Ko Te Fakamāuʼi ʼo Te Evolisio

ʼE kole ʼi te temi nei e te hahaʼi ʼaē ʼe lagolago ki te evolisio ke toe fai he sivisivi katoa ʼo ʼuhiga mo te kamataʼaga ʼo te maʼuli ʼaki te ʼu ‘matières organiques’

KOUTOU fakakaukauʼi age muʼa, ka na pau la neʼe ko koutou ko he tuʼi fakamāu ki te kau fai fakapō ʼi he telepinale. ʼE tala fakahagatonu e ia ʼaē neʼe tukugakoviʼi, ʼe mole hala ia, pea ʼe ʼōmai te kau fakamoʼoni ke nātou lagolago kia ia. Kae, ʼi takotou fagono ʼaē ki tanatou ʼu fakamatala, ʼe koutou fakatokagaʼi ʼe fefakafeagaiʼaki pe ʼihi kau fakamoʼoni ia ki te tahi age kau fakamoʼoni. Koia, ʼi te temi ʼaē ʼe pāui ai te kau fakamoʼoni ʼo ia ʼaē neʼe tukugakoviʼi ke nātou ʼolo age ʼo fakamahino tanatou manatu, ʼe fetogi tanatou ʼu hisitolia. ʼI tokotou ʼuhiga tuʼi fakamāu, ʼe koutou faka maʼuhigaʼi anai koa tanatou ʼu fakamatala? ʼE koutou holi anai koa ke koutou fakamolemole kia ia ʼaē neʼe tukugakoviʼi? ʼE mahino ia, ʼe kailoa ia, mai tona ʼaluʼaga ʼaē ko te ʼu fetokehekeheʼaki ʼo te ʼu fakamatala ʼa te kau fakamoʼoni ʼe fakatupu kovi ia ki te fealagia ʼaē ke tonu ia ia ʼaē neʼe tukugakoviʼi.

ʼE toe feiā pe te ʼaluʼaga ʼo te akonaki ʼo ʼuhiga mo te evolisio. Ko he tuʼuga kau fakamoʼoni neʼe ʼōmai ʼo fakamatala he ʼu hisitolia kehekehe ʼo ʼuhiga mo te kamataʼaga ʼo te maʼuli, ʼo nātou lagolago ki te akonaki ʼo te evolisio. Kae ʼi te sivisivi fakalelei ʼo tanatou ʼu fakamatala, ʼe hā ʼaki mai anai koa, ʼe ko he fakamatala ʼe tāu mo te falala? ʼE felogoi koa te ʼu fakamatala ʼa nātou ʼaē ʼe lagolago ki te akonaki ʼaia?

Ko He Fakamatala ʼe Fakafeagai

Neʼe feafeaʼi te kamata ʼo te maʼuli? E lagi neʼe mole ʼi ai he tahi age fehuʼi, neʼe ina lagaʼi he ʼu mahalohalo pea mo ni ʼu talaga, ʼe lahi ake ʼi te fehuʼi ʼaia. Kae, ʼe mole gata pe te fihi ʼi te fakafeagai ʼa te evolisio ki te fakatupu; ko te koga tāfito ʼo te fihi ʼe hoko ia, ʼi te lotolotoiga ʼo te hahaʼi tonu ʼaē ʼe nātou lagolago ki te evolisio. Ko te meʼa ʼaē ʼe hā mai, ko te ʼu faʼahi fuli ʼo te evolisio ʼaē ʼe fihiʼi ʼaupito—pe neʼe feafeaʼi tana hoko, pe neʼe kamata ʼifea, ko ai peʼe koteā ʼaē neʼe ina faka kamata, pea ko taʼu e fia neʼe fakamaʼua ki te fakahoko ʼo te faʼahi ʼaia.

