“Te Fineʼaliki Lauʼulu ʼUli ʼo Te Toafa ʼo Silia”

NEʼE kili ʼuli, ko tona ʼu nifo neʼe hage ko te ʼu mataʼi tofe hihina pea ko tona ʼu mata neʼe ʼuʼuli pea mo gigila. Neʼe lelei tana ako pea neʼe poto ʼaupito ʼi te ʼu lea. Neʼe lau ko te fineʼaliki tau ʼaia neʼe lahi age tona poto ia Cléopâtre pea neʼe lagi tatau tonā finemui. ʼI tana tauʼi ʼaki he lototoʼa te pule faka malamanei ʼo tona temi, neʼe ina fakahoko te lea fakakikite ʼo te Tohi-Tapu. ʼO fualoa ʼi te hili ʼo tona mate, neʼe kei vikiʼi ia ia e te ʼu hahaʼi faitohi pea neʼe fai e te hahaʼi pena te ʼu paki ʼo tona finemui. Neʼe ʼui e te tagata fai tuketuke ʼo te 19 sēkulō, neʼe “ko te fineʼaliki lauʼulu ʼuli ʼo te toafa ʼo Silia.” Ko te fafine ʼaē neʼe vikiʼi feiā ʼe ko Zénobie, te fineʼaliki ʼo te kolo Silia ko Palmyre.

Neʼe feafeaʼi te maʼu tuʼulaga ʼo Zénobie? Koteā te ʼaluʼaga faka politike ʼo te temi ʼaia ʼaē neʼe iku ai ki tana maʼu te pule? Koteā ʼaē ʼe feala ke ʼui ʼo ʼuhiga mo tona ʼulugaaga? Pea koteā te lea fakakikite ʼaē neʼe fakahoko e te fineʼaliki ʼaia? Tou vakaʼi muʼa te potu fenua ʼaē neʼe hoko ai te ʼu meʼa ʼaia.

He Kolo ʼi Te Tuʼakoi ʼo Te Toafa

Neʼe tuʼu ia Palmyre, te kolo ʼa Zénobie, ia kilometa e 210 ʼi te potu tokelau-hahake ʼo Tamaso, ʼi te tuʼakoi ʼo te potu tokelau ʼo te Toafa ʼo Silia, ʼi te potu ʼaē ʼe mahifo ai te ʼu Moʼuga Anti-Liban ki te telea mālalo. Ko te kolo ʼaia ʼo Palmyre, neʼe tuʼu ʼi te vaelua ʼo te ala ʼi te vaha ʼo Te Tai Metitelanea ʼi te Potu Hihifo pea mo te Vaitafe ʼo Eufalate ʼi te Potu Hahake. Lagi neʼe ʼiloʼi e te Hau ko Salomone te kolo ʼaia ʼi tona higoa ko Tadmor, ko he potu maʼuhiga ki tona puleʼaga ʼuhi ko faʼahi e lua: neʼe ko te nofoʼaga ʼo te kau solia ʼaē neʼe nātou leʼoleʼo te tuʼakoi ʼo te Potu Tokelau, pea neʼe maʼuhiga ʼaupito ki te hahaʼi feʼoloʼaki ʼaē neʼe nātou fakalaka ai. Koia ʼaē neʼe ‘toe laga ai [e Salomone] ia Tadmor ʼi te toafa.’​—2 Fakamatala 8:4.

Ko te hisitolia ʼo te ʼu taʼu e afe ʼi te hili ʼo te temi hau ʼo Salomone ʼe mole talanoa ia ʼo ʼuhiga mo Tadmor. Kapau ʼe moʼoni te ʼui ʼaē ʼe ko te kolo ʼo Palmyre, pea neʼe kamata liliu ʼo maʼuhiga ʼi te ʼosi liliu ʼo Silia ko te kolo muʼa ʼo te Puleʼaga Loma ʼi te taʼu 64. ʼE ʼui e Richard Stoneman ʼi tana tohi Palmyra and Its Empire​—Zenobia’s Revolt Against Rome, “neʼe maʼuhiga ia Palmyre ki Loma ʼi te faʼahi faka ekonomika pea mo faka solia.” Mai tona ʼuhiga ʼaē ko te kolo ʼaia ʼo te ʼu fuʼu pālema neʼe tuʼu ʼi te ala maʼuhiga ʼo te hahaʼi fakatau, koia neʼe ina fakapipiki ia Loma ki Mesopotamia pea mo te Potu Hahake, pea neʼe fetuku ai te ʼu koloā ʼo te mālama ʼāfea​—te ʼu meʼa moʼo fakamagoni meʼa kai ʼo Initia, te silika mai Siaina, pea mo te tahi ʼu meʼa mai Pelesia, mo te Potu Toga ʼo Mesopotamia pea mo te ʼu fenua ʼo te Tai Metitelanea. Neʼe fakalogo te maʼuli ʼo Loma ki te fetuku mai ʼo te ʼu meʼa ʼaia.

