Ko Cyrille Pea Mo Méthode—Neʼe Nā Fakaliliu Te Tohi-Tapu Pea Mo Faʼu Te ʼu Mataʼi Tohi

“Kua lotu faka Kilisitiano tomatou fenua kae mole heʼeki ʼi ai hamatou faiako. ʼE mole mātou mahino ki te faka Keleka peʼe ki te faka Latina. . . . ʼE mole mātou mahino ki te ʼu mataʼi tohi pea mo tonatou faka ʼuhiga; koia koutou fekauʼi mai he ʼu hahaʼi faiako ke nātou fakamahino mai te ʼu kupu ʼo te Tohi-Tapu pea mo tonatou faka ʼuhiga.”​—Rostislav, tama ʼaliki ʼo Moravie, ʼi te 862 ʼo totatou temi.

IA ʼAHO nei, ko te toko 435 miliona hahaʼi tupu ʼaē ʼe nātou palalauʼi te ʼu lea kehekehe ʼo te faka Slave, pea kua nātou maʼu te Tohi-Tapu ʼi te lea ʼaē neʼe nātou ʼuluaki palalau ai.a Ia nātou ʼaia, ko te toko 360 miliona hahaʼi ʼe nātou fakaʼaogaʼi te ʼu mataʼi tohi ʼaē neʼe faʼu e te tagata ko Cyrille. Kae ia sēkulō e 12 ki muʼa atu, neʼe mole he lea neʼe tohi pea neʼe mole ʼi ai he ʼu mataʼi tohi ʼi te ʼu lea ʼo tanatou ʼu kui. Ko te ʼu tagata ʼaē neʼe nā tokoni ki te fetogi ʼo te faʼahi ʼaia, neʼe ko te tautēhina ko Cyrille pea mo Méthode. Ko te hahaʼi ʼaē ʼe nātou ʼoʼofa ki te Folafola ʼa te ʼAtua, ʼe nātou fakatokagaʼi anai ko te ʼu faiga lototoʼa pea mo foʼou ʼa te tautēhina, neʼe ko he meʼa foʼou ʼaia ʼi te hisitolia ʼo te taupau pea mo te faka mafola ʼo te Tohi-Tapu. Neʼe ko ai koa te ʼu tagata ʼaia, pea koteā te ʼu faigataʼaʼia ʼaē neʼe nā tauʼi?

“Te Tagata Fai Filosofia” Pea Mo Te Kovana

Ko Cyrille (neʼe tupu ʼi te 827 pea neʼe mate ʼi te 869 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe ʼuluaki higoa ko Constantin) pea mo Méthode (neʼe tupu ʼi te 825 pea neʼe mate ʼi te 885 ʼo totatou temi) neʼe nā tutupu ʼi te famili maʼuhiga ʼi Tesalonika, ʼi Heleni. Ko te hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe nonofo ʼi te kolo ʼo Tesalonika neʼe nātou popoto ʼi te ʼu lea e lua; te faka Keleka pea mo te faʼahiga lea faka Slave. Neʼe tokolahi te kau Slaves ʼi te kolo ʼaia pea ko te ʼu felogoi lelei ʼa te hahaʼi ʼo te kolo pea mo te ʼu hahaʼi Slaves ʼi ʼonatou tafa, neʼe ina faka fealagia kia Cyrille pea mo Méthode ke nā maʼu te faigamālie ʼaē ke nā ʼiloʼi lelei te lea ʼo te kau Slaves ʼo te potu saute. Pea ko te tahi tagata neʼe ina tohi te maʼuli ʼo Méthode ʼe ina toe fakahā ko tanā faʼe neʼe ko te fafine Slave.

ʼI te ʼosi mate ʼo tana tāmai, neʼe ʼalu ia Cyrille ki Constantinople, te kolo hau ʼo te Puleʼaga Bizantin. Neʼe ako ai ʼi te univelesitē ʼo te hau pea neʼe fakatahi mo te kau faiako popoto. Neʼe gāue ʼi te fale tānaki tohi ʼi Sainte-Sophie, te ʼēkelesia lahi tokotahi ʼo te Potu Esite, pea ki muli age neʼe liliu ko te polofesea fai filosofia. ʼI tona fakahagatonu, ʼuhi ko tana maʼu pepa ʼi te faleako lahi, neʼe higoa ia Cyrille ko Te Tagata Fai Filosofia.

Lolotoga te temi ʼaia, ko Méthode neʼe ina haga muliʼi te meʼa ʼaē neʼe fai e tana tāmai​—te gāue faka politike. Neʼe aʼu ki te tuʼulaga kovana ʼo te telituale ʼi te tisitilike ʼo Bizantin, ʼaē neʼe maʼuʼuli ai te kau Slaves e tokolahi. Kae neʼe hū ki te monasetelio ʼi Bithynie, ʼi Asie Mineure. ʼI te taʼu 855 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe ʼalu ia Cyrille kia ia ʼi te monasetelio ʼaia.

ʼI te 860 ʼo totatou temi, ko te ʼēpikopō pule ʼo Constantinople neʼe ina fekauʼi te tautēhina ke nā ʼolo ki he fenua matāpule. Neʼe fekauʼi nāua ki te kau Khazars, ko te hahaʼi ʼe nonofo ʼi te potu noleto mo esite ʼo te Tai ʼUli, ʼaē neʼe mole heʼeki nātou fili tanatou lotu, pe ko te lotu Mahometa, te lotu faka Sutea, peʼe ko te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano. ʼI tanā ʼolo kiai, neʼe nofo ia Cyrille ʼi he kiʼi temi ʼi Chersonèse, ʼi Crimée. ʼE manatu e ʼihi hahaʼi popoto neʼe ina ako ai te faka Hepeleo pea mo te Samalitana, pea neʼe ina fakaliliu he faʼahiga faʼu ʼo te ʼu kupusiga palalau faka Hepeleo ki te lea ʼo te kau Khazars.

Te Pāui Mai Moravie

ʼI te 862 ʼo totatou temi, ko Rostislav, te tama ʼaliki ʼo Moravie (ʼi te temi nei, ʼi te potu esite ʼo Tchèque, mo te potu uesite ʼo Slovaquie, pea mo uesite ʼo Hongrie), neʼe ina fai ki te Kovana ʼo Bizantin ko Michael 3 te kole ʼaē ʼe tuʼu ʼi te kamata ʼo te alatike​—ke ina fekauʼi age he ʼu hahaʼi faiako ʼo te Tohi-Tapu. Ko te hahaʼi lea faka Slave ʼi Moravie neʼe kua nātou ʼiloʼi te ʼu akonaki faka lotu ʼuhi ko te kau misionea ʼaē neʼe ʼōmai mai te puleʼaga Franconien ʼo te Potu Esite (ʼi te temi nei ko Siamani pea mo Autriche). Kae ko Rostislav, neʼe tuʼania ia ʼo ʼuhiga mo te mālohi faka politike pea mo faka lotu ʼo te ʼu telepi Siamani. Neʼe ʼamanaki ia, ʼaki tana ʼu felogoi faka lotu mo Constantinople, ʼe tokoni age anai ke mole puleʼi tona fenua ʼi te faʼahi faka politike pea mo faka lotu.

Neʼe fakatotonu ai e te kovana ke fekauʼi ia Méthode pea mo Cyrille ki Moravie. ʼUhi ko tanā ako ʼi te ʼu faleako lalahi, mo tanā popoto, pea mo tanā ʼiloʼi te ʼu lea, koia neʼe kua katoa ai te tautēhina moʼo fakahoko te fekau ʼaia. ʼE ʼui e te tagata faitohi ʼo te hiva sēkulō, ko te kovana, ʼi tanā fakaloto mālohi nāua ke nā ʼolo ki Moravie, neʼe ina ʼui fēnei age: “Neʼe koulua tutupu ʼi Tesalonika, pea ko te kau Tesalonika fuli ʼe nātou palalau te faka Slave moʼoni.”

Neʼe Faʼu Te ʼu Mataʼi Tohi Pea Mo Fakaliliu Te Tohi-Tapu

ʼI te ʼu māhina ʼi muʼa ʼo tanā ʼolo, neʼe teuteuʼi e Cyrille ki te gāue ʼaia he faʼahiga faitohi maʼa te kau Slaves. Neʼe ʼui, ʼaki pe tana fagono, neʼe poto ʼi te faka kehekeheʼi te puʼaki ʼo te ʼu kupu. Koia ʼi tana fakaʼaogaʼi te ʼu mataʼi tohi faka Keleka pea mo faka Hepeleo, neʼe ina faiga ke maʼu he mataʼi tohi ki te puʼaki ʼo te ʼu kupuʼi palalau fuli faka Slave.b ʼE manatu e ʼihi hahaʼi fai kumi, neʼe ina kamata faʼu te tafitoʼaga ʼo te ʼu mataʼi tohi ʼaia ʼi ni ʼu taʼu ki muʼa atu. Pea ʼe mole kita ʼiloʼi lelei te agaaga moʼoni ʼo te ʼu mataʼi tohi ʼaē neʼe faʼu e Cyrille.​—Vakaʼi te talanoa “ ʼE Cyrillique Peʼe Glagolitique?”

ʼI te temi pe ʼaia, neʼe fakatuʼutuʼu e Cyrille he polokalama fakaliliu ʼo te Tohi-Tapu. ʼE ʼui neʼe ina kamata fakaliliu mai te faka Keleka ki te faka Slave te kamataʼaga ʼo te Evaselio ʼo Soane, ʼo ina fakaʼaogaʼi te ʼu mataʼi tohi foʼou ʼaē neʼe hoki faʼu: “ ʼI te kamata neʼe ʼi ai te Folafola . . .” Neʼe fakaliliu leva e Cyrille te ʼu Evaselio e fā, te ʼu tohi ʼo Paulo, pea mo te ʼu Pesalemo.

Neʼe gāue tokotahi koa? Neʼe lagi tokoni ki ai ia Méthode. Tahi ʼaē meʼa, ʼe ʼui fēnei e te tohi The Cambridge Medieval History: “ ʼE mahino ia neʼe tokoni ʼihi [kia Cyrille], pea neʼe tonu ke fili ni ʼu hahaʼi Slaves neʼe nātou ako te faka Keleka. Kapau ʼe tou vakaʼi te ʼu fakaliliu ʼo te temi muʼa, . . . pea ʼe tou maʼu ai te fakamoʼoni lahi ʼo ʼuhiga mo te lelei ʼaupito ʼo te lea faka Slave, ʼuhi ko te hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe kaugā gāue mo ia, he neʼe ko te kau Slaves.” Neʼe faka katoa e Méthode te Tohi-Tapu ki muli age, ohage ko te meʼa ʼaē ka tou vakaʼi.

“Ohage Ko He ʼu Kāleva ʼe Nātou Tauʼi Te Faucon”

ʼI te 863 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe kamata e Cyrille pea mo Méthode tanā gāue ʼi Moravie, ʼaē neʼe tali lelei ai nāua. Neʼe tonu ke nā akoʼi ki he kūtuga ʼo te fenua te ʼu mataʼi tohi foʼou faka Slave, pea mo fakaliliu he ʼu tohi ʼo te Tohi-Tapu pea mo faka lotu.

Kae neʼe mole faigafua. Ko te kau takitaki lotu Franconiens ʼi Moravie, neʼe nātou fakafeagai lahi ki te fakaʼaogaʼi ʼo te lea faka Slave. Neʼe nātou loto ke fakaʼaogaʼi pe ia lea e tolu ʼi te tauhi ki te ʼAtua, te faka Latina, mo te faka Keleka, pea mo te faka Hepeleo. ʼI tanā ʼamanaki ʼaē ke tokoni age te tuʼi tapu ki te meʼa foʼou ʼaē ko te lava tohi ʼo te lea, neʼe folau te tautēhina ki Loma ʼi te 867 ʼo totatou temi.

ʼI tanā fagona, ʼi Venise, ko Cyrille pea mo Méthode neʼe nā felāveʼi mo te kau takitaki lotu Latina ʼaē neʼe nātou loto ke fakaʼaogaʼi te ʼu lea e tolu. Ko te tagata ʼo te Moyen-Âge, ʼaē neʼe ina tohi te maʼuli ʼo Cyrille, ʼe ina ʼui ko te ʼu ʼēpikopō, mo te kau patele pea mo te kau monike ʼo te kolo ʼaia neʼe nātou laukoviʼi nāua, “ohage ko he ʼu kāleva ʼe nātou tauʼi te faucon.” ʼE ʼui e te fakamatala ʼaia, neʼe tali age e Cyrille ʼaki te koga tohi ʼo 1 Kolonito 14⁠:​8, 9: “Pea kapau e mole logo te tagi a te fakatagi, pe ko ai anai e teuteu ki te tau? Pea e feia mo koutou, kapau e koutou lea fakamisitelio kae mole matala he lea, pe feafeai anai te iloi o mea e koutou lau? E koutou leape anai i te aele.”

ʼI te tau atu leva ʼa te tautēhina ki Loma, ko te Tuʼi Tapu ko Adrien 2 neʼe ina fakagafua katoa ke nā fakaʼaogaʼi te Slave. Hili te ʼu māhina, pea ʼi tanā kei ʼi Loma, neʼe mahaki kovi ia Cyrille. Hili māhina e lua, pea neʼe mate ʼi tona taʼu 42.

Neʼe fakaloto mālohi e te Tuʼi Tapu ko Adrien 2, ke toe liliu ia Méthode ʼo gāue ʼi Moravie pea mo te kolo ʼi ʼona tafa ko Nitra, ʼaē ʼi te temi nei ʼe ko Slovaquie. ʼI tana loto ʼaē ke leleiʼia lahi ia ia ʼi te koga meʼa ʼaia, neʼe foaki ai e te tuʼi tapu kia Méthode he ʼu tohi neʼe fakagafua ai te fakaʼaogaʼi ʼo te lea faka Slave pea mo fakanofo ia Méthode ko te ʼēpikopō pule. Kae ʼi te 870 ʼo totatou temi, ko te ʼēpikopō Franconien ko Hermanrich, ʼaki te tokoni ʼo te Tama ʼAliki ko Svatopluk ʼo Nitra, neʼe nā puke ia Méthode. Neʼe pilisoni ia taʼu e lua vaelua ʼi te monasetelio ʼi te potu saute mo esite ʼo Siamani. Ki muli age, ko ia ʼaē neʼe ina fetogi ia Adrien 2, te Tuʼi Tapu ko Soane 3, neʼe ina fakatotonu ke tuku age ia Méthode, ke toe fakanofo ki tona tuʼulaga ʼēpikopō, pea mo ina toe fakamoʼoni ki te fakagafua e te tuʼi tapu te fakaʼaogaʼi ʼo te lea faka Slave ʼi te tauhi.

Kae neʼe hoko atu pe te fakafeagai ʼa te kau takitaki lotu Franconiens. Neʼe poto lelei ia Méthode ʼi te tali ki te ʼu tukugakoviʼi ʼaē ko ia ko he heletiko, pea ki muli age neʼe ina maʼu mai te Tuʼi Tapu ko Soane 8 te tohi neʼe ina fakagafua ai te fakaʼaogaʼi ʼo te lea faka Slave ʼi te ʼēkelesia. Ohage ko tona tala e te tuʼi tapu ʼo totatou temi, ko Soane Paulo 2, neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi e Méthode tona maʼuli “ ʼi te ʼu folau, mo te ʼu sakilifisio, mo te ʼu mamahi, mo tona gaohi kovi pea mo tona fakatagaʼi, . . . māʼiape la ʼi te ʼu temi fakamataku ʼaē neʼe pilisoniʼi ai.” Meʼa faikehe foki, he neʼe fakahoko te faʼahi ʼaia e te kau ʼēpikopō pea mo te kau tama ʼaliki ʼaē neʼe felogoi lelei mo Loma.

ʼE Fakaliliu Te Tohi-Tapu Katoa

Logope la te hoko atu ʼo te fakafeagai, kae ko Méthode pea mo te ʼu tagata tokolahi ʼaē neʼe tokoni kia ia pea mo faitohi vave, neʼe nātou fakaʼosi te fakaliliu ʼo te toe ʼo te Tohi-Tapu ʼi te lea faka Slave. ʼE ʼui neʼe ina fakahoko te gāue faigataʼa ʼaia ia māhina pe e valu. Kae neʼe mole ina fakaliliu te ʼu tohi ʼāfea ʼa te kau Makape.

Ia ʼaho nei, ʼe mole faigafua te vakaʼi peʼe lelei ia te fakaliliu ʼaē neʼe fai e Cyrille pea mo Méthode. Ia ʼaho nei, ʼe mole maʼu lahi te ʼu tohi ʼo te temi ʼaē neʼe fai ai te ʼuluaki fakaliliu. Kapau ʼe vakavakaʼi te ʼu tohi maʼugataʼa ʼaia ʼo te temi muʼa, pea ʼe fakatokagaʼi e te hahaʼi popoto ʼi te ʼu lea ko te fakaliliu neʼe totonu pea neʼe faigafua. Ko te tohi Our Slavic Bible ʼe ina ʼui ko te tautēhina “neʼe nā faʼu te ʼu tuʼuga kupu foʼou mo te ʼu kupuʼi palalau . . . Pea neʼe lelei ʼaupito tanā fai te ʼu meʼa fuli ʼaia, [pea] neʼe ina foaki ki te lea faka Slave he ʼu tuʼuga kupu.”

Ko Te Tofiʼa Ki Totatou Temi

ʼI te ʼosi mate ʼa Méthode ʼi te 885 ʼo totatou temi, neʼe kapu tana ʼu tisipulo mai Moravie e tanatou kau fakafeagai, te kau Franconiens. Neʼe nātou ʼolo ki Bohême, ʼi te potu saute ʼo Pologne, pea mo Bulgarie. Koia neʼe hoko atu te gāue ʼa Cyrille pea mo Méthode pea neʼe mafola moʼoni. Ko te lea faka Slave, ʼaē neʼe faʼu e te tautēhina tona ʼu mataʼi tohi ʼe tologa, neʼe mafola, pea neʼe tuputupu, pea ki muli age neʼe tupu mai ai te tahi ʼu lea. Ia ʼaho nei, ko te ʼu lea kehekehe e 13 ʼe kau ki te faka Slave pea mo te tahi ʼu lea fakafenua.

Tahi ʼaē meʼa, ko te ʼu faiga lototoʼa ʼa Cyrille pea mo Méthode moʼo fakaliliu ia te Tohi-Tapu, neʼe maʼu tona ʼu fua ʼi te ʼu fakaliliu Tohi-Tapu kehekehe faka Slave ʼaē kua kita maʼu ia ʼaho nei. Ko te lauʼi miliona hahaʼi ʼaē ʼe nātou palalau ʼi te ʼu lea ʼaia ʼe nātou maʼu ia te Folafola ʼa te ʼAtua ʼi tanatou lea. Logope la te ʼu fakafeagai mālohi, kae ʼe moʼoni ʼaupito te ʼu palalau ʼaenī: ‘Ko te folafola ʼa totatou ʼAtua, ʼe tologa anai ia ʼo talu ai’!​—Isaia 40⁠:⁠8.

[Nota ʼi te lalo pasina]

[Talanoa ʼo te pasina 29]

ʼE Cyrillique peʼe Glagolitique?

Neʼe fakafihiʼi te ʼu faʼahiga mataʼi tohi ʼaē neʼe faʼu e Cyrille, koteʼuhi ʼe mole ʼiloʼi papau e te kau popoto ʼo te ʼu lea pe neʼe ko te ʼu mataʼi tohi maifea. Ko te ʼu mataʼi tohi ʼaia neʼe higoa ko te ʼu mataʼi tohi Cyrilliques, ʼe tatau ʼosi mo te ʼu mataʼi tohi Keleka, pea neʼe hilifaki kiai te ʼu mataʼi tohi e hogofulu-ma-lua peʼe laka atu, neʼe faʼu moʼo fakatātā te puʼaki ʼo te ʼu kupu faka Slave ʼaē neʼe mole maʼu ʼi te faka Keleka. Kae ko ʼihi tohi ʼāfea faka Slave, ʼe fakaʼaogaʼi ai te tahi faʼahiga faitohi, ʼe fakahigoa ko te Glagolitique, pea ko te tokolahi ʼo te hahaʼi popoto ʼe nātou manatu, ko te ʼu mataʼi tohi ʼaia ʼaē neʼe faʼu e Cyrille. ʼE hā ʼaki mai, ʼe mole lahi te ʼu mataʼi tohi Glagolitique ʼe toʼo mai te faʼahiga faitohi faka Keleka peʼe faka Hepeleo. Ko ʼihi mataʼi tohi neʼe lagi toʼo mai te ʼu faʼahiga faitohi ʼo te Moyen-Âge, kae ʼe lahi te ʼu mataʼi neʼe faʼu. ʼE hage te Glagolitique ko he meʼa lahi pea mo makehe. Kae ʼe ko te ʼu mataʼi tohi faka Cyrillique ʼaē kua fakaʼaogaʼi lahi ʼi te ʼu tohi faka Lusia, faka Ukraine, faka Serbe, faka Bulgare, pea mo faka Masetonia ʼi te temi nei, ʼo hilifaki kiai te tahi ʼu lea e 22, ʼaē ko ʼihi ʼe mole ko he ʼu lea faka Slaves.

[Mape ʼo te pasina 31]

Mer Baltique

(Pologne)

Bohême (Tchéquie)

Moravie (Tchéquie E., Slovaquie O., Hongrie O.)

Nitra

ROYAUME FRANC ORIENTAL (Allemagne & Autriche)

ITALIE

Venise

Rome

Mer Méditerranée

BULGARIE

GRÈCE

Thessalonique

(Crimée)

Mer Noire

Bithynie

Constantinople (Istanbul)

[Paki ʼo te pasina 31]

Te Tohi-Tapu faka Slave ʼaki te ʼu mataʼi tohi faka Cyrillique mai te taʼu 1581

[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki]

Bible: Narodna in univerzitetna knjiz̆nica-Slovenija-Ljubljana