Talu mai he temi loaloaga, ki te hahaʼi ʼaē ʼe lagolago ki te evolisio ko te maʼuli neʼe kamata ʼi he vai māfana ʼi he “supa” organique. Ki ʼihi ʼi te temi nei ʼe nātou tui neʼe feala ke fakatupu e te fiho ʼo te moana ia te maʼuli. Ki te manatu ʼa ʼihi kau popoto ko te koga meʼa ʼaē neʼe kamata ai te maʼuli ko te ʼu matapuna vai vela ʼo te lalo tai. Ko ʼihi ʼe nātou ʼui ko te ʼu faʼahiga maʼuli fuli neʼe ʼōmai ʼi te ʼu kogaʼi fetuʼu ʼaē neʼe fetōki ki te kele. ʼE ʼui maʼa ʼihi e lagi neʼe fetōki he ʼu kiʼi kogaʼi fetuʼu ki te kele ʼo nātou fetogi te ʼaele, ʼo fakatupu ʼaki ai te mauli. ʼE ʼui e te tagata ko tana gāue ko te kumi ʼo te ʼu faʼahi ʼaia: “Koutou lī he kogaʼi fetuʼu ukamea ki te kele, pea ʼe mahino papau ia ʼe ʼi ai anai he ʼu meʼa lelei ʼe feala ke hoko.”

Kua toe vakavakaʼi foki mo te ʼu ʼaluʼaga ʼaē neʼe kamata ai te maʼuli. ʼE fakahā e te nusipepa (ʼaē ko te Time), “neʼe mole kamata te maʼuli ʼi te tokalelei, ʼi he ʼu ʼaluʼaga ʼe maui mālie, ohage ko tona ʼui ʼuluaki, kae neʼe kamata ʼaki he lagi ʼe tatau mo te ʼifeli pea mo he kele neʼe gaohi koviʼi e te ʼu paʼulu ʼo te ʼu punaʼaga afi pea neʼe nofo tuʼania ia ki te ʼu comètes pea mo te ʼu kogaʼi fetuʼu.” ʼE ʼui ʼi te temi nei e ʼihi kau popoto, ko te fetogi katoa neʼe hoko ia lolotoga he temi ʼe nounou age ʼi te temi ʼaē neʼe ʼui ʼi te temi ʼaē.

ʼE toe kehekehe foki pea mo te manatu ʼa te kau popoto ʼo ʼuhiga mo te ʼAtua—“Kapau ʼe ʼi ai moʼoni he ʼatua”—neʼe koteā tona tuʼulaga ʼo ʼuhiga mo te kamataʼaga ʼo te maʼuli. Ko ʼihi ʼe nātou ʼui neʼe mole kau te Tupuʼaga ki tona fakatupu, kae ʼe ʼui maʼa ʼihi neʼe kamata e te ʼAtua te fetogi ʼo ina tuku leva ki te evolisio ke ina hoko atu te hoholo pe ʼo te maʼuli.

ʼAki te kua kamata ʼo te maʼuli, neʼe hoko feafeaʼi te evolisio? Māʼiape la mo te ʼu faʼahi ʼaia, ʼe fefakafeagai te ʼu hisitolia. ʼI te 1958, hili pe te sēkulō e tahi ki te tā ʼo te tohi (The Origin of Species), neʼe ʼui e te tagata ʼaē lagolago ki te evolisio ko Sir Julian Huxley: “Ko te meʼa maʼuhiga ʼaupito ʼaē neʼe maʼu e Darwin, te lao faka malamanei ʼo ʼuhiga mo te sélection naturelle (ʼi te hoholo ʼo te temi ko nātou pe ʼaē ʼe mālohi age ʼaē ʼe maʼuʼuli), ʼe kua tuʼu mālohi ia pea mo talu ʼosi ai ia ohage ko te meʼa gāue tāfito ʼo te fetogi lahi ʼaē neʼe hoko ʼi te evolisio.” Kae, hili kiai taʼu e ʼuafulu-ma-fā, neʼe tohi e Michael Ruse ko te tagata ʼe lagolago ki te evolisio: “ ʼE ʼāsili age pe te kaugamālie ʼo te hahaʼi ʼe nātou ako te maʼuli . . . ʼe nātou ʼui ko te akonaki ʼo ʼuhiga mo te evolisio ʼaē ʼe fakatafito ki te ʼu pelesepeto ʼa Darwin—tāfito te akonaki ʼaē ʼe ina ʼui ko te sélection naturelle ko te tupuʼaga ʼo te ʼu fetogi ʼaē ʼe hoko ʼi te evolisio—ʼe hala ʼaupito ia.”