ʼI te faʼahi faka solia, ko te kolo ʼaia ʼo Silia neʼe hage ko he ʼā neʼe ina vaheʼi te ʼu puleʼaga ʼo Loma pea mo Pelesia ʼaē neʼe nā fefiliʼaki. Ko te vaitafe ʼo Eufalate neʼe ina vaheʼi ia Loma mo te fenua ʼaē neʼe tuʼu ʼi te Potu Hahake lolotoga te ʼu ʼuluaki taʼu e 250 ʼo totatou temi. Neʼe tuʼu ia Palmyre ʼi te tahi faʼahi ʼo te toafa, ʼi te Potu Hihifo ʼo te kolo ʼo Dura-Europos ʼi te vaitafe ʼo Eufalate. ʼI tanā mahino ki te tuʼulaga tāfito ʼo te kolo ʼaia, neʼe ʼaʼahi ia Palmyre e te ʼu hau ʼo Loma ohage ko Hadrien pea mo Valérien. Neʼe fakamataleleiʼi e Hadrien te kolo ʼo Palmyre pea neʼe ina momoli kiai te tuʼuga meʼa ʼofa. ʼI te taʼu 258 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe fakapale e Valérien te tagata ʼaliki ʼo Palmyre ko Odenath, te ʼohoana ʼo Zénobie, ʼo ina fakanofo ki te tuʼulaga consul ʼo Loma he neʼe ina lava tauʼi ia Pelesia pea mo fakalahi te telituale ʼo te Puleʼaga Loma ʼo aʼu ki Mesopotamia. Neʼe lagolago mālohi ia Zénobie ki tona ʼohoana ke ina maʼu te mālohi. Neʼe tohi fēnei e te tagata fai hisitolia ko Edward Gibbon: “Neʼe lava maʼu tuʼulaga ia Odenath ʼaki pe te aga fakaʼeteʼete ʼo Zénobie pea mo tona mālohi.”

ʼI te temi pe ʼaia, ko te hau ko Sapor ʼo Pelesia neʼe fia fakafeagai ki te mālohi ʼo Loma pea mo puleʼi te ʼu telituale ʼāfea ʼo Pelesia. ʼAki tona fua tau, neʼe ʼalu ki te Potu Hihifo moʼo faʼao te ʼu kolo solia Loma ʼo Nisibis pea mo Carrhae (Halani), pea ina kamata fakaʼauha te potu tokelau ʼo Silia pea mo Silisia. Ko te Hau ko Valérien totonu ʼaē neʼe ina takitaki tana ʼu foʼi solia, kae neʼe mole mālo pea neʼe puke ia ia e te kau Pelesia.

ʼI te manatu ʼa Odenath, neʼe tau mo feʼauga ke momoli ki te hau ʼo Pelesia he ʼu meʼa ʼofa lahi pea mo he logo ʼo ʼuhiga mo te tokalelei. Kae ko te hau fialahi ko Sapor neʼe ina fakatotonu ke lī te ʼu meʼa ʼofa ʼaia ki te Eufalate pea neʼe ina fakatotonu kia Odenath ke ʼalu age ki ʼona muʼa, pea ke fakakolekole kia ia. Kae moʼo tali kiai neʼe faʼufaʼu e te hahaʼi ʼo Palmyre te foʼi solia ʼaki te hahaʼi feʼoloʼaki ʼo te toafa pea mo te toe ʼo te ʼu solia Loma, pea neʼe nātou kamata ʼohofiʼi te hahaʼi Pelesia ʼaē neʼe nātou feholaki. Ko te ʼu ʼohofi nounou ʼaia ʼa te ʼu tagata tau ʼo te toafa, neʼe tupu ʼaki ai te feholaki ʼa te ʼu solia ʼo Sapor, ʼaē neʼe mole nātou lava puipui ia nātou totonu he neʼe kua nātou vaivai ʼuhi ko tanatou tau pea mo te tuʼuga meʼa neʼe nātou kaihaʼa.

