Mfomso Bɛn na Ɛwɔ Kyakyatow Ho?

“Australiafo bɛyɛ 290,000 na kyakyatow abɛyɛ ɔhaw ama wɔn na ɛma wɔbɔ ka boro dɔla ɔpepepem 3 afe biara. Ɛnyɛ sɛ eyi yɛ ɔhaw ma wɔn a wɔtow kyakya no nko, na mmom nnipa ɔpepem 1.5 a ɛka wɔn tẽẽ esiane ɛka a wɔbɔ, awaregu, ahodɔmdi ne bere a wɔsɛe no wɔ adwumam nti no nso.”—J. Howard, 1999 Australia ɔman soafo panyin.

JOHN a yɛkaa ne ho asɛm wɔ asɛm a edi kan no mu no bɛyɛɛ obi a na kyakyatow haw no.a Otu kɔɔ Australia, baabi a ɔwaree Linda, a ɔno nso tow kyakya no. Kyakyatow kɔɔ so dii John ti koraa. Ɔka sɛ: “Minyaa nkɔanim fi loto a mitwa so kɔɔ apɔnkɔ ho nkyia a wɔto ne kyakya a wɔtow no dan mu so. Awiei koraa no ɛkame ayɛ sɛ na metow kyakya da biara. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, na mede m’akatua nyinaa tow kyakya, a na minni biribiara wɔ me ho a mede betua me dan a matɔ no ho ka anaa mede bɛhwɛ abusua no. Sɛ mpo midi sika kɛse a, na mekɔ so tow kyakya. Na ɛyɛ di a medi no na ɛtwetwe me.”

Ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobehu ankorankoro a wɔte sɛ John. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ kyakyatow adi aman nyinaa ti. Nea ɛyɛ ahodwiriw no, nsɛmma nhoma USA Today ka sɛ wɔ 1976 ne 1997 ntam no, sika a wɔde tow kyakya a wogye tom wɔ mmara mu kɔɔ anim boro ɔha so mpɛn 32 wɔ United States.

Canada atesɛm krataa The Globe and Mail ka sɛ, “na wobu kyakyatow wɔ bere bi a atwam mu sɛ asetra mu ɔbra bɔne. Ɛnnɛ, ɛyɛ biribi a wogye tom wɔ asetra mu sɛ wɔde gyigye wɔn ani.” Bere a ɛreda ade biako nti a ɔmanfo su asakra wɔ eyi ho adi no, krataa no ka sɛ: “Ebia nnipa su a asesa wɔ kyakyatow ho no fi sika pii a aban no asɛe de abɔ ho dawuru fi bere tenten wɔ Canadafo abakɔsɛm mu no.” Dɛn nkɛntɛnso na mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ kyakyatow ho nkuran no nya wɔ ɔmanfo no so?

Kyakyatow Ho Haw Aka Nnipa Pii

Sɛnea akontaabu a Harvard Aduyɛ Adesuabea a Ɛyɛ Adeyɛ a Ɛka Obi Hɔ Ho Nhwehwɛmu da no adi no, wɔ 1996 mu no na “Amerikafo mpanyimfo a wɔtow kyakya ma ɛtra so dodow yɛ ɔpepem 7.5” na na “Amerikafo a wɔadu mpanyin afe so a kyakyatow aka wɔn hɔ nso yɛ ɔpepem 7.9.” Ná akontaabu yi ka amanneɛbɔ a Ɔman Asoɛe a Ɛyɛ Ɔhaw a Kyakyatow De Ba Ho Nhwehwɛmu (NGISC), kyerɛw kɔmaa U.S. Mmarahyɛ Bagua no ho. Amanneɛbɔ no kyerɛe sɛ nnipa a kyakyatow abɛyɛ ɔhaw ama wɔn wɔ Amerika no dodow boro nea wɔyɛɛ ho kyerɛwtohɔ no ankasa.

Esiane adwuma a efi obi nsa, akwahosan a ɛso tew, sika a wotua ma wɔn a wonni adwuma, ne ka a wɔbɔ de yɛ nhyehyɛe hwɛ wɔn nti, wobu akontaa sɛ wɔn a wɔtow kyakya no ma U.S. man no sɛe dɔla ɔpepepem pii afe biara. Nanso akontaabu yi anka sɛnea kyakyatow de ɔhaw ba nnipa asetra so ho asɛm—ɛka mmusua, nnamfo, ne mfɛfo adwumayɛfo, na nea efi mu ba ne korɔnbɔ, adwumam sika a wodi, ahodɔmdi, afie mu basabasayɛ, ne mmofra a wɔyɛ wɔn ayayade ho asɛm. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ Australia no daa no adi sɛ obi a ɔtow kyakya tumi ma ɔhaw to nnipa bɛyɛ du tẽẽ. Amanneɛbɔ bi a efi Ɔman Nhwehwɛmu Asoɛe a ɛwɔ United States no ka sɛ awarefo “ɔha mu 50 ne mmofra ɔha mu 10 na kyakyatow a ɛka obi hɔ ma wohu amane.”