Ko te nusipepa ʼaē ko te (Time), logope la tana ʼui ʼaē ʼe “lahi te ʼu fakamoʼoni mālohi” ʼe lagolago ki te akonaki ʼo ʼuhiga mo te evolisio, kae ʼe ina toe ʼui pe foki ko te evolisio ʼe ko he tuʼuga fakamatala ia ʼe mahino gataʼa ʼo maʼu ai “te tuʼuga vaivaiʼaga pea mo te tuʼuga akonaki ʼe fefakafeagaiʼaki ʼo ʼuhiga mo te lava feafeaʼi ʼaē ke maʼu ʼo te ʼu koga ʼaē ʼe puli.” ʼI te temi nei, ʼo mole ʼui ke nātou tukuʼaki kua ʼosi te talanoa ki te faʼahi ʼaia, ko ʼihi ia nātou ʼaē ʼe lagolago mālohi ki te evolisio ʼe nātou kole ke toe fai he sivisivi lahi ʼo ʼuhiga mo te haʼu ʼa te maʼuli mai te ʼu matières organiques.

Koia, ko te fakamoʼoni ʼo ʼuhiga mo te evolisio—tāfito ʼo ʼuhiga mo te kamataʼaga ʼo te maʼuli ʼo mulimuli pe ki te evolisio—ʼe mole fakatafito ia ki he fakamatala ʼe maui mālie. ʼE fakatokagaʼi e te tagata poto ʼaē ko T. H. Janabi ko nātou ʼaē ʼe lagolago ki te evolisio “neʼe nātou fakatuputupu pea mo tukunoa te ʼu tuʼuga akonaki loi ʼo ʼuhiga mo te evolisio lolotoga he temi loaloaga pea ʼe mole pe la heʼeki feala ki te kau popoto ke nātou felogoi ki he akonaki pe e tahi.”

ʼE feala ke tou fakatokagaʼi, neʼe sio fakatomuʼa ia Charles Darwin ki te fihi ʼaia. ʼI te ʼu ʼuluaki palalau ʼo te tohi (The Origin of Species), neʼe ina tohi fēnei: “ ʼE ʼau mataku naʼa fokifā, ko he puani ʼe matanoa ʼe talanoa kiai te tohi nei ʼo ʼuhiga mo te ʼu meʼa neʼe hoko kae ʼe mole feala ke ʼaumai kiai he ʼu fakamoʼoni, ʼe ina taki ʼihi ki ni ʼu tonu pe ko ni ʼu manatu fakaʼosi ʼe fakafeagai ki te ʼu meʼa ʼaē neʼe ʼau maʼu.”

ʼI tona fakahagatonu, ko te taʼi fakamatala fakafeagai ʼaia ʼe ina lagaʼi he ʼu tuʼuga fehuʼi ohage ko te moʼoni ʼo te akonaki ʼo te evolisio.

Ko Te Evolisio ʼe Ko Te Filifili Koa ʼAia ʼa Te Hahaʼi ʼAtamai?

ʼE ʼui e te tohi (Milestones of History), talu mai tona kamata, ko te akonaki ʼo ʼuhiga mo te evolisio “neʼe tali lelei e te tokolahi koteʼuhi ʼe mata moʼoni age ia ʼi te faʼahi faka scientifique ʼi te akonaki ʼo ʼuhiga mo he fakatupu makehe.”