Ko Gallien te foha ʼa Valérien pea mo ia ʼaē neʼe hoa ki ai, neʼe ina foaki kia Odenath te tuʼulaga ʼo te corrector totius Orientis (te kovana ʼo te Potu Hahake katoa) moʼo fakafetaʼi ki tana mālo ia Sapor. Ki muli age, neʼe foaki e Odenath kia ia totonu te higoa faka tuʼulaga ʼaē ko te “hau ʼo te ʼu hau.”

ʼE ʼAmanaki e Zénobie Ke Faʼu Tona Puleʼaga

ʼI te taʼu 267 ʼo totatou temi, ʼi te temi ʼaē neʼe lahi tāfito ai tona mālohi, neʼe fakapogi ai ia Odenath pea mo tona foha lahi, pea ʼe lau neʼe lagi ko tona ʼilāmutu ʼaē neʼe ina fakapogi ia ia he neʼe fia lagavaka. Neʼe maʼu e Zénobie te tuʼulaga ʼo tona ʼohoana, mai tona ʼuhiga ʼaē neʼe kei veliveli fau tana tama. Ko Zénobie neʼe finemui, mo fia matamuʼa, pea mo poto ʼi te fakatuʼutuʼu ʼo te puleʼaga, pea neʼe kau māhani ʼi te ʼu tau mo tona ʼohoana, pea neʼe poto ʼi te ʼu lea, koia neʼe fakaʼapaʼapa ki ai tana hahaʼi pea mo nātou lagolago kia ia​—pea neʼe ko he meʼa makehe ʼi te hahaʼi Bédouins. Neʼe leleiʼia e Zénobie te ako pea neʼe ina tānaki te tokolahi ʼo te hahaʼi popoto ʼi ʼona tafaʼaki. Ko Cassius neʼe ko te tagata fai filosofia pea mo faiakonaki, pea neʼe kau ki tana ʼu hahaʼi tokoni pea neʼe lau ʼo ʼuhiga mo ia neʼe hage ko ‘he tagata poto ʼe ina ʼiloʼi ia meʼa fuli.’ ʼE ʼui fēnei mai e te tagata faitohi ko Stoneman: “Lolotoga taʼu e nima ʼi te ʼosi mate ʼo Odenath . . . neʼe manatu e tana hahaʼi kua liliu ia Zénobie ko te fineʼaliki ʼo te Potu Hahake.”

ʼI te tahi faʼahi ʼo te telituale ʼo Zénobie neʼe tuʼu ai ia Pelesia ʼaē neʼe fakavaivaiʼi e Zénobie pea mo tona ʼohoana, pea ʼi te tahi faʼahi neʼe tuʼu ai te puleʼaga ʼo Loma ʼaē neʼe kamata hifohifo. ʼO ʼuhiga mo te ʼaluʼaga ʼo te Puleʼaga Loma ʼi te temi ʼaia, ʼe ʼui fēnei e te tagata fai hisitolia ko J. M. Roberts: “Ko te tolu sēkulō neʼe . . . ko te temi fakamataku ki Loma ʼi te ʼu tuʼakoi ʼi te Potu Hahake pea mo te Potu Hihifo, pea ʼi Loma totonu neʼe kamata ai te tau faka sivile pea mo te ʼu maveuveu ʼo ʼuhiga mo ia ʼaē ka fakanofo hau. Neʼe fehoahoaʼaki te ʼu pule ʼe toko 22 (ʼo mole kau ai te hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe nātou lau ko nātou te ʼu hau moʼoni).” ʼI te tahi faʼahi ko te fineʼaliki Silia neʼe nofo pule ʼi tona puleʼaga pea neʼe mole fakafihiʼi ia ia. ʼE ʼui fēnei e Stoneman, “ ʼI tana puleʼi te ʼu puleʼaga e lua [ko Loma pea mo Pelesia], neʼe feala ke ina fakaʼamu ki te faʼufaʼu ʼo te tolu puleʼaga ʼaē ka ina puleʼi anai te ʼu puleʼaga ʼaia e lua.”