Adeyɛ a Ɛsan na Ɛka Obi Hɔ

Te sɛ nyarewa ahorow bi no, kyakyatow betumi atrɛw afi ɔwofo hɔ akɔka ne ba. NGISC amanneɛbɔ bi ka sɛ: “Ɛda adi sɛ wɔn a kyakyatow aka wɔn hɔ mma de wɔn ho bɛhyɛ abrabɔ bɔne te sɛ sigaretnom, asanom, ne nnubɔnenom mu, na wɔn ankasa betumi abɛyɛ wɔn a kyakyatow aka wɔn hɔ.” Amanneɛbɔ no bɔ kɔkɔ nso sɛ “wɔn a wɔadu mpanyin afe so a wɔtow kyakya betumi abɛyɛ nkurɔfo a kyakyatow aka wɔn hɔ sen mpanyimfo ankasa.”

Ɔbenfo Howard J. Shaffer, a ɔyɛ Harvard Aduyɛ Adesuabea a Ɛyɛ Adeyɛ a Ɛka Obi Hɔ Ho Nhwehwɛmu kwankyerɛfo no ka sɛ: “Anyɛ yiye koraa no adanse pii wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ kyakyatow a mmara mma ho kwan a mmabun de wɔn ho hyɛ mu ne dodow a mmara ma ho kwan no reyɛ ayɛ pɛ.” Bere a ebetumi aba sɛ wɔn a wɔtow kyakya tra so de Intanɛt nyansahu mu nimdeɛ di dwuma wɔ ɔkwammɔne so no, Ɔbenfo no ka sɛ: “Sɛnea cocaine a ano yɛ den a wɔnom de nsakrae baa cocaine nom mu no, saa ara na migye di sɛ ɛlɛtrɔnik bɛsesa ɔkwan a wɔfa so tow kyakya no.”

Wɔtaa ka kyakyatow ho asɛm sɛ agodie bi a asiane biara nnim. Nanso wɔ wɔn a wɔadu mpanyin afe so fam no, kyakyatow betumi ayɛ biribi a ɛka obi hɔ te sɛ nnubɔnenom na ebetumi akowie abrabɔ bɔne mu. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ United Kingdom daa no adi sɛ wɔn a wɔadu mpanyin afe so a wɔtow kyakya no “ɔha mu 46 na wowia wɔn abusuafo” de tow kyakya.

Ɛmfa ho nea yɛaka ho asɛm dedaw no, kyakyatow a agye din fekuw bi hyɛ kyakyatow ho nkuran denam eyi a ɛka so: “Amerikafo mu dodow a wɔtow kyakya no nhyia ɔhaw ɔkwan biara so.” Sɛ mpo wote nka sɛ kyakyatow nka wo sikasɛm anaa w’akwahosan ɔkwammɔne so a, ɔkwan bɛn so na kyakyatow ka wo honhom fam akwahosan? So ntease pa bi wɔ hɔ nti a ɛsɛ sɛ wokwati kyakyatow? Asɛm a edi hɔ no besusuw nsɛmmisa yi ho.

[Ase hɔ asɛm]

[Adaka/Mfonini wɔ kratafa 4, 5]

So Mewɔ Kyakyatow Ho Haw?

Sɛnea Amerika Adwenem Ayaresa Fekuw kyerɛ no, nsɛm a edidi so a ɛwɔ kratafa 5 no betumi ama wɔahu sɛ obi wɔ kyakyatow ho haw (ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ no kyakyatow a ɛka obi hɔ). Nnuruyɛfo pii gye tom sɛ, sɛ woda su ahorow a edidi so yi mu biako adi a, na woyɛ obi a ɔwɔ kyakyatow ho haw, na sɛ wowɔ su ahorow yi bi a, ebetumi ama woabɛyɛ obi a ɔtow kyakya tra so.

Egye w’adwene Woma kyakyatow gye w’adwene—wopɛ sɛ wosan de wo ho hyɛ kyakyatow mu sɛ kan no, woyɛ nhyehyɛe ma kyakyatow a edi hɔ, anaa wudwennwen akwan a wobɛfa so anya sika de atow kyakya ho.

Wowɔ ɛho koma Wuhia sɛ wode sika a ɛkɔ anim tow kyakya na ama woanya anigye a wohwehwɛ no.

Gyae a wubegyae Wo ho yeraw wo anaa wo bo fuw bere a wopɛ sɛ wotew kyakyatow so anaa wugyae kyakyatow no.

Ɔkwan a wode fi ɔhaw mu Wotow kyakya sɛ ɔkwan a wobɛfa so afi ɔhaw ahorow bi mu anaa ɔkwan a wode beyi wo ho afi abasamtu, afobu, dadwen, anaa adwenemhaw mu.

