaki ʻo pehē ʻe hoko ai ha fokotuʻutuʻu foʻou mo melino ʻi māmani. Kae kehe, ʻoku kei taʻe malava ai pē ke ʻi ai ha melino ʻi māmani lahi. Ko e hā ʻa hono ʻuhingá?

Ko ha Fie Maʻu ki he Moʻuí Ia?

ʻOku pehē ʻe he niʻihi ʻo e kau tohi-hisitōlia mo e kau saienisi ki he faʻahinga ʻo e tangatá mo honau ngaahi anga kehekehé ʻoku taʻe mataʻofia pea aʻu ʻo ʻikai ala tuku ʻa e ngaahi taú koeʻuhi pē he ko e konga kinautolu ia ʻo e fetakai ki he moʻuí ʻo fakatatau ki he lau fakafuofua fekauʻaki mo e tuputupu māmālié. Naʻe tākiekina ʻe he fakakaukau peheé ʻa e toko taha pōtoʻi ʻi he sivisiviʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakakautaú ko Friedrich von Bernhardi pea naʻá ne pehē ʻi he 1914 ko hono fai ʻa e taú ia “ʻoku ʻaonga ki he fakalakalaka fekauʻaki mo e moʻuí, anga ʻo e nofo ʻa e kakaí mo e ʻulungāangá.” Naʻe ʻi ai ʻa e fakakaukau ʻo pehē ko e taú ko ha founga ia ʻo hono fakaʻauha ʻa e faʻahinga mo e ngaahi puleʻanga vaivaí kae fakatoe pē ʻa e kau mālohi tahá.

ʻE faingataʻa ke fakafiemālieʻi ʻe ha fakamatala pehē ʻa e kau uitou mo e kau paea ʻe laui miliona ko e tupu mei he taú. Tuku kehe ʻa e fepaki ʻa e anga ʻo e fakakaukau ko ʻení mo e faitotonú, ka ʻokú ne toe taʻe tokangaʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakamamahi ʻoku hoko moʻoni ʻi he fai tau ʻi onopooní. ʻOku ʻikai ke tokangaʻi makehe pē mo maluʻi ʻe he mīsinikaní ia ʻa e kau mālohi tahá, pea ʻoku fakaʻauhamālie pē ʻe he pomú ia ʻa e kau mālohí fakataha mo e kau vaivaí.

Naʻe fakaʻānaua ʻa ʻĀtolofi Hitilā ia ke faʻu ha faʻahinga kakai lelei taha ʻo fakafou mai ia ʻi he ikuna fakakautaú, ʻo ʻikai ke fai ha tokanga ia ki he ngaahi meʻa mahuʻinga ke ako mei ai ʻa ia naʻe hoko ʻi he tau ʻuluaki ʻa māmaní. ʻI heʻene tohi ko e Mein Kampf (Ko ʻEku Fetakaí) naʻá ne tohi ai: “Kuo hoko ʻa e kakaí ʻo mālohi ʻi he fetakai hokohokó, pea ʻe toki mole atu pē ʻa e mālohi ko ʻení ʻi he ʻi ai ʻa e melino taʻe ngatá. . . . Kuo pau ke pule ʻa e kau mālohi angé pea ʻoua ʻe tuifio mo e kau vaivai angé.” Ko hono kehé, naʻe ʻikai ke langaʻi hake ai ʻa e kakaí ʻe Hitilā, ka naʻá ne tāmateʻi ʻa e moʻui ʻe laulaui miliona peá ne fakaʻauha fakakātoa ha konitineniti.

Kae kehe, kapau ko e taú ʻoku ʻikai ko e meʻa ʻoku fie maʻu ki he moʻuí, ko e hā ʻokú ne ueʻi ʻa e kakaí ke nau fakaʻauha pē ʻe kinautolu ʻa kinautolu pē? Ko e hā ʻa e ngaahi mālohi ʻoku nau tekeʻi ʻa e ngaahi puleʻangá ki he “ngāue fakapāpeliane” ko ʻení?a Ko ha fakahokohoko ʻeni ʻo e ngaahi tefitoʻi meʻa ʻe niʻihi ʻoku nau fakafaingataʻaʻiaʻi ʻa e ngaahi founga lelei taha ʻa e kau feinga ke fakatupu melinó.