ʼI te taʼu 269 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe maʼu e Zénobie te fealagia ʼaē ke ina fakalahi tona pule faka fineʼaliki, ʼi te temi ʼaē neʼe tuʼu ai ʼi Esipito te tagata ʼaē neʼe ina fia faʼao te tuʼulaga pule Loma. Neʼe ʼalu fakavilivili ki Esipito te fua solia ʼa Zénobie, ʼo nātou laliki te tagata agatuʼu ʼaia pea mo nātou nofoʼi te fenua. Neʼe ina fakanofo ia ia totonu ko te fineʼaliki ʼo Esipito pea neʼe ina fai he ʼu foʼi piesi neʼe tuʼu ai tona higoa. ʼI te temi ʼaia neʼe kamata tona puleʼaga mai te vaitafe ʼo te Nil ʼo aʼu ki te vaitafe ʼo Eufalate. ʼI te ʼaluʼaga ʼaia neʼe ina maʼu ai te tuʼulaga ʼo “te hau ʼo te potu toga” ʼaē neʼe talanoa ki ai te lea faka polofeta ʼa Taniela, he neʼe puleʼi e tona puleʼaga te telituale ʼi te potu toga ʼo te fenua ʼa Taniela. (Taniela 11⁠:​25-26) Neʼe ina toe maʼu foki mo te koga lahi ʼo te Asie Mineure.

Neʼe fakamālohiʼi pea mo fakamataleleiʼi e Zénobie tona kolo tāfito ko Palmyre, pea neʼe kau leva ki te ʼu kolo lalahi ʼo te puleʼaga Loma. Neʼe fakafuafua ko te kaugamālie ʼo tona hahaʼi neʼe laka age ʼi te toko 150 000 tupu. Neʼe lau ko te ʼu kaupā ʼo te kolo neʼe kilometa 21 tona loa, pea neʼe lahi ai te ʼu falefata matalelei, mo te ʼu fale lotu, mo te ʼu pou pea mo te ʼu laga kehekehe. Ko te ala tāfito ʼo te kolo neʼe tuʼu ai te ʼu fua pou neʼe faʼu ʼaki te ʼu faʼahiga faʼu pou ʼo Kolonito pea neʼe meta 15. Neʼe lahi ai te ʼu fakatātā pea mo te ʼu bustes ʼo te hahaʼi lototoʼa pea mo te hahaʼi maʼu koloā ʼaē neʼe nātou lagolago ki te kolo. ʼI te taʼu 271 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe fakatuʼu e Zénobie he ʼu fakatātā e lua ʼo ia totonu pea mo tona ʼohoana ʼaē kua mate. ʼI te tuʼakoi ʼo te toafa neʼe hage ia Palmyre ko he maka gigila.

Ko te Fale Lotu ʼo te Laʼā neʼe ko te fale matalelei ʼaupito ʼo Palmyre, pea ʼe mahino papau ia neʼe maʼuhiga tokotahi ʼi te ʼu meʼa faka lotu ʼo te kolo. Neʼe lagi atolasio ia Zénobie ki te ʼatua neʼe pipiki ki te ʼatua-laʼā. Kae ʼi te tolu sēkulō neʼe lahi ai te ʼu lotu ʼi Silia. ʼI te telituale ʼa Zénobie neʼe ʼi ai te hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe lau ko nātou ko te kau Kilisitiano, pea neʼe toe ʼi ai foki mo te kau Sutea, mo te kau masi pea mo te hahaʼi neʼe tauhi ki te laʼā pea mo te māhina. Neʼe feafeaʼi tana aga ʼo ʼuhiga mo te ʼu faʼahiga tauhi kehekehe ʼaia ʼaē neʼe fai ʼi tona puleʼaga? ʼE ʼui fēnei e Stoneman: “Ko te pule ʼaē ʼe agapoto ʼe mole ina meʼa noaʼi anai te ʼu agaʼi fenua ʼaē ʼe leleiʼia e tana hahaʼi . . . Neʼe ʼamanaki te hahaʼi ko te ʼu ʼatua neʼe nātou lagolago ki Palmyre.” ʼE mahino ia, neʼe tali e Zénobie te ʼu lotu kehekehe. Kae neʼe moʼoni koa te ʼui ʼaē “neʼe lagolago [te ʼu ʼatua] ki Palmyre”? Koteā ʼaē neʼe ʼamanaki hoko ki Palmyre pea mo tona “pule agapoto”?

