Adiyisɛm No—So Ɛsɛ Sɛ Yesuro Anaasɛ Yɛhwɛ Kwan?
“Ɛnnɛ, Adiyisɛm mu nsɛm no nyɛ Bible mu nsɛm kɛkɛ, na mmom abɛyɛ biribi a ebetumi asi ankasa.”—Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, kan Amanaman Nkabom kyerɛwfo panyin.
ASƐMFUA “adiyisɛm” a onipa a wagye din wɔ wiase no mu de dii dwuma no ma yehu sɛnea nkurɔfo pii te ase bere a wɔde di dwuma wɔ sini mu, nhoma akyi, nsɛmma nhoma mu, ne atesɛm krataa mu no. Ɛma wonya asiane a ebetumi ato amansan yi ho adwene. Nanso dɛn na asɛmfua “adiyisɛm” kyerɛ ankasa? Na nea ehia sɛ yesusuw ho sen biara no, asɛm bɛn na ɛwɔ Bible mu nhoma a wɔfrɛ no Adiyisɛm no mu?
Asɛmfua “adiyisɛm” no fi Hela asɛm a ɛkyerɛ “adiyi” anaa “oyikyerɛ” mu. Dɛn na woyii no adi anaa woyi kyerɛe wɔ Bible no Adiyisɛm no mu? So ɛyɛ ɔsɛe ho nsɛm nkutoo na ɛwom, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔnam so de ɔsɛe bɛba a obiara remfi mu nka? Bere a wobisaa abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Jean Delumeau a ɔyɛ Institut de France adesua fekuw no muni no adwene wɔ Adiyisɛm ho no, ɔkae sɛ: “Ɛyɛ nhoma a ɛma awerɛkyekye ne anidaso. Nkurɔfo agugu emu nsɛm no mu dodo denam emu nsɛm a ɛyɛ hu a wɔatwe adwene asi so dodo no so.”
Tete Asɔre no ne Adiyisɛm No
Ɔkwan bɛn so na tete “Kristofo” no buu Adiyisɛm no ne Kristo asase so Mfirihyia Apem Nniso no? Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo koro no ara kae sɛ: “Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ na mfeha kakra a edi kan no mu Kristofo no mu dodow no ara agye mfirihyia apem no atom. . . . Mfeha a edi kan no mu Kristofo a na wɔwɔ Mfirihyia Apem no mu gyidi no mu bi ne Papias a na ɔyɛ ɔsɔfopanyin wɔ Hierapolis a ɛwɔ Asia Kumaa, . . . Ɔhotefo Justin, a wɔwoo no wɔ Palestina a owuu mogya dansefo wu wɔ Roma wɔ bɛyɛ afe 165 mu, Ɔhotefo Irenæus a na ɔyɛ Ɔsɔfopanyin wɔ Lyons a owui wɔ afe 202 mu, Tertullian a owui wɔ afe 222 mu, . . . ne Lactantius a na onim akyerɛw yiye no.”
Ɛdefa Papias a wɔkyerɛ sɛ owuu mogya dansefo wu wɔ Pergamum wɔ afe 161 anaa 165 Y.B. ho no, The Catholic Encyclopedia ka sɛ: “Na Hierapolis sɔfopanyin Papias a ɔyɛ Ɔhotefo Yohane suani no yɛ mfirihyia apem kyigyinafo. Ɔkyerɛe sɛ onyaa ne nkyerɛkyerɛ no fii wɔn a wɔtraa ase wɔ Asomafo no mmere so no nkyɛn, na Irenæus ka sɛ, ‘mpanyimfo’ afoforo a wohuu osuani Yohane tiee no no nyaa mfirihyia apem no mu gyidi de kaa Awurade nkyerɛkyerɛ no ho. Sɛnea Eusebius kyerɛ no, . . . Papias kaa wɔ ne nhoma no mu sɛ Kristo mfirihyia apem anuonyam ahenni ankasa na ebedi awufo sɔre no akyi.”
Dɛn na eyi ma yehu wɔ nkɛntɛnso a Adiyisɛm nhoma no nyae wɔ tete gyidifo no so ho? So eyii wɔn hu anaasɛ ɛmaa wɔn anidaso? Anigyesɛm ne sɛ, abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo frɛ tete Kristofo no chiliasts, a efi Hela asɛmfua khiʹli·a eʹte (mfirihyia apem) no mu. Yiw, na wonim wɔn mu pii sɛ nkurɔfo a wogye Kristo Mfirihyia Apem Nniso a ɛde paradise tebea bɛba no di. Adiyisɛm no mu nkutoo na wɔhyɛ da ka mfirihyia apem anidaso no ho asɛm wɔ Bible mu. (20:1-7) Enti, sɛ́ anka ɛbɛma ehu aka gyidifo no, Adiyisɛm no maa wɔn anidaso a ɛyɛ anigye. Asɔre abakɔsɛm ho ɔbenfo a ɔwɔ Oxford, Cecil Cadoux kyerɛw wɔ ne nhoma The Early Church and the World mu sɛ: “Ɛwom sɛ awiei koraa no, wɔpoo mfirihyia apem gyidi no de, nanso na atra Asɔre no mu akyɛ, efisɛ na nhomakyerɛwfo a wobu wɔn paa na akyerɛkyerɛ wɔn.”