Tahi ʼaē meʼa, ko te ʼu fakamatala ʼa te hahaʼi ʼaē ʼe lagolago ki te evolisio, ʼaē ʼe ʼui ʼe mole kei feala hona toe fetogi, ʼe feala pe ke nātou fakatupu te tuʼania ʼi niʼihi. Ohage la, ko te ʼui ʼa te tagata poto ko H. S. Shelton ko te akonaki ʼo ʼuhiga mo te fakatupu makehe ʼe “faka galivale fau ia ke fakatokagaʼi fakamalotoloto.” ʼE ʼui fakahagatonu e te tagata ʼe ina ako te maʼuli ko Richard Dawkins: “Kapau ʼe koutou felāveʼi mo he tahi ʼe ina fakahā atu ʼe mole tui ia ki te evolisio, ko te tagata ʼaia ʼe mole ina ʼiloʼi ia hana meʼa, ʼe vale ia peʼe mole lelei tana fakakaukau.” ʼO toe feiā aipe, ʼe ʼui e te polofesea ko René Dubos: “ ʼI te temi nei ko te hahaʼi ʼaē ʼe ʼatamai ʼaupito ʼe nātou tali ohage ko he fakamoʼoni te ʼui ʼaē ko meʼa fuli ʼi te ʼatulaulau tokalelei—mai te ʼu faʼahiga meʼa ʼo te lagi ki te ʼu hahaʼi—ʼe fetogi ia pea ʼe kei hoholo atu pe tana fetogi ʼaki te evolisio.”

ʼAki te ʼu palalau ʼaia, ʼe hage mai ia ko he tahi pe, ʼe ia te ia he faʼahiga ʼatamai ʼaē ʼe ina tali fakalelei anai te evolisio. ʼE mahino ia, ʼaki hana mulimuli ki te faʼahi ʼaia, ʼe ʼui anai ʼo ʼuhiga mo ia ʼe ko he tahi ʼe “ ʼatamai,” ʼe mole “vale” ia. Kae, ʼe ʼi ai te ʼu tagata pea mo te ʼu fafine neʼe lelei ʼaupito ʼosi tanatou ako ʼe mole nātou lagolago ki te akonaki ʼo ʼuhiga mo te evolisio. ʼE tohi e Francis Hitching ʼi tana tohi (The Neck of the Giraffe), “ ʼe lahi te kau popoto neʼe ʼau maʼu ʼe nonofo mo tanatou ʼu mahalohalo, pea neʼe toe ʼui e te tahi age kūtuga ko te akonaki ʼa Darwin ʼo ʼuhiga mo te evolisio ʼe mole ko he akonaki scientifique ia.”

Ko Chandra Wickramasinghe, ʼe ko he tagata poto ʼe logona ʼaupito mai Pilitania ʼe toe feiā mo tana manatu. “ ʼE mole ʼi ai he fakamoʼoni ke fakatafito kiai te ʼu akonaki tāfito ʼo te evolisio ʼa Darwin,” ko tana ʼui ʼaia. “Neʼe ko he mālohi faka sosiale ʼaē neʼe pule ki te malamanei ʼi te taʼu 1860, pea ʼi taku manatu ko he faʼahi neʼe fua kovi ʼaupito ki te science talu mai ai.”

Neʼe kumi ke mahino ia T. H. Janabi ki te ʼu fakamoʼoni ʼaē neʼe fakahā e nātou ʼaē ʼe lagolago ki te evolisio. ʼE ina ʼui fēnei, “ko te meʼa ʼaē neʼe ʼau maʼu ko te kehekehe ʼaupito ʼo te faʼahi ʼaia pea mo te meʼa ʼaē ʼe faigaʼi e tatou ke tou tui kiai. Ko te fakamoʼoni ʼe siʼisiʼi fau pea ʼe mavetevete fau ke feala he fakatafito kiai he akonaki faigataʼa ohage ko te kamataʼaga ʼo te maʼuli.”