Ngaahi Tupuʻanga ʻo e Taú

Mamahiʻi-Fonuá. Ko e mamahiʻi-fonuá ko e taha ia ʻi he ngaahi mālohi lahi taha ʻi hono poupouʻi ʻa e taú pea kuo faʻa fakatupunga ʻeni ʻe he faʻahinga ʻoku kau ki he meʻa fakafalealeá mo e kau senialé. Naʻe fai ʻa e ngaahi tau lahi ke maluʻi ʻa e “lelei ʻo e fonua” pe maluʻi ʻa e “lāngilangi ʻo e fonua.” ʻI hono fakaeʻa lahi ʻa e anga ʻo e fakakaukau ko e mamahiʻi-fonuá, naʻa mo ha ʻohofi ʻoku tekeutua ʻaupito hono faí ʻe lava pē ke fakatonuhiaʻi, ʻo pehē ko hano fai ia ke fakataʻeʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi mahafu ʻa ho filí ke ʻoua ʻe ngāueʻaki mai kiate koe.

Fetāufehiʻaʻaki fakafaʻahinga. ʻOku kamata mo tafunaki ʻa e ngaahi tau lahi fakaevahefonuá ʻe he tāufehiʻa tuʻuloa ʻi he ngaahi faʻahingá, ngaahi haʻá, mo e ngaahi matakalí. Ko hono ngaahi fakatātā ki muí ni maí ko e ngaahi tau pango ʻaupito ʻi ʻIukosilāvia ki muʻá, mo ia ʻi Laipēlia, pea mo ia ʻi Somāliá.

Fefakavahaʻaʻaki fakaʻikonōmika mo fakakautaú. ʻI he lolotonga ʻo e vahaʻa taimi ki muʻa ʻi he Tau I ʻa Māmaní naʻe hā melino pē, naʻe ʻai ai ʻe he ngaahi puleʻanga mālohi ʻi ʻEulopé ke fuʻu mālohi ʻa ʻenau ngaahi fuʻu kau taú. Naʻe moʻua ʻa Siamane mo Pilitania Lahi ʻi he feʻauʻauhi ko hono faʻu ʻa e ngaahi manuaó ke lahi. Koeʻuhi naʻe tui ʻa e puleʻanga lahi taki taha ʻa ia naʻa nau kau ʻi he tau naʻe tāmateʻi ai ʻa e tokolahí ʻo pehē ko e taú ʻe fakalahi ai ʻa honau mafaí mo nau maʻu ai ha ngaahi ʻaonga fakaʻikonōmiká, naʻe ʻai ai ʻe he ongo tuʻunga ko ʻení ke kamata ai ha fepaki.

Ngaahi kē fuoloa fakalotu. ʻOku fakatupunga ʻe he ngaahi faikehekehe fakalotú ke hoko ha tuʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki, pea tautautefito ʻi hono poupouʻi ia ʻe he ngaahi mavahevahe fakafaʻahingá. Ko e ngaahi tau ʻi Lepanoni mo ʻAealani Fakatokelaú, pea pehē ki he ngaahi tau ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ʻInitia mo Pakisitaní naʻe makatuʻunga ia mei he fetāufehiʻaʻaki fakalotú.

Ko ha toko taha fakalanga-tau taʻe hā mai. ʻOku fakahā ʻi he Tohi Tapú ko e “ʻotua ʻo e tuʻu ko eni,” ko Sētane ko e Tēvoló, ʻoku toe longomoʻui ange ia ʻi he taimí ni ʻi ha toe taimi ki muʻa atu. (2 Kolinitō 4:4) Koeʻuhi ʻokú ne ʻita lahi ʻaupito he “ʻoku toesiʻi pe hono taimi,” ʻokú ne fakalanga ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga, kau ki ai mo e ngaahi tau, ʻa ia ʻoku nau ʻai ke toe kovi ange ai ʻa e tuʻunga fakamamahi ʻo e māmaní.​—Fakahā 12:12.

ʻOku ʻikai ke faingofua ke taʻaki fuʻu atu ʻa e ngaahi fakatupunga tefito ko ʻeni ʻo e taú. Lahi ange ʻi he taʻu ʻe 2,000 kuo maliu atú, naʻe pehē ai ʻe Palato “ko e kau maté pē kuo nau sio ki he ngataʻanga ʻo e taú.” Kuo pau nai ke tau fakaangaanga ke tali ko e moʻoni ʻa e anga ʻo ʻene fakakaukau taʻe ʻi ai ha ʻamanaki ko ʻení? Pe ʻoku tau maʻu ha ʻuhinga lelei ke ʻamanaki ai ʻe ʻi ai ha ʻaho ʻe ʻi ai ha māmani ʻoku ʻikai toe ʻi ai ha tau?

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 2]

Takafi: John Singer Sargent‘s painting Gassed (detail), Imperial War Museum, London

[Maʻuʻanga ʻo e Tā ʻi he peesi 3]

Instituto Municipal de Historia, Barcelona