Te Filosofia Faka Keleka—Neʼe Ina Hikihiki Koa Te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano?
“Ko te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano, logope la neʼe fakafeagai ki te sivilisasio pagani ʼo Heleni pea mo Loma, kae ʼi tona fakahagatonu neʼe ina tali tanā filosofia.”—The Encyclopedia Americana.
ʼI TE hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe nātou fetogi te manatu faka “Kilisitiano,” ʼe maʼuhiga tāfito ia “Sagato” Aukusitino. ʼE ʼui e te tikisionalio The New Encyclopædia Britannica, ko te “ ʼatamai [ʼo Aukusitino] neʼe ko he potu neʼe fio ai te lotu ʼo te Tauhi Foʼou pea mo te filosofia faka Keleka ʼaē ʼe fakatafito ki te ʼu manatu ʼa Platon; pea neʼe ina fakahū ai te manatu ʼaia ki te ʼu faʼahiga Keletiate ʼo te Lotu Katolika Loma ʼo te Moyen-Âge pea mo te Lotu Polotesita ʼo te Renaissance.”
ʼE tologa te tofiʼa ʼa Aukusitino. ʼO ʼuhiga mo te malave ʼaupito ʼo te filosofia faka Keleka ki te Keletiate, neʼe ʼui fēnei e Douglas T. Holden: “Ko te teolosia faka Kilisitiano neʼe fio mo te filosofia faka Keleka, pea neʼe akoʼi ki he ʼu hahaʼi ʼe nātou tui tāfito ki te ʼu manatu faka Keleka, kae mole nātou tui lahi ki te ʼu akonaki faka Kilisitiano.”
Ko ʼihi hahaʼi popoto ʼe nātou tui mālohi ko te ʼu manatu faka filosofia ʼaia neʼe nātou fakamālohiʼi te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano ʼi tona kamata, pea neʼe ʼāsili lelei ai tana ʼu akonaki pea mo fakalotoʼi ai te tokolahi. Neʼe moʼoni koa te faʼahi ʼaia? Neʼe malave feafeaʼi kiai te filosofia faka Keleka pea neʼe hoko ʼanafea te faʼahi ʼaia? Neʼe ina hikihiki koa pe neʼe ina ʼulihi te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano?
Ke feala hatatou mahino kiai, ʼe lelei ke tou fakatokagaʼi tona tuputupu talu mai te tolu sēkulō ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi ʼo aʼu mai ki te nima sēkulō ʼo totatou temi, pea ke tou vakaʼi te ʼu kupu faikehe ʼaenī e fā: (1) “Te Lotu Faka Sutea Keleka,” (2) “Te Sivilisasio Keleka Faka Kilisitiano,” (3) “Te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano Keleka,” pea (4) “Te Filosofia Faka Kilisitiano.”
“Te Lotu Faka Sutea Keleka”
ʼI te ʼuluaki kupu ʼaē ko “Te Lotu Faka Sutea Keleka,” ʼe fefakafeagaiʼaki te ʼu kupu. Ko te ʼuluaki lotu ʼa te kau Hepeleo, ʼaē neʼe fakatuʼu e Sehova, te ʼAtua moʼoni, neʼe mole tonu ke ʼulihi ʼaki he ʼu manatu faka lotu hala. (Teutalonome 12:32; Tāʼaga Lea 30:5, 6) Kae talu mai te kamata, neʼe tuʼutāmakiʼia te lotu maʼa he neʼe feala ke ʼulihi e te ʼu manatu pea mo te ʼu meʼa ʼaē neʼe maʼuliʼi e te ʼu lotu hala ʼi tona ʼu tafaʼaki—ohage la ko te lotu ʼa te kau Esipito, mo te kau Kanaane pea mo te kau Papiloni. ʼI meʼa fakaʼofaʼofa, he neʼe tuku e Iselaele ke ʼulihi tana lotu moʼoni.—Kau Fakamāu 2:11-13.
Hili kiai ni ʼu sēkulō, ʼi te temi ʼaē neʼe hū ai te Palesitina ʼāfea ki te Puleʼaga Keleka ʼaē neʼe takitaki e Alexandre le Grand ʼi te fā sēkulō ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi, neʼe kua fakahehemaʼi te lotu ʼa te kau Sutea pea neʼe hoko fualoa tona ʼu fua kovi ki te kau Sutea. Neʼe tali e Alexandre he kau Sutea ʼi tona ʼu foʼi solia. Neʼe fetogi ʼaupito ai tanatou ʼu manatu faka lotu ʼuhi ko tanatou ʼu felogoi mo ia ʼaē neʼe mālo ia nātou. Neʼe hū ai te ʼu manatu faka Keleka ki te ʼu faleako faka Sutea. ʼE ʼiloa te Pelepitelo Lahi ko Jason he neʼe ina fakatuʼu he univelesitē faka Keleka ʼi Selusalemi ʼi te taʼu 175 ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi, moʼo faka mafola te ako ʼo te ʼu tohi ʼa Homère.