Koia, ko nātou ʼaē ʼe fakafeagai ki te akonaki ʼo ʼuhiga mo te evolisio ʼe mole tonu anai ke tuku keheʼi nātou ohage “ ʼe mole nātou ʼiloʼi he meʼa, ʼe nātou vavale peʼe mole lelei tanatou fakakaukau.” ʼI tana fakatokagaʼi te ʼu manatu ʼaē ʼe fakafifihi ki te evolisio, māʼiape la mo George Gaylord Simpson ko he tagata ʼe lagolago ʼaupito ki te evolisio neʼe ina ʼui totonu: “ ʼE mahino papau ia ʼe ko he hala anai ia te mole fakatokagaʼi ʼo te ʼu manatu ʼaia ʼo kataʼi peʼe fakalainoaʼi nātou. Ko nātou ʼaē neʼe fakafeagai (pea mo kei lolotoga fakafeagai pe) ki te evolisio ko te kau popoto pea ko he kau ako ʼe ʼatamai.”

ʼE Ko He Meʼa Ia ʼe Fakalogo Ki Te Tui

Ko ʼihi ʼe nātou ʼui ko te tui ʼaē ki te evolisio ʼe fakatafito ki te ʼu fakamoʼoni, kae ʼe fakatafito te fakatupu ia ki te tui. ʼE moʼoni neʼe heʼeki sio he tagata ki te ʼAtua. (Soane 1:18; vakaʼi mo 2 Kolonito 5:7.) Kae, ʼi te faʼahi ʼaia ʼe mole siasiaʼa age te akonaki ʼo te evolisio koteʼuhi ʼe fakatafito ia ki he ʼu ʼaluʼaga neʼe heʼeki sio mata kiai he tagata pe neʼe feala ke ina toe faʼifaʼitakiʼi.

Ohage la, neʼe mole heʼeki sisio te kau popoto ki ni ʼu mutations—māʼiape la mo he ʼu mutations ʼe fua manuʼia—ko te meʼa ʼaia ʼe ina fakatupu ni ʼu faʼahiga maʼuli ʼe foʼou; kae kua mahino papau ia ki te kau popoto ʼe feiā te fakatupu ʼo te ʼu faʼahiga maʼuli foʼou. Neʼe mole heʼeki nātou maʼu ni ʼu fakamoʼoni ki te hākoga ʼo te maʼuli ʼe tupu fakafokifā; kae ʼe nātou ʼui mālohi aipe neʼe feiā te kamata ʼo te maʼuli.

ʼAki te mole maʼu ʼo ni ʼu fakamoʼoni ki te akonaki ʼo te evolisio, ʼe fakahigoaʼi e T. H. Janabi te akonaki ʼo te evolisio “ko he ‘tui’ ʼātea pe ia.” ʼE fakahigoaʼi e te physicien ko Fred Hoyle “ko te Evaselio ʼa Darwin.” ʼE mālohi age te ʼu talanoa ia ʼa te tōketā ko Evan Shute. ʼE ina ʼui fēnei: “ ʼE hage mai kia ʼau ʼe ʼataʼata age te ʼu misitelio ʼaē ʼe tonu ke fakamahino e te kau Créationnistes ʼi te ʼu misitelio ʼa nātou ʼaē ʼe kau fakamalotoloto ki te evolisio.”

Ko te tahi age kau popoto ʼe nātou tonu tahi pea mo ia. “ ʼI taku vakaʼi te natula ʼo te tagata,” ʼe fakahā fakahagatonu e te tagata ʼaē ʼe ina akoʼi te ʼu fetuʼu ko Robert Jastrow, “ko te tupu ʼa te tagata mai te ʼu meʼa faka chimiques neʼe maʼu ʼi he vai māfana ʼe ʼāsili age tana hage mai ko he milakulo ohage ko te fakamatala faka Tohi-Tapu ʼo ʼuhiga mo te fakatupu ʼo te tagata.”

Koia, he koʼe koa ʼe fakafisi te tokolahi ki te manatu ʼaē ko te maʼuli neʼe fakatupu?

[Paki ʼo te pasina 3]

Ko te ʼu fakamatala ʼa ʼihi, ʼe ʼui ʼe mole feala ke fetogi, ʼe feala pe ke nātou fakamatakuʼi niʼihi