Te Hau ʼAē Neʼe Ina ‘Lagaʼi Tona Loto’ Moʼo Fakafeagai Kia Zénobie

ʼI te taʼu 270 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe liliu ia Aurélien ko te hau ʼo Loma. Ko tana ʼu foʼi tau neʼe nātou lava tauʼi pea mo fakatonutonuʼi te hahaʼi matāpule ʼo te potu tokelau. ʼI te taʼu 271 ʼo totatou temi, ko Aurélien​—ʼi tana fakatātā “te hau ʼo te potu tokelau” ʼo te lea faka polofeta ʼa Taniela​—neʼe ina ‘lagaʼi tona mālohi pea mo tona loto moʼo fakafeagai ki te hau ʼo te potu toga,’ ʼaē neʼe fakatātā e Zénobie. (Taniela 11:25a) Neʼe fekauʼi e Aurélien ki Esipito he tahi koga ʼo tana ʼu solia pea neʼe ina takitaki te koga tāfito ʼo tana ʼu solia ki te potu hahake ʼo fakalaka ʼi te Asie Mineure.

Ko te hau ʼo te potu toga​—te mālohi ʼaē neʼe takitaki e Zénobie​—‘neʼe ina lagaʼi tona ʼita’ moʼo tauʼi ia Aurélien “ ʼaki te foʼi solia lahi pea mo mālohi ʼaupito” ʼaē neʼe takitaki e te ʼu senelale e lua ko Zabdas pea mo Zabbai. (Taniela 11:25b) Kae neʼe toʼo e Aurélien ia Esipito pea neʼe ina ʼohofiʼi te Asie Mineure pea mo Silia. Neʼe mole mālo ia Zénobie ʼi te tau ʼaē neʼe hoko ʼi Emesa (ʼe higoa ko Homs ʼi te temi nei), pea neʼe toe liliu ia Zénobie ki Palmyre.

ʼI te temi ʼaē neʼe nofoʼi ai e Aurélien ia Palmyre, neʼe hola ia Zénobie mo tana tama ki Pelesia, he neʼe ʼamanaki ke maʼu tokoni ai, kae neʼe puke nāua e te kau Loma ʼi te Vaitafe ʼo Eufalate. ʼI te taʼu 272 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe tuku e te hahaʼi ʼo Palmyre ke nofoʼi tonatou kolo. Neʼe manavaʼofa ia Aurélien kia nātou, pea neʼe ina tānaki te tuʼuga koloā, ʼo kau ai mo te fakatātā ʼo te Fale Lotu ʼo te laʼā, ʼosi ʼaia pea toe liliu ki Loma. Neʼe mole matehi ia Zénobie e te hau Loma, pea neʼe ina fakahāhā ia ia ko tona fakapale tāfito ʼi te polosesio ʼaē neʼe fakalaka ʼi Loma ʼi te taʼu 274 ʼo totatou temi. Neʼe nofo ʼi Loma ʼo aʼu ki tona mate pea neʼe maʼu tuʼulaga.

Neʼe Maumauʼi Te Kolo ʼo Te Toafa

Hili ni ʼu māhina ʼi te ʼosi mālo ʼa Aurélien ʼi Palmyre, neʼe matematehi e te hahaʼi ʼo Palmyre te kau solia Loma ʼaē neʼe ina tuku ʼi te kolo. ʼI te temi ʼaē neʼe logo ai ia Aurélien ki te agatuʼu ʼaia, neʼe ina fakatotonu atu aipe ke toe liliu kiai tana kau solia pea neʼe nātou fakahoko ai he lagavaka fakamataku ki te hahaʼi. Ko nātou ʼaē neʼe hāo ʼi te matematehi fakaʼofaʼofa ʼaia neʼe ʼave popūla. Ko te kolo fialahi ʼaia neʼe kaihaʼa pea mo maumauʼi ʼo mole feala tona toe laga. Koia ko te kolo ʼaia ʼaē neʼe lahi ai te ʼu gāue, neʼe toe hifo ki tona ʼaluʼaga ʼāfea​—neʼe toe liliu ko “Tadmor ʼi te toafa.”