ʼE feala ke tou fakatokagaʼi, ʼi te fakaʼosi ʼo te lua sēkulō ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi, neʼe ʼui e te tagata Samalitana ko te Tohi-Tapu ʼe ko he tohi ʼo ʼuhiga mo te hisitolia ʼa te kau Keleka. Ko te ʼu tohi apocryphes faka Sutea ʼaē ʼe mole tuʼu ʼi te Tohi-Tapu, ohage ko Sutita pea mo Tobie, ʼe talanoa ai ki he ʼu fagana heʼeʼaoga ʼa te kau Keleka. Pea ʼaki te temi neʼe ʼōmai he ʼu tagata fai filosofia Sutea ʼo nātou faiga ke nātou faka ʼalutahi te manatu faka Keleka mo te Lotu Faka Sutea pea mo te Tohi-Tapu.
Ko ia ʼaē neʼe ina fai tāfito te faʼahi ʼaia ʼe ko Philon, te tagata Sutea ʼo te ʼuluaki sēkulō ʼo totatou temi. Neʼe ina ʼui ʼe ʼaʼana te ʼu akonaki ʼa Platon (ʼo te fā sēkulō ʼi muʼa ʼo totatou temi), mo te kau tisipulo ʼa Pythagore, pea mo te kau Setoika. Neʼe malave ʼaupito ki te kau Sutea te ʼu manatu ʼa Philon. ʼI tana palalau fakanounou ki te hū māmālie ʼa te manatu faka Keleka ki te sivilisasio faka Sutea, ʼe ʼui fēnei e te tagata faitohi Sutea ko Max Dimont: “Ko te manatu ʼa Platon, mo te fakakaukau poto ʼa Aristote, pea mo te faʼahiga poto matematike ʼa Euclide, neʼe ko he ʼu meʼa foʼou neʼe fakaʼaogaʼi e te ʼu hahaʼi popoto Sutea moʼo sivi ʼaki te Tola. . . . Neʼe nātou kamata fakaʼaogaʼi te ʼu manatu faka Keleka ki te meʼa ʼaē neʼe fakahā [e te ʼAtua] ki te kau Sutea.”
ʼAki te temi, neʼe puleʼi e te kau Loma te Puleʼaga Keleka pea nātou faʼao ia Selusalemi. Neʼe hoko ai leva he ʼu fetogi maʼuhiga. ʼI te tolu sēkulō ʼo totatou temi, ko te ʼu hahaʼi popoto ʼaē neʼe nātou gāueʼi te ʼu manatu ʼa Platon, ʼaki tanatou ʼu akonaki faka filosofia pea mo faka lotu, neʼe nātou faʼufaʼu te akonaki ʼe higoa ia ʼaho nei ko te Néoplatonisme. Neʼe malave ʼaupito te akonaki ʼaia ki te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano ʼaposita.
“Te Sivilisasio Keleka Faka Kilisitiano”
ʼI te ʼu ʼuluaki sēkulō e nima ʼo totatou temi, neʼe faigaʼi e ʼihi hahaʼi popoto ke nātou fakahā te pikipikiga ʼo te filosofia faka Keleka pea mo te moʼoni ʼaē neʼe fakahā e te Tohi-Tapu. ʼE ʼui fēnei e te tohi A History of Christianity: “Ko te kau métaphysiciens Kilisitiano neʼe nātou fakamatala, ko te kau Keleka, ʼi ni ʼu taʼu ʼi muʼa ʼo te temi ʼo Kilisito, neʼe nātou faiga mālohi ke nātou maʼu te ʼatamai mālama ʼo te ʼAtua, pea neʼe hage neʼe nātou fakaʼaogaʼi te ʼaele ʼo Ateni moʼo fakakaukauʼi te ʼuhiga ʼo Sesu, pea ke nātou faʼufaʼu te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano ʼi tonatou ʼu ʼatamai pagani.”
Ko Plotin (205-270 ʼo totatou temi), ʼaē neʼe kau ʼi te ʼu ʼuluaki hahaʼi popoto ʼaia, neʼe ina faʼu he akonaki neʼe fakatafito ki te ʼu manatu ʼa Platon. Neʼe faʼu e Plotin te manatu ʼo ʼuhiga mo he nefesi ʼe kehe mo te sino. Neʼe ʼui fēnei e te polofesea ko E. W. Hopkins: “Ko tana teolosia . . . neʼe maʼuhiga ʼaupito ki te kau takitaki ʼo te manatu faka Kilisitiano.”
“Te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano Keleka” Pea Mo Te “Filosofia Faka Kilisitiano”
ʼO kamata mai ʼi te lua sēkulō ʼo totatou temi, ko te hahaʼi popoto “Kilisitiano” neʼe nātou faiga mālohi ke nātou fakatatau mo te hahaʼi popoto pagani. Logope la neʼe fai e te ʼapositolo ko Paulo he fakatokaga ʼo ʼuhiga mo “te ʼu akonaki noa ʼaē ʼe nātou fakafeagai ki te meʼa ʼaē ʼe maʼoniʼoni, pea mo te ʼu fakafifihi ʼo te meʼa ʼaē ʼe higoaʼi hala ‘ko te ʼatamai mālama,’ ” ko te ʼu tagata faiako feiā neʼe nātou tali ʼi tanatou ʼu akonaki te ʼu meʼa faka filosofia ʼo te sivilisasio faka Keleka ʼi tonatou tafaʼaki. (1 Timoteo 6:20, MN) ʼAki te faʼifaʼitaki ʼa Philon neʼe lagi feala ke kita manatu, ʼe feala ke faka ʼalutahi te Tohi-Tapu pea mo te ʼu manatu ʼa Platon.—Vakaʼi ia 2 Petelo 1:16.
Kae ko te faʼahi ʼaia neʼe fakatupu kovi tāfito ki te moʼoni faka Tohi-Tapu. Neʼe faiga e te kau faiako “Kilisitiano” ke nātou fakahā ko te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano neʼe ʼalutahi mo te filosofia humaniste ʼo te kau Loma pea mo te kau Keleka. Ko Clément dʼAlexandrie pea mo Origène (ʼo te lua pea mo te tolu sēkulō ʼo totatou temi) neʼe nā fakaliliu te néoplatonisme ko te tafitoʼaga ʼo te “filosofia faka Kilisitiano.” Ko Ambroise (mai te taʼu 339 ʼo totatou temi ʼo aʼu ki te taʼu 397), te ʼēpikopō ʼo Milan, neʼe ina “tali te ʼu akonaki foʼou ʼa te kau Keleka, mo te kau Kilisitiano, mo te hahaʼi pagani, tāfito la te ʼu tohi ʼo Plotin, te tagata pagani néoplatonicien.” Neʼe ina faigaʼi ke ina akoʼi ki te kau popoto Latina he faʼahiga Lotu Faka Kilisitiano kua fio mo te ʼu akonaki ʼa te kau Keleka pea mo te kau Loma. Pea neʼe muliʼi ia ia e Aukusitino.
Hili kiai he sēkulō, ko Tenisio te Aleopakite (ʼaē ʼe toe higoaʼi foki ko te Tenisio Loi), neʼe lagi ko he monike Silia, neʼe ina faigaʼi ke ina fakatahiʼi te filosofia néoplatonicienne pea mo te teolosia faka “Kilisitiano.” Ohage ko tona ʼui e te tikisionalio, ko tana ʼu “tohi neʼe fakatuʼu ʼaki he manatu néoplatonicienne ʼi te ʼu fenua ʼaē neʼe mafola ai te akonaki faka Kilisitiano ʼo te Moyen-Âge . . . pea neʼe tupu ai he ʼu agaaga faka lotu [ʼo te akonaki faka Kilisitiano] ʼe kei fakaʼaogaʼi ʼi te temi ʼaenī.” ʼE hā lelei ai neʼe nātou meʼa noaʼi te fakatokaga ʼaē neʼe fai e te ʼapositolo ko Paulo ʼo ʼuhiga mo “te filosofia mo te kaka alunoa e mulimuli ki te u talatuku fakatagata”!—Kolose 2:8.
Te ʼu Meʼa ʼAē Neʼe Nātou ʼUlihi Te Moʼoni
Neʼe ʼui ko “te kau Kilisitiano platoniciens neʼe nātou faka maʼuhigaʼi te meʼa ʼaē neʼe fakahā e te ʼAtua, pea kia nātou ko te filosofia ʼa Platon neʼe ko he meʼa gāue lelei tāfito ke nātou mahino pea mo lagolago ki te ʼu akonaki ʼo te Tohi-Tapu pea mo te ʼu talatisio ʼo te ʼēkelesia.”
Neʼe tui papau e Platon ʼe maʼu e te tagata he nefesi ʼe maʼuli tuputupua. Pea ko te akonaki hala ʼaē ʼe maʼuhiga tāfito ʼaē neʼe hū ki te “teolosia faka Kilisitiano” ʼe ko te maʼuli tuputupua ʼo te nefesi. ʼE mole tonu te ʼui ʼaē ʼe feala ke kita tali te akonaki ʼaia moʼo fakagafua ki te tokolahi ke nātou tali te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano. ʼI tana fai faka mafola ʼi Ateni, te kolo tāfito ʼo te sivilisasio faka Keleka, neʼe mole akoʼi ai e te ʼapositolo ko Paulo te akonaki ʼa Platon ʼo ʼuhiga mo te maʼuli tuputupua ʼo te nefesi. Kae neʼe ina fagonogono te akonaki ʼo te fakatuʼuake, logope la neʼe mole fia tui kiai te hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe logo kia ia.—Gaue 17:22-32.
ʼO mole hage ko te filosofia faka Keleka, ʼe fakahā lelei mai e te Tohi-Tapu ko te nefesi ʼe mole ko he meʼa ʼe maʼu e te tagata kae ʼe ko ia totonu. (Senesi 2:7) Ka mate he tahi pea ʼe toe mate foki mo te nefesi. (Esekiele 18:4) ʼE ʼui fēnei ia Tagata Tānaki 9:5: “Ko te kau maʼuli ʼe nātou ʼiloʼi ʼe nātou mamate anai; kae ko te kau mate, ʼe mole kei nātou ʼiloʼi he meʼa, ʼe mole kei ʼi ai honatou totogi, heʼe kua galo te ʼu meʼa ʼaē neʼe nātou manatuʼi.” ʼE mole akoʼi mai e te Tohi-Tapu te akonaki ʼo te maʼuli tuputupua ʼo te nefesi.
Ko te tahi akonaki hala ʼe pipiki ki te tuʼulaga ʼo Sesu ʼi muʼa ʼo tana tupu tagata heʼe ʼui e ʼihi ʼe tatau mo tana Tāmai. ʼE fakamahino fēnei mai e te tohi The Church of the First Three Centuries: “Ko te akonaki ʼo te Tahitolu . . . neʼe mole tuʼu ʼi te ʼu tohi ʼa te kau Sutea pea mo te kau Kilisitiano.” Koteā tona haʼuʼaga? Ko te akonaki ʼaia “neʼe faʼu, pea neʼe hilifaki ki te Lotu Faka Kilisitiano, e te ʼu Tāmai [ʼo te ’Ēkelesia], ʼaē neʼe mulimuli ki te ʼu akonaki ʼa Platon.”
ʼAki te temi neʼe ʼāsili ai te mulimuli ʼa te ʼu Tāmai ʼo te ’Ēkelesia ki te Néoplatonisme pea neʼe toe mālohi ai mo nātou ʼaē neʼe tui ki te Tahitolu. Ko te filosofia néoplatonicienne ʼo te tolu sēkulō, neʼe ina fakagafua kia nātou ke nātou fakatokatoka te meʼa ʼaē neʼe mata faigataʼa, ko te fakamahino ʼaē ko te ʼAtua ʼe ko ʼipotasi e tolu kae ʼe ko he ʼAtua pe e tahi. ʼAki tanatou fakakaukau faka filosofia neʼe nātou lau ʼe feala ki he ʼu ʼipotasi e tolu ke nātou faʼu he ʼAtua pe e tahi kae ke nātou kehekehe!
Kae ʼe fakahā lelei mai e te moʼoni faka Tohi-Tapu ko Sehova tokotahi te ʼAtua Māfimāfi, ko Sesu Kilisito ʼe ko Tona ʼAlo ʼaē neʼe ina fakatupu pea ʼe mālalo age ia Ia, pea ko te laumālie maʼoniʼoni ʼe ko Tona mālohi gāue. (Teutalonome 6:4; Isaia 45:5; Gaue 2:4; Kolose 1:15; Apokalipesi 3:14) Ko te akonaki ʼo te Tahitolu ʼe ina ʼulihi te ʼAtua moʼoni pe e tahi, pea ʼe ina fakahēʼia ai te hahaʼi pea mo fakamamaʼo nātou mai te ʼAtua ʼaē ʼe mole feala ke nātou mahino ki ai.
Ko te tahi meʼa ʼaē neʼe fetogi ʼuhi ko te fio ʼa te ʼu akonaki néoplatoniciens mo te manatu faka Kilisitiano, ʼe ko te ʼamanaki faka Tohi-Tapu ki te ʼafio ia taʼu e afe. (Apokalipesi 20:4-6) Neʼe ʼiloa ia Origène ʼuhi ko tana valokiʼi te hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe nātou tui ki te ʼamanaki ʼaia. He koʼe koa neʼe fakafeagai ki te akonaki faka Tohi-Tapu ʼaia ʼo te ʼafio ʼa Kilisito ia taʼu e afe? ʼE tali fēnei e te tohi The Catholic Encyclopedia: “ ʼUhi ko te néoplatonisme ʼaē neʼe fakatafito kiai tana ʼu akonaki . . . , koia neʼe mole feala ke manatu tahi [ia Origène] mo te hahaʼi ʼaē neʼe tui ki te ʼafio ia taʼu e afe.”
Te Moʼoni
ʼE mole he akonaki ʼe moʼoni ʼi te ʼu akonaki ʼaē neʼe tou talanoa kiai. Ko te moʼoni ʼe faʼufaʼu e te ʼu akonaki faka Kilisitiano fuli ʼaē ʼe tuʼu ʼi te Tohi-Tapu. (2 Kolonito 4:2; Tito 1:1, 14; 2 Soane 1-4) Ko te Tohi-Tapu ʼe ko te matapuna pe ʼaia e tahi ʼo te moʼoni.—Soane 17:17; 2 Timoteo 3:16.
Kae ko te fili ʼo Sehova, te fili ʼo te moʼoni, mo te malamanei pea mo te maʼuli heʼegata, ʼe ko Satana te Tevolo, te “fai fakapo” pea mo te “tamai o te kaka,” pea neʼe ina fakaʼaogaʼi he ʼu fakatuʼutuʼu kehekehe moʼo ʼulihi te moʼoni. (Soane 8:44; fakatatau mo 2 Kolonito 11:3.) Moʼo fetogi te ʼu akonaki faka Kilisitiano, neʼe ina fakaʼaogaʼi he fakatuʼutuʼu mālohi ko te ʼu akonaki ʼo te ʼu tagata fai filosofia pagani Keleka ʼaē neʼe nātou fakahā tana ʼu manatu.
Ko te fio ʼo te ʼu akonaki faka Kilisitiano pea mo te filosofia Keleka, ʼe ko he faiga ʼaia moʼo fetogi te moʼoni faka Tohi-Tapu pea mo fakavaivaiʼi tona mālohi pea ke fehiʼa kiai te hahaʼi fakamalotoloto, mo agavaivai pea mo te hahaʼi ʼaē ʼe nātou kumi te moʼoni pea mo fia ako. (1 Kolonito 3:1, 2, 19, 20) Tahi ʼaē meʼa, ʼe ina ʼulihi te maʼa ʼo te ʼu akonaki faka Tohi-Tapu, ʼo faigataʼa ai hakita fakakeheʼi te moʼoni pea mo te loi.
Ia ʼaho nei, ʼi te takitaki ʼo Sesu Kilisito, te Pule ʼo te kokelekasio, kua toe fakahā te ʼu akonaki faka Kilisitiano moʼoni. Tahi ʼaē meʼa, ʼe ko he meʼa faigafua ki te hahaʼi ʼaē ʼe nātou kumi fakamalotoloto te moʼoni, ke nātou ʼiloʼi te kokelekasio faka Kilisitiano moʼoni ʼuhi ko tona ʼu fua. (Mateo 7:16, 20) Ko te kau Fakamoʼoni ʼa Sehova ʼe nātou fia tokoni ki te hahaʼi ʼaia ke nātou maʼu te ʼu vai maʼa ʼo te moʼoni, pea mo tokoni kia nātou ke nātou puke maʼu te tofiʼa ʼo te maʼuli heʼegata ʼaē ʼe tuku mai e totatou Tāmai ko Sehova.—Soane 4:14; 1 Timoteo 6:19.
[Paki ʼo te pasina 11]
Ko Aukusitino
[Haʼuʼaga ʼo te paki pasina 10]
Greek text: From the book Ancient Greek Writers: Plato’s Phaedo, 1957, Ioannis N. Zacharopoulos, Athens; Plato: Musei Capitolini, Roma