Nea Enti a Wɔpoo Adiyisɛm Mu Anidaso No
Esiane sɛ ɛyɛ abakɔsɛm mu nokwasɛm a wontumi nnye ho kyim sɛ na tete Kristofo no mu fã kɛse no ara gye Kristo Mfirihyia Apem Nniso a ebedi paradise asase so di nti, ɛyɛɛ dɛn na awiei koraa no, “wɔpoo mfirihyia apem ho adwene” no? Na nsɛm a wɔka fa ho no bi wɔ nnyinaso, efisɛ sɛnea nhomanimfo Robert Mounce kae no, ‘ɛyɛ awerɛhow sɛ wɔn a wogye mfirihyia apem di no mu dodow no ara susuw nneɛma ho kɔɔ akyiri dodo kaa nneɛma a wobenya wɔ hɔ no ho asɛm ma ɛboroo so.” Nanso na anka wobetumi ateɛteɛ adwene a wɔn a na wɔyɛ katee no kura a na ɛho renhia sɛ wɔpo Mfirihyia Apem anidaso no.
Ɔkwan a atamfo no faa so brɛɛ mfirihyia apem mu gyidi ase no yɛ nwonwa ampa. Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique no ka Roman sɔfo Caius (ɔtraa ase afeha a ɛto so abien no awiei kosii afeha a ɛto so abiɛsa no mfiase) ho asɛm sɛ, “nea ɛbɛyɛ na wasɛe mfirihyia apem mu gyidi no, ɔpoo nokware a Adiyisɛm no ne Ɔhotefo Yohane Asɛmpa no yɛ no koraa.” Dictionnaire yi kɔ so ka sɛ Dionysius, a afeha a ɛto so abiɛsa na ɔyɛ Alexandria sɔfopanyin no kyerɛw mmara bi tiaa mfirihyia apem mu gyidi no sɛ, “nea ɛbɛyɛ na ɔremma wɔn a wokura saa adwene yi mfa wɔn gyidi no nnyina Ɔhotefo Yohane Adiyisɛm so no, wantwentwɛn ne nan ase koraa sɛ ɔbɛbɔ nokware a ɛyɛ no agu.” Ɔsɔretia a emu yɛ den a wɔde baa asase so nhyira horow a na mfirihyia apem anidaso no de bɛba so no bunkam nkɛntɛnso kɛse a na anya wɔ nyamekyerɛfo so saa bere no so.
Ɔbenfo Norman Cohn kyerɛw wɔ ne nhoma The Pursuit of the Millennium mu sɛ: “Afeha a ɛto so abiɛsa no na wodii kan bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛbɔ mfirihyia apem mu anidaso no agu bere a Origen, a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na ɔwɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse sen nyamekyerɛfo a na wɔwɔ tete Asɔre no mu no fii ase kaa Ahenni no ho asɛm sɛ, ɛnyɛ ade a ɛbɛba ankasa, na mmom ɛwɔ gyidifo mu no.” Origen annyina Bible no so, na mmom ɔde ne ho too Hela nyansahu so sɛee asase so anidaso a ɛyɛ anigye a wobenya wɔ Mesia Ahenni ase no, ma ɛbɛdan “biribi” a wontumi nte ase “a ɛwɔ gyidifo komam.” Katolek nhoma kyerɛwfo Léon Gry kyerɛwee sɛ: “Hela nyansapɛ a na agye ntini . . . no de nkakrankakra sɛee Mfirihyia apem ho adwene no.”
“Asɔre no Nka Anidaso Ho Asɛm Bio”
Akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ, Augustine ne Asɔre Agya a ɔde Hela nyansapɛ fraa nea na saa bere no ɛne Kristosom di nsɛ ara kwa no mu. Awiei koraa no, obi a na kan no wagye mfirihyia apem no agyina mu denneennen no bɔɔ Kristo asase so Mfirihyia Apem Nniso no gui koraa. Ɔdanee Adiyisɛm ti 20 ani koraa.
The Catholic Encyclopedia ka sɛ: “Awiei koraa no, Augustine kuraa gyidi a ɛne sɛ mfirihyia apem biara remma no mu. . . . Ɔka wɔ ti a edi kan no mu sɛ, owusɔre a edi kan no gyina hɔ ma wo a wɔwo obi wɔ honhom fam wɔ asubɔ mu no; abakɔsɛm mu mfirihyia mpemnsia akyi mfirihyia apem homeda no nyinaa ne daa nkwa no.” The New Encyclopædia Britannica ka sɛ: “Augustine mfirihyia apem adwenkyerɛ a asete yɛ den no bɛyɛɛ asɔre no nkyerɛkyerɛ titiriw . . . Protestant Asesɛwfo a wɔyɛ Lutheranfo, Calvinfo ne Anglikanfo no . . . gyinaa Augustine adwenkyerɛ no akyi denneennen. Ne saa nti, wɔmaa mfirihyia apem anidaso no bɔɔ Kristoman asɔre ahorow no mufo no.
Bio nso, sɛnea Sweden nyamekyerɛfo Frédéric de Rougemont kyerɛ no, ɛdenam mfirihyia apem ahenni no mu gyidi a na Augustine kura kan a ɔpoe so no, [Augustine] dii Asɔre no awu kɛse. Ɛdenam tumi a na ne din wɔ no nti, ɔmaa mfomso a ɛmaa [Asɔre] no hweree asase so anidaso no ho kwan.” German nyamekyerɛfo Adolf Harnack kae sɛ Mfirihyia Apem no mu gyidi a wɔpoe no amma mpapahwekwaa no “ante wɔn som ase,” ma wɔde “gyidi foforo a wɔnte ase” sii “gyidi ne anidaso dedaw a na wɔte ase no ananmu.” Asɔre ahorow a ɛwɔ aman pii so a emu nnipa asa no di adanse pefee sɛ nkurɔfo hia gyidi ne anidaso a wobetumi ate ase.
Bible ho ɔbenfo George Beasley-Murray kyerɛw wɔ ne nhoma Highlights of the Book of Revelation no mu sɛ: “Esiane nkɛntɛnso kɛse a na Augustine wɔ, ne gye a sum ase akuw binom gyee mfirihyia apem no toom no nti, Katolekfo ne Protestanfo aka wɔn ti apam ho abɔ agu. Bere a wobisabisaa wɔn anidaso foforo a wɔwɔ ma nnipa nnɛ no, mmuae a mpanyimfo no de mae ne sɛ: Ebi nni hɔ koraa. Sɛ Kristo ba a, wɔbɛsɛe wiase na abue kwan ama ɔsoro asetra ne hell a enni awiei, na ama yɛn werɛ afi kan nneɛma no. . . . Asɔre no nka wɔn anidaso ho asɛm bio.”
Adiyisɛm mu Anidaso a Ɛyɛ Anigye no Da So Ara Wɔ Hɔ!
Wɔ Yehowa Adansefo fam no, wogye di sɛ Mfirihyia apem no mu bɔhyɛ ahorow a ɛyɛ anigye no bɛbam. Bere a wobisabisaa Franseni abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Jean Delumeau nsɛm wɔ Fransefo television dwumadi bi a n’asɛmti ne “Afe 2000: Adiyisɛm Ho Suro” mu no, ɔkae sɛ: “Yehowa Adansefo redi wɔn a na wokura mfirihyia apem gyidi mu no anammɔn akyi pɛɛ, efisɛ wɔka sɛ ɛrenkyɛ . . . akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ yɛbɛfa basabasayɛ mu—na yɛahyɛn mfirihyia 1,000 a anigye wom mu.”
Eyi pɛpɛɛpɛ ne nea ɔsomafo Yohane hui wɔ anisoadehu a wɔaka ho asɛm wɔ Adiyisɛm no mu. Ɔkyerɛwee sɛ: “Mihuu ɔsoro foforo ne asase foforo . . . Na metee nne kɛse bi fi ahengua no mu a ese: Hwɛ Onyankopɔn ntamadan wɔ nnipa mu, na ɔbɛtra mu wɔ wɔn mu, na wayɛ ne man, na Onyankopɔn ankasa ne wɔn bɛtra. Na ɔbɛpopa wɔn aniwam nusu nyinaa. Na owu nni hɔ bio, na awerɛhow ne osu ne ɛyaw bi nni hɔ bio, efisɛ kan nneɛma no atwam.”—Adiyisɛm 21:1, 3, 4.
Yehowa Adansefo reyɛ wiase nyinaa Bible nkyerɛkyerɛ adwuma na ama nnipa dodow biara a wobetumi anya saa anidaso yi. Wɔn ani begye sɛ wɔbɛboa wo ma woanya ho nimdeɛ pii.
[Kratafa 6 mfonini]
Papias kyerɛe sɛ onyaa Mfirihyia Apem nkyerɛkyerɛ no fii asomafo no bere sofo no nkyɛn tẽẽ
[Kratafa 7 mfonini]
Ná Tertullian gye Kristo Mfirihyia Apem Nniso no di
[Asɛm Fibea]
Cliché Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris
[Kratafa 7 mfonini]
“Ɛdenam mfirihyia apem ahenni no mu gyidi a na [Augustine] wɔ kan a ɔpoe so no, odii Asɔre no awu kɛse”
[Kratafa 8 mfonini]
Paradise asase a wɔhyɛɛ ho bɔ wɔ Adiyisɛm mu no yɛ biribi a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛde anigye hwɛ kwan