Wudi akyi Bere a woahwere sika wɔ kyakyatow mu no, wotaa kɔtow kyakya bio da a edi hɔ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wubenya nea woahwere no. Wɔfrɛ saa su no nea obi ahwere a odi akyi.

Atorodi Wudi atoro kyerɛ abusuafo, ayaresafo, anaa afoforo de kata baabi a wode wo ho hyɛ kyakyatow mu kodu so.

Wuntumi nhyɛ wo ho so Woabɔ mmɔden mpɛn pii sɛ wubegyae kyakyatow, wubedi so, anaa wobɛtew so nanso ɛnyɛ yiye.

Nneyɛe a etia mmara Woato mmara, te sɛ amimdi, korɔnbɔ, anaa adwumam sikadi sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wubenya sika de atow kyakya.

Asɛe abusuabɔ titiriw bi Woasɛe abusuabɔ titiriw bi a wowɔ anaa woahwere nhomasua anaa daakye hokwan bi a wubenya, anaa adwuma esiane kyakyatow nti.

Mmoa a wunya fi afoforo hɔ Wode wo ho ato afoforo so sɛ wobetua sika de ayi wo afi sikasɛm tebea a enye a kyakyatow ama woaba mu mu.

[Asɛm Fibea]

Fibea: National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Gemini Research, and The Lewin Group.

[Adaka/Mfonini wɔ kratafa 7]

Nokwasɛm Ankasa a Ɛwɔ Kyakyatow Ho Dawurubɔ Mu

Nhwehwɛmufo a wɔwɔ Duke Sukuupɔn mu wɔ United States no amanneɛbɔ bi a wɔde kɔmaa Ɔman Asoɛe a Ɛyɛ Ɔhaw a Kyakyatow De Ba Ho Nhwehwɛmu no ka sɛ, “ebia wobebu kyakyatow ahorow . . . sɛ ɔbra pa ho ntetee, kyerɛ a wɔkyerɛ sɛ kyakyatow ye anaasɛ ɔbra pa ho dwumadi.” Nkɛntɛnso bɛn na kyakyatow ho dawuru a wɔbɔ no nya wɔ ɔman no so? Amanneɛbɔ no ka sɛ: “Ebetumi aba sɛ ɛnyɛ asɛm a wɔka gugu mu sɛ kyakyatow ho dawuru a wɔbɔ no sɛe nneɛma—ɛkyerɛ sɛ nkonimdi no gyina aba ko a wɔpaw so. ‘Ntetee’ bɔne yi a kyakyatow asoɛe hyɛ ho nkuran no betumi anya nkɛntɛnso bɔne ama sika a aban no nya so atew nkakrankakra, denam asetra mu nkɔso a ɛso bɛtew so. Sɛ yɛbɛka no pen a, sɛ kyakyatow ho nkuran a wɔhyɛ sɛe adwumayɛ, sikasɛm, ne obi ankasa nhomasua ne ntetee a, ɛde nkakrankakra bɛsɛe mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ wobenya nkɔso no. Sɛnea ɛte biara no, hwɛ a wɔbɛhwɛ nkonimdi kwan anwonwakwan so no nyɛ ade a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛde kyerɛkyerɛ yɛn mma.”

[Adaka/Mfonini wɔ kratafa 8]

Beae a Wɔtow Kyakya Wɔ Ofie Biara Mu

Sɛ anka wɔbɛbɔ ka de asisi kyakyatow adan foforo no, seesei kyakyatow ahyehyɛde ahorow no abuebue Intanɛt afã bi a ofie biara betumi adan akɔ hɔ akɔtow kyakya. Wɔ 1990 mfe no mfinimfini no, na kyakyatow afã bɛyɛ 25 na ɛwɔ Intanɛt so. Wɔ 2001 mu no, na afã no boro 1,200, na sika a wonya wɔ Intanɛt so kyakyatow mu no bu bɔ ho abien wɔ afe biara mu. Wɔ 1997 mu no, Intanɛt so kyakyatow ma wonyaa dɔla ɔpepem 300. Wɔ 1998 mu no, wonyaa nkɔanim dɔla ɔpepem 650. Reuters nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ ka sɛ, wɔ 2000 mu no, Intanɛt so kyakyatow ma wonyaa dɔla ɔpepepem 2.2, na “wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ” ebedu 2003 mu no, na akontaabu no “akɔ soro akodu dɔla ɔpepepem 6.4.”

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 6]

Ɔhaw a kyakyatow de ba no bi ne mmusua a wonni sika a wɔde tɔ aduan

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 7]

Kyakya a mmabun tow no rekɔ soro wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ hu so

[Mfonini wɔ kratafa 8]

Wɔn a kyakyatow aka wɔn hɔ mma nso bɛyɛ wɔn a wɔtow kyakya tra so