Wɔn A Wɔawuwu Wɔ Nyinsɛn A Wotu Gu Mu
MMOFRA a wɔyem wɔn ɔpepem 50 kosi ɔpepem 60 na nyinsɛn a wotu gu ma wowu afe biara. So wutumi hu wɔn dodow no yiye? Ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ Hawaii Nsupɔw no nyinaa so nnipa nyinaa a wɔtɔre wɔn ase dapɛn biara!
Ɛyɛ den sɛ wobehu dodow no pɛpɛɛpɛ, efisɛ aban ahorow dodow no ara mfa ahwɛyiye nyɛ nyinsɛn a wotu gu ho kyerɛwtohɔ. Na baabi a wɔmmma kwan mma wonntu nyinsɛn ngu anaa wɔabara koraa no, animdefo de wɔn adwene bu dodow bi kɛkɛ. Nanso nyinsɛn a wotu gu wɔ wiase nyinaa ho asɛm no te sɛ nea edidi so yi:
Wɔ United States no, menewam oprehyɛn nkutoo na ɛdɔɔso sen nea wɔyɛ de tu nyinsɛn gu. Wotu nyinsɛn bɛboro ɔpepem 1.5 gu afe biara. Ɛda adi pefee sɛ mmea a wotu nyinsɛn gu no mu dodow no ara nyɛ awarefo—5 biara mu 4. Nyinsɛn a mmea ahokwafo tu gu no yɛ mmofra a wɔwo wɔn no mmɔho abien, na sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, mmea awarefo wo sen sɛnea wotu nyinsɛn gu mpɛn du.
Wɔ Amerika Mfinimfini ne Kesee Fam—a wɔyɛ Katolekfo titiriw—no, nyinsɛn a wotu gu ho mmara mu yɛ den sen biara wɔ wiase no mu. Nanso, wotu nyinsɛn gu wɔ sum ase wɔ hɔnom, na ɛde mmea akwahosan to asiane mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Brazilfo mmea tuu nyinsɛn bɛyɛ ɔpepem anan gui wɔ afe a etwaam no mu. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn mu bɛboro 400,000 kɔ ayaresabea kɔsa wɔn ho yare esiane nyarewa afoforo a ɛma wonyae nti. Wɔ Latin Amerika no, wotu nyinsɛn anan biara mu biako gu.
Mmara ahorow no mu yɛ den wɔ Atlantic po no agya wɔ Afrika asasepɔn no so nso. Wɔtaa pirapira na wowuwu, ne titiriw mmea ahiafo a wɔma wɔn a wotu nyinsɛn gu wɔ sum ase boa wɔn no.
Wɔ Mfinimfini Apuei nyinaa no, aman no pii ahyehyɛ mmara ahorow a emu yɛ den, nanso nnipa pii da so ara hwehwɛ sɛ wotu wɔn nyinsɛn gu ma wɔn, na mmea a wotumi tua ho sika kɛse no na wɔyɛ ma wɔn.
Europa Atɔe Fam aman no pii ma kwan ma wotu nyinsɛn ahorow bi gu, na Scandinavia na wɔma ho kwan kɛse. Britain National Health Service no ayɛ nyinsɛn a wotu gu fi bere a wɔmaa ho kwan wɔ mmara mu wɔ 1967 mu no ho kyerɛwtohɔ. Wohui sɛ nyinsɛn a wotu gu bu bɔɔ ho kaa mpena mma a wɔwo wɔn, nyarewa a wonya fi nna mu, tuutuusi, ne awode mu nyarewa pii a enya nkɔanim no ho.
Nsakrae pii rekɔ so wɔ Europe Apuei Fam mprempren, na ɛte saa ara nso wɔ nyinsɛn a wotu gu ho mmara mu. Wobu akontaa sɛ wotu nyinsɛn ɔpepem 11 gu afe biara wɔ nea na kan wɔfrɛ no Soviet Union, na ɛyɛ nea ɛdɔɔso sen biara wɔ wiase no mu biako. Esiane sɛ nnuru a wɔde siw nyinsɛn ano ho yɛ nã, na hɔnom sikasɛm nyɛ papa nti, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ɔbea biara betu nyinsɛn asia kosi akron agu wɔ ne nkwa nna mu.
Nea ɛrekɔ so wɔ Europa Apuei Fam nyinaa ne sɛ wɔpɛ sɛ wɔma kwan ma wotu nyinsɛn gu. Nhwɛso a ɛyɛ nwonwa yiye ne Romania, faako a kan nniso no baraa nyinsɛn a wotu gu ne nnuru a wɔde siw nyinsɛn ano na ama ɔman no mu nnipa adɔɔso no. Wɔhyɛɛ mmea sɛ anyɛ yiye koraa no wɔnwo mmofra baanan, na ebeduu 1988 no, na mmofra a wɔn awofo aguan agyaw wɔn ayɛ mmeae a wɔhwɛ nyisaa ma. Enti, fi bere a ɔman anidan aban no yii nyinsɛn a wotu du ho anohyeto ahorow yi m hɔ wɔ 1989 mu no, woyi mmofra 4 biara a wɔyem wɔn no mu 3 gu, nkyekyem a ɛkɔ soro sen biara wɔ Europa.
Asia ne beae a wotu nyinsɛn gu kɛse sen biara. People’s Republic of China a ɛhyɛ abusua biara sɛ ɛnwo ɔba biako pɛ, na nyinsɛn a wotu gu yɛ ɔhyɛ no na edi kan, ɛbɔ nyinsɛn a wotu gu ɔpepem 14 ho amanneɛ afe biara. Wɔ Japan no, mmea de ntade ne abaduaba siesie nkaedum nketewa de kae wɔn mma a wɔatu wɔn agu no. Ɔmanfo suro prese a wɔde siw nyinsɛn ano no yiye, na nyinsɛn a wotu gu ne ɔkwan titiriw a wɔnam so yɛ wɔn awo ho nhyehyɛe.
Wɔ Asia nyinaa, titiriw India no, aduruyɛ ho nimdeɛ ama akuw a wɔpere hokwan ahorow ma mmea hyia tebea bi a ɛhaw adwene. Wotumi fa akwan te sɛ awotwaa mu nsu mu nhwehwɛmu ne nipadua no mu nnyigyei bi so tumi kyerɛ abofra bi bɔbeasu wɔ ne nyinsɛn mfiase pɛɛ. Apuei Famfo bu mmabarima sen mmabea. Enti faako a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobehu abofra no bɔbeasu wɔ nyinsɛn bere mu na wɔatu nyinsɛn agu no, wotu mmeawa a wɔyem wɔn no pii gu, na ɛma mmabarima dɔɔso sen mmabea. Mprempren kuw a wɔpere hokwan ahorow ma mmea no wɔ ahokyere tebea bi mu, efisɛ nea wɔyɛ no kyerɛ sɛ wɔhwehwɛ sɛ mmea benya hokwan de atu mmeawa a wɔyem wɔn agu.
Sɛnea Ɛna Te Nka
Te sɛ akwan afoforo a wɔfa so sa nyarewa no, asiane ne ɛyaw bi wɔ nyinsɛn a wotu gu mu. Wɔ nyinsɛn mu no, awotwaa no ano kwan siw papee na ama abofra no atra mu dwoodwoo. Emu a wobue ne nnwinnade a wɔde hyem betumi ama wɔate ɛyaw kɛse nka. Mogya tɔw no a wɔtwe de tu nyinsɛn gu no betumi agye simma 30 ne akyi, a mmea binom tumi te ɛyaw kakra anaa kɛse nka na wosinsen. Ɛdefa nyinsɛn a wɔde nkyene aduru bi tu gu ho no, wɔma awo ka wɔn bere a wɔn awo bere nnui, na ɛtɔ da bi a, wɔde aduru a wɔfrɛ no prostaglandin a ɛma awo ka ɔbea di dwuma. Ebia awoko no bedi nnɔnhwerew anaa nna bi mpo, na ebetumi ayɛ yaw na wɔahaw yiye.
Nyarewa afoforo a nyinsɛn a wotu gu de ba ntɛm ara no bi ne mogyatu, awotwaa no ho a ɛtew, emu a etutu ntokuro, mogya a ɛbobɔ atɔwatɔw, ɔhonam a ɛyɛ sisirii, adetɔso, atiridii, awɔw ne ɛfe. Sɛ akokoaa no anaa tam no afã horow bi ka awotwaa no mu a, tumi a ɔbea no betumi anya ɔyare foforo bi no yɛ kɛse. Nyinsɛn a wontumi ntu ngu nwie abu so, na ɛba saa a, ebia ɛho behia sɛ wɔyɛ oprehyɛn de yi akwaa bi a ɛkaa awotwaa no mu a ɛreporɔw anaa awotwaa no ankasa mpo. Aban nhwehwɛmu a wɔayɛ wɔ United States, Britain, ne kan Czechoslovakia kyerɛ sɛ nyinsɛn a wotu gu ma tumi a wontumi nwo bio, nyinsɛn a ɛntɔ awotwaa no mu ankasa, abofra a wɔpɔn no, awo a ne bere nnu, ne awo mu dɛmdi ahorow no yɛ kɛse yiye.
United States kan oduruyɛfo panyin, Everett Koop, kae sɛ obiara nyɛɛ “ɔbea a watu nyinsɛn agu pɛn a afei n’ani abere rehwehwɛ ɔba a ne nsa ntumi nka no nkate ne afodi ho nhwehwɛmu.”
Ɛsɛ sɛ anka wɔyɛ Kristofo mmerante ne mmabaa a wɔn ho tew a obu a wɔwɔ ma nkwa ne Onyankopɔn mmara ahorow nti wɔkɔ so yɛ mmaabun no ho nhwehwɛmu ka nyinsɛn a wotu gu ho nhwehwɛmu no ho. Anka saa nhwehwɛmu no bɛma wɔahu sɛ saafo yi wɔ abusuabɔ pa, obu kɛse, ne adwenem asomdwoe a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ nso.
Sɛnea Abofra a Wɔyem no Te Nka
Sɛ woyɛ abofra a wɔyem no, a wohyɛ wo maame awotwaa mu wɔ ahobammɔ kɛse mu, na afei tumi bi a ano yɛ den tow hyɛ wo so mpofirim a, anka wobɛte nka dɛn? Yɛn adwene kɛkɛ na yebetumi de abu nea ebesi, efisɛ w’ankasa wuntumi nka asɛm no nkyerɛ da.
Wɔtaa tu nyinsɛn dodow no ara gu bere a adi adapɛn 12 no. Ebedu saa bere yi no, na akokoaa ketewaa no suasua sɛnea wɔhome na wɔmene ade, na ne koma bɔ. Otumi moamoa n’anansoaa nketenkete no, si kuturuku, bu afurupata wɔ awotwaa a nsu wom no mu—na ɔte ɛyaw nka.
Wɔde toa bi a ano yɛ nnam kyinkyim mmofra a wɔyem wɔn no pii denneennen na wɔtwe wɔn hyɛ kuruwa bi mu. Wɔfrɛ adeyɛ yi wɔ borɔfo mu sɛ vacuum aspiration. Ahoɔden kɛse a wɔde twe abofra a wɔyem no no (a ɛsen afiri a wɔde pra de mpɛn 29) no tetew nipadua ketewaa no mu asinasin. Wotu mmofra afoforo nso gu denam sekan bi a ano akoa a wɔde werɛw awotwaa no mu ma etwitwa akokoaa no mu asinasin no so.
Wotumi de nkyene aduru anaa awuduru tu mmofra a wɔyem wɔn adapɛn 16 ne akyi gu. Wɔde paane tenten bi fiti awotwaa no mu, wɔtwe nsu a abofra no da mu no bi, na wɔde nkyene nsu a wɔmfraa mu hyɛ ananmu. Bere a abofra no mene nkyene nsu no bi na ɔhome no, awuduru no kɔ n’ahrawa a enni ahoɔden no mu, ɔpere na ade tɔ ne so. Awuduru no hyew ne honam ani were no, na ɛworɔw ne ho ma otwintwam. Mogya fi ase tu wɔ n’amemenem. Obetumi awu owu yayaw wɔ nnɔnhwerew bi akyi, ɛwom sɛ ɛtɔ da bi na awo ka ɔbea no wɔ da koro anaa nea ɛboro saa akyi a, ɔwo abofra a onwui a ɔrebewu de.
Sɛ abofra no anyin dodow sɛ wɔbɛfa akwan yi anaa nea ɛte saa so akum no a, ɔkwan biako da so ara wɔ hɔ a wɔbɛfa so—oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ de yi abofra no fi awotwaa no mu, a ɛma wokum no sen sɛ wobegye no nkwa. Wɔnam oprehyɛn so bue ɛna no yafunu mu, na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ woyi abofra a onwui bere nyinaa. Ebia osu mpo. Nanso ɛsɛ sɛ wogyaa no ma owu. Wɔhyɛ da tua ebinom ahome, wɔde wɔn hyɛ nsu mu anaa wɔfa akwan afoforo so kum wɔn.
Sɛnea Oduruyɛfo Te Nka
Wɔ mfehaha pii mu no, nnuruyɛfo agye Hippocrate ntam a wobu no kɛse no mu gyinapɛn ahorow no atom, nea ne fã bi ka sɛ: “Memma obi awuduru, sɛ obisa mpo a, na mintu obiara fo sɛ ɔnnom awuduru, na memma ɔbea biara awuduru a ɔde bɛhyɛ n’anan mu [de atu nyinsɛn agu], na mmom mɛsa yare nidi mu na minnni bɔne wom.”
Abrabɔ ho gyinapɛn ho ɔhaw ahorow bɛn na nnuruyɛfo a wɔsɛe nkwa wɔ awotwaa no mu hyia? Oduruyɛfo George Flesh ka ho asɛm sɛɛ se: “Sɛ́ oduruyɛfo a na merebewie me ntetee no, nyinsɛn ahorow a midii kan tu gui no anhaw me. . . . Mfii ase hawee wɔ bere a na matu nyinsɛn ɔhaha pii agu no akyi. . . . Dɛn nti na mesakrae? Wɔ m’adwumayɛ mfiase mu hɔ no, awarefo bi baa me nkyɛn bɛkae sɛ mintu nyinsɛn ngu mma wɔn. Esiane sɛ na ɔyarefo no awotwaa ano kwan aka atare denneennen nti, mantumi ammue ano antu nyinsɛn no angu. Mekae sɛ wɔnkɔ na wɔnsan mmra dapɛn biako akyi bere a na awotwaa no ano kwan ayɛ mmerɛw no. Awarefo no san bae bɛka kyerɛɛ me sɛ wɔasesa wɔn adwene. Migyee wɔn ba no awo wɔ asram ason akyi.
“Mfe bi akyi no, me ne abofra ketewaa Jeffrey dii agoru wɔ baabi a yɛbɔ tɛnnis asubura mu, faako a na me ne n’awofo yɛ tɛnnis kuw no mufo no. Ná ɔyɛ abofra a ɔwɔ anigye na ne ho yɛ fɛ. Bere a misusuw sɛ akwanside bi nkutoo na amma mankum Jeffrey no, ehu kaa me. . . . Migye di sɛ abofra a wɔyem no a wanyin a wɔtetew no mu asinasin esiane sɛ ne maame kae sɛ wɔnyɛ saa nti no yɛ atirimɔdenne a ɛnsɛ sɛ ɔmanfo ma ho kwan.”
Ɔyarehwɛfo bi a ogyaee boa a na ɔboa ma wotu nyinsɛn gu no kaa adwuma a na ɔyɛ wɔ ayaresabea a wotu nyinsɛn gu wɔ hɔ ho asɛm sɛ: “Na yɛn nnwuma no mu biako ne sɛ yɛbɛkan n’akwaa ahorow no. . . . Sɛ abeawa no kɔ fie bere a abofra no akwaa ahorow bi da so ara wɔ n’awotwaa mu a, ebetumi de ɔhaw a anibere wom aba. Mefa akwaa horow no hwehwɛ mu yiye de hwɛ hu sɛ nsa abien, anan abien, akonsin ne ne ti nyinaa wɔ hɔ. . . . Mewɔ mma baanan. . . . Na akameakamedi kɛse da m’adwuma ne m’asetra ankasa ntam a mantumi ansiesie. . . . Nyinsɛn a wotu gu yɛ adwuma a ɛyɛ den.”
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 7]
[Asɛm Fibea]
Photo: Jean-Luc Bitton/Sipa Press
Wɔ Asia a wɔpɛ mmarimaa no, nnuruyɛfo tu mmeawa a wɔyem wɔn mpempem pii gu
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 8]
Nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo bi a ɔwɔ ɔyɛkyerɛ a wɔde kasa tia nyinsɛn a wotu ase retwa abofra a wɔyem no adapɛn 20 a wɔnam mmara kwan so atu no agu mfonini
[Asɛm Fibea]
Photo: Nina Berman/Sipa Press
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 8]
Ɔyɛkyerɛ a wɔde gyina nyinsɛn a wotu gu akyi wɔ Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
[Asɛm Fibea]
Photo: Rose Marston/Sipa Press
[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 9]
Wɔ United States no, mmea 5 biara a wɔhwehwɛ sɛ wotu wɔn nyinsɛn gu ma wɔn no mu 4 nyɛ awarefo