ʼI tana agatuʼu ki Loma, ko Zénobie pea mo te Hau ko Aurélien neʼe nā fai te meʼa ʼaē neʼe fakakikite ʼi te lea faka polofeta ʼaē neʼe fakamatalatala lelei e te polofeta ʼa Sehova ia taʼu e 800 ki muʼa atu, ʼi tana talanoa ʼaē ki “te hau ʼo te potu toga” pea mo “te hau ʼo te potu tokelau.” Kae neʼe mole nā ʼiloʼi te faʼahi ʼaia. (Taniela, kapite 11) ʼUhi ko tona ʼulugaaga makehe, neʼe fakaʼapaʼapa te tokolahi kia Zénobie. Kae ko te meʼa ʼaē ʼe maʼuhiga age neʼe ko tana fakatātā te mālohi faka politike ʼaē neʼe talanoa kiai te lea faka polofeta ʼa Taniela. Ko tona temi pule neʼe mole fakalaka ia taʼu e nima. ʼI te temi nei ko Palmyre, te kolo tāfito ʼa Zénobie, ʼe ko te kiʼi kolo pe. ʼO feiā pe mo te Puleʼaga Loma mālohi, kua fualoa tona puli pea neʼe fetogi ʼaki te tahi ʼu puleʼaga ʼo totatou temi. Koteā ʼaē ka hoko anai ki te ʼu mālohi ʼaia? Ko tonatou ka haʼu ʼe fakalogo ki te fakahoko ʼo te ʼu lea faka polofeta ʼo te Tohi-Tapu.​—Taniela 2:​44.

[Talanoa ʼo te pasina 29]

TE TOFIʼA NEʼE TUKU MAI E ZÉNOBIE

ʼI tana toe liliu ki Loma ʼi tana ʼosi tauʼi ia Zénobie, te fineʼaliki ʼo Palmyre, neʼe laga e te Hau ko Aurélien te fale lotu ki te ʼatua-laʼā. Neʼe ina fakatuʼu ai te ʼu fakatātā ʼo te ʼatua-laʼā ʼaē neʼe ina ʼaumai mai te kolo ʼo te fineʼaliki ʼaia. ʼE ʼui fēnei e te kaupepa History Today ʼo ʼuhiga mo te ʼu meʼa ʼaē neʼe hoko ki muli age: “Ko te meʼa ʼaē neʼe tologa tāfito ʼi te ʼu meʼa ʼaē neʼe fai e Aurélien, ʼe lagi ko tana fakatuʼu ʼi te taʼu 274 ʼo totatou temi te lafeti ki te laʼā ʼi te ʼaho 25 ʼo Tesepeli, te solstice ʼo te temi nive. ʼI te temi ʼaē neʼe tali ai e te puleʼaga te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano, neʼe fetogi te ʼuhiga ʼo te ʼaho ʼaia ʼaki te ʼaho tupu ʼo Sesu ke feala ai ke tali lelei te lotu foʼou ʼaia e te hahaʼi ʼaē ʼe nātou leleiʼia te ʼu lafeti ʼāfea. ʼE ko he meʼa faikehe takita manatu, ʼe fai tatatou Po Tapu ʼuhi ko te Fineʼaliki ko Zénobie.”

[Mape ʼo te pasina 28, 29]

TAI METITELANEA

SILIA

Atiokia

Emesa (Homs)

PALMYRE

Tamaso

MESOPOTAMIA

Eufalate

Carrhae (Halani)

Nisibis

Dura-Europos

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

Map: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

Colonnade: Michael Nicholson/Corbis

[Paki ʼo te pasina 29]

Te foʼi piesi ʼe lagi hā ai te paki ʼo Aurélien

[Paki ʼo te pasina 30]

Te fale lotu ʼo te ʼatua-laʼā ʼi Palmyre

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck

[Paki ʼo te pasina 31]

Ko te fineʼaliki ko Zénobie ʼe palalau ki tana kau solia

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Queen Zenobia Addressing Her Soldiers, Samuel H. Kress Collection, Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki pasina 28]

Detail of: Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Queen Zenobia Addressing Her Soldiers, Samuel H. Kress Collection, Photograph © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington