Awosu na Ɛkyerɛ Nea Yɛbɛyɛ?
“NA YESUSUW sɛ yɛn nkrabea wɔ nsoromma mu bere bi a atwam. Afei de yenim yiye sɛ yɛn nkrabea wɔ yɛn awosu mu.” Saa na James Watson a Ruth Hubbard ne Elijah Wald faa n’asɛm kae wɔ wɔn nhoma Exploding the Gene Myth no mfiase no kae. Nanso, Watson asɛm no ase pɛɛ no, wɔkyerɛ sɛ R. C. Lewontin, Steven Rose, ne Leon J. Kamin kae sɛ: “Yennim nnipa suban titiriw biara a wɔde ahyɛ yɛn awosu mu a enti wontumi mfa asetra mu ntetee so nsakra no.”
Saa nhoma no akyi nsɛm no bɔ Exploding the Gene Myth mu nsɛm no bi mua na ɛde asɛmmisa titiriw yi fi ase sɛ, “So nnipa nneyɛe fi awosu mu?” Wɔ ɔkwan foforo so no, so awosu a ɛma wɔde su horow wo obi no nkutoo na ɛkyerɛ nnipa nneyɛe kwan? Ɛsɛ sɛ wogye ɔbrasɛe ahorow bi tom sɛ ɛyɛ awosu? Ɛsɛ sɛ wobu nsɛmmɔnedifo sɛ wɔn a wɔn awosu ahyɛ wɔn so, a wobetumi ayi wɔn ho ano esiane awosan su bi nti?
Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ nyansahufo ahu nneɛma pii a ɛho wɔ mfaso wɔ afeha yi mu. DNA nwonwaso no a wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛhyehyɛ yɛn awosu mu nneɛma no nso ka abɔrehude ahorow yi ho. Nsɛm a ɛwɔ awosu ho mmara mu no ama nyansahufo ne afoforo a wonni ho nimdeɛ nyinaa ho adwiriw wɔn. Dɛn na nhwehwɛmu a wɔayɛ wɔ awosu ho no ama ada adi ankasa? Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔde nea wɔahu no aboa nnɛyi nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛne hyɛbea anaa nkrabea no?
Awaresɛe ne Wɔn a Wokura Bɔbeasu Koro Ntam Nna Nso Ɛ?
Sɛnea asɛm bi a wotintim wɔ The Australian mu kyerɛ no, awosu mu nhwehwɛmu bi kyerɛ sɛ “ebetumi aba sɛ nokware a wonni wɔ aware mu no fi yɛn awosu mu. . . . Ɛte sɛ nea wɔyɛɛ yɛn koma a enni nokware no sɛ ɛnyɛ saa.” Wo de susuw ɔhaw a saa su yi de bɛba aware ahorow ne mmusua so, bere a ebue hokwan ma obiara a ɔpɛ sɛ oyi ne ho ano wɔ ɔbrasɛe asetra kwan ho no ho!
Ɛdefa wɔn a wokura bɔbeasu koro ntam nna ho no, asɛmti bi a ɛbaa Newsweek nsɛmma nhoma no mu a ɛne sɛ “Efi Awo anaa Ntetee Mu?” kae sɛ: “Nyansahu ne adwene ne nneyɛe ho nimdeɛ rebɔ mmɔden sɛ ɛbɛte nhwehwɛmu foforo a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia wɔn a wokura bɔbeasu koro ntam nna fi awosu mu, na ɛnyɛ ntetee mu no ase. . . . Wɔ nkurɔfo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ bɔbeasu koro ntam nna ankasa mu no, pii ani gye kyerɛ a wɔkyerɛ sɛ bɔbeasu koro ntam nna fi ase wɔ awosu mu agyiraehyɛde mu no ho.”
Afei ɛfaa Oduruyɛfo Richard Pillard a ɔkae sɛ “Sɛ obi awosu mu na nna ho akɔnnɔ fi a, ɛnde na ɛkyerɛ sɛ, ‘Eyi nyɛ sintɔ, na ɛnyɛ wo mfomso nso’” asɛm kae. Bere a ɔrehyɛ saa “mfomso biara nni ho” asɛm yi mu den no, bɔbeasu koro ntam nna ho nhwehwɛmufo, Frederick Whitam ka sɛ “nea ebetumi aba ne sɛ, sɛ wɔka kyerɛ wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ bɔbeasu koro ntam nna mu no sɛ efi awosu a, wɔn ho bɛtɔ wɔn. Eyi afobu fi mmusua ne wɔn a wokura bɔbeasu koro a wɔda no so. Ɛkyerɛ nso sɛ ɛho renhia sɛ ɔmanfo haw wɔn ho wɔ nneɛma te sɛ bɔbeasu koro ntam nna ho akyerɛkyerɛfo ho.”
Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo de nea wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ adanse a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔn a wokura bɔbeasu koro ntam nna no yɛ su a efi awo mu no to gua sɛ ɛyɛ nokwasɛm a edi mu, na ɛnyɛ sɛ biribi a ebetumi aba a ensi pi.
New Statesman & Society nsɛmma nhoma no bɔ akyinnyesɛm no bi gu: “Ɔkenkanfo a ne ho adwiriw no no betumi abu n’ani agu adanse ankasa a ani tua a edi mu no so—anaa nokwarem no, nnyinaso biara a enni ka a wɔnam nyansahu mu atosɛm [nnaadaa] so ka sɛ wɔde ɔbrasɛe ho akɔnnɔ ‘adua ɔbarima awosu mu, na wɔde ahyɛ n’adwenem no mu.’” Wɔ wɔn Cracking the Code nhoma no mu no, David Suzuki ne Joseph Levine nso kyerɛ wɔn adwene wɔ nnansa yi nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa awosu ho no ho: “Bere a wobetumi akyerɛ sɛ awosu tumi nya suban so nkɛntɛnso no, ɛyɛ asɛm foforo koraa sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ sɛ awosu pɔtee bi—anaa awosu baanu, anaa awosu dodow bi—na edi nsɛm pɔtee a ɛfa sɛnea abɔde bi yɛ n’ade wɔ nneɛma a atwa ne ho ahyia ho no so. Ɛde besi ha no, ɛfata sɛ yebisa sɛ ebia obi ahu ade ketewaa bi wɔ DNA mu a etumi nya nneyɛe pɔtee bi so tumi sɛnea wɔbɔre hu biribi ankasa no anaa.”
Sadweamyɛ ne Nsɛmmɔnedi Ho Awosu
Wɔ mfe a atwam no mu no, sadweamyɛ ho adesua ama nnipa pii a wɔyɛ awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ho adwiriw wɔn. Ebinom kyerɛ sɛ nhwehwɛmu ada no adi sɛ awosu ahorow bi a obi wɔ anaa onni na ɛde sadweamyɛ ba. Sɛ nhwɛso no, The New England Journal of Medicine bɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ 1988 mu sɛ “wɔ mfe du a etwaam no mu no, nhwehwɛmu ahorow abiɛsa de adanse a edi mu ama sɛ wotumi nya sadweamyɛ fi awo mu.”
Nanso, nnansa yi, abenfo bi a wɔyɛ su a ɛka nkurɔfo hɔ ho nhwehwɛmu no kasa tia adwene a ɛne sɛ awosu mu titiriw na sadweamyɛ fi no. Amanneɛbɔ bi a ɛbaa The Boston Globe mu wɔ April 9, 1996 no kae sɛ: “Anidaso biara nni hɔ sɛ yebehu sadweamyɛ ho awosu, na nhwehwɛmufo bi gye tom sɛ ayere so ara nea wobehu ne awosu mu mmerɛwyɛ a ɛma nnipa bi nom nsã pii a wɔmmow—su a ebetumi ama wɔayɛ sadweam.”
The New York Times bɔɔ nhyiam bi a wɔyɛe wɔ Maryland Sukuupɔn mu a ekura asɛmti “Nea Awosu ne Nsɛmmɔnedi Ho Nhwehwɛmu Kyerɛ ne Ɛho Mfaso” ho amanneɛ. Ɛnyɛ den koraa sɛ obi begye adi sɛ awosu na ɛma obi yɛ nsɛmmɔnedifo. Ɛte sɛ nea nkyerɛkyerɛmufo pii de ahopere gye tom. Nyansahu ho sɛnkyerɛwfo bi kae wɔ The New York Times Magazine mu sɛ ebia bɔne “wɔ awosu mu agyiraehyɛde a yenya fii yɛn awofo hɔ bere a wonyinsɛn yɛn no mu.” Asɛm bi a ɛbaa The New York Times mu no bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ nsɛmmɔnedi awosu a wɔtaa ka ho asɛm no ma wonya adwene a ɛne sɛ nsɛmmɔnedi “fi faako—adwene a ɛtɔ kyima.”
Jerome Kagan a ɔyɛ adwene ne nneyɛe ho nimdefo wɔ Harvard no hyɛ nkɔm sɛ bere bi bɛba a awosu ho nhwehwɛmu bɛda mmofra a wɔbɛyɛ basabasa adi. Nnipa bi susuw sɛ ebia daakye wobetumi afa nsakrae a wɔbɛyɛ wɔ awosu mu so ama nsɛmmɔnedi agyae, sen sɛ wɔbɛfa ntetee so.
Nsɛm a wɔde di dwuma de bɔ nneyɛe a efi awosu mu ho amanneɛ no mu ntaa nna hɔ, na ensi pi. Exploding the Gene myth nhoma no ka nhwehwɛmu bi a awosu mu nneyɛe ho ɔbenfo, Lincoln Eaves, a ɔkae sɛ ohuu adanse a ɛkyerɛ sɛ adwenemhaw fi awosu mu, yɛe no ho asɛm. Bere a ɔyɛɛ mmea a wobu wɔn sɛ wobetumi anya adwenemhaw mu nhwehwɛmu akyi no, Eaves “kae sɛ ebia [mmea no] nneyɛe ne wɔn suban a ɛda adwenemhaw adi na ɛmaa ɛyɛɛ mmerɛw sɛ ɔhaw ahorow betumi ato wɔn mpofirim.” Dɛn ne “ɔhaw ahorow a ebetumi ato wɔn mpofirim no”? Ná wɔato mmea a wɔyɛɛ wɔn mu nhwehwɛmu no “mmonnaa, wɔaboro wɔn, anaa wɔayi wɔn adi afi wɔn nnwuma mu.” Enti adwenemhaw na ɛde awerɛhosɛm yi bae anaa? Nhoma no toa so sɛ: “nsusuwii bɛn ni? Wɔtoo mmea no mmonnaa, wɔboroo wɔn, anaa woyii wɔn adi fii wɔn nnwumam, nti na wonyaa adwenemhaw no. Sɛnea awerɛhosɛm a wohyiae no kɛse te no, saa ara na adwenemhaw no kɛse yɛe. . . . Anka ɛbɛyɛ nea mfaso wɔ so sɛ yɛhwehwɛ abusuabɔ a ɛne awosu wɔ no mu, sɛ [Eaves] hui sɛ adwenemhaw no mfi asetra mu suahu biara a.”
Saa nhoma koro no ara ka sɛ nsɛm yi ne “awosu [nneyɛe] ho amanneɛbɔ a nnansa yi nsɛm amanneɛbɔ ne nyansahu nsɛmma nhoma mu dodow no ara ka no di nsɛ. Ekura dwuma titiriw a awosu di wɔ yɛn asetra mu ho nokwasɛm ahorow a ɛyɛ anigye ne nsɛm a wɔbɔ wɔn tirim ka a enni nnyinaso ne nsɛm a wɔagugu mu a adi afra. Ade a ɛda adi kɛse wɔ nsɛm yi pii mu ne ntease a ennim no.” Ɛtoa so sɛ: “Nsonsonoe kɛse da awosu a wɔde bata tebea a edi Mendel awosan mmara no so ho, ne tirim a wɔbɔ de awosu mu ‘nneyɛe’ kyerɛkyerɛ tebea a ɛyɛ den te sɛ kokoram ne mogya mmoroso mu. Nyansahufo de ahopere yɛ ade bio bere a wosusuw sɛ awosu mu nhwehwɛmu betumi ama wɔate nnipa nneyɛe ase no.”
Nanso, esiane nea yɛaka yi nyinaa nti no, nsɛmmisa a ɛtaa sɔre no da so ara wɔ hɔ: Dɛn nti na ɛtɔ mmere bi a, yehu nneyɛe mu nsakrae ahorow wɔ yɛn asetra mu? Na tumi bɛn na yɛwɔ wɔ tebea horow a ɛtete saa so? Yɛyɛ dɛn tumi nya yɛn asetra so tumi na yekura mu? Ebia asɛm a edi hɔ no bɛboa yɛn ma yɛanya nsɛmmisa yi ho mmuae bi.
[Kratafa 18 adaka/mfonini]
Awosu mu Aduruyɛ—So Nea Wɔhwɛɛ Kwan No Aba Mu?
Na awosu mu aduruyɛ—awosu pa a wɔde wɔ ayarefo paane de sa nyarewa a wonya fii awo mu no nso ɛ? Ná nyansahufo wɔ mu ahotoso mfe kakraa a atwam ni. The Economist a ɛbae wɔ December 16, 1995 mu no bisa sɛ: “So bere a ɛfata sɛ wɔde awosu mu aduruyɛ di dwuma ni?” Ɛka sɛ: “Sɛ wudi nsɛm a wɔn a wɔde yɛ nkurɔfo aduru no ka wɔ baguam ne sɛnea wɔka ho nsɛm pii wɔ atesɛm nkrataa mu no akyi a, ebia wubesusuw saa. Nanso Amerika nyansahufo kuw a wɔagye din na wonim adwuma no nnye ntom. Harold Varmus a ɔyɛ Ɔman Akwahosan Suabea Ahorow (NIH) no titrani no tuu nyansahufo a wɔagye din dunnan sɛ wɔnyɛ asɛm no mu nhwehwɛmu. Asram ason a wɔde susuw ho akyi no, wɔkae wɔ amanneɛbɔ bi a wɔkyerɛw no dapɛn a etwaam no mu sɛ, ɛwom sɛ awosu mu aduruyɛ betumi ayɛ papa daakye de, nanso nea atumi ayɛ de besi nnɛ no yɛ nea ‘wɔaka ho asɛm ma aboro so’.” Wɔyɛɛ ayarefo 597 a wɔwɔ adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA) yare anaa nyarewa pii a wosusuw sɛ wobetumi de afoforo awosu asa, mu nhwehwɛmu. The Economist ka sɛ: “Sɛnea baguafo no kyerɛ no, nhwehwɛmu no so mmaa ayarefo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no biako mpo ho mfaso maa ɛnnaa adi pefee.”
[Kratafa 19 mfonini ahorow]
Ɛmfa ho nea ebia afoforo bɛka wɔ awosu a wɔahyɛ ato hɔ ho no, nkurɔfo betumi ayɛ nea wɔpɛ