Indlebe Yakho Ijelo Elibalaseleyo Lothungelwano

UNOKUCIMELA xa ungafuni ukubona. Unokungaphefumli xa ungafuni ukujoja. Kodwa akunakuzivingca iindlebe zakho ngokupheleleyo xa ungafuni ukuva. Intetho ethi “ukuvingca iindlebe” kuphela nje isisafobe. Amalungu akho okuva, njengokubetha kwentliziyo yakho, aqhubeka esebenza kwanaxa ulele.

Eneneni, iindlebe zethu ziqhubeka zisebenza ngalo lonke ixesha ukusazisa ngoko kuqhubekayo kwihlabathi elisingqongileyo. Ziyakhetha, zicalule zize zisazise oko sikuvayo zize zikudlulisele ebuchotsheni. Zikwisithuba seekyubhikhi sentimitha ezili-16, iindlebe zethu zisebenzisa imigaqo yokwandisa ilizwi, yoomatshini, yoomatshini abasebenza ngomoya nobalo lwemathematiki yodidi oluphezulu ukuphumeza oko zikwenzayo. Ukuba amalungu ethu okuva asebenza kakuhle, khawuqwalasele nje izinto ezimbalwa iindlebe ezikwaziyo ukuzenza.

◻ Ukususela kusebe-sebe omncinane ukuya kwisandi esinjengeseendudumo sokunduluka kwenqwelo-ntaka, iindlebe zethu zinokuhlangabezana nokuphakama kwesandi okwahlukahlukeneyo okuphindaphindwe ngezihlandlo ezili-10 000 000-​000 000. Ngokwentetho yenzululwazi, oku kumalunga needecibels ezili-130.

◻ Iindlebe zethu zinokukhetha zize zinikele ingqalelo kwincoko enye ekwelinye igumbi elizele ngabantu okanye zifumanise inowuthi yomculo ephosakeleyo edlalwa kakubi kwisixhobo somculo esinye kwiokhestra enabantu abalikhulu.

◻ Iindlebe zomntu zinokuwuva umahluko wokutshintsha okuncinane kwindawo esivela kuyo isandi esithile. Oku zikwenza ngokuva umahluko wexesha lokufika nobungakanani besandi kwiindlebe zombini. Umahluko wexesha usenokuba mncinane kangangeqhezwana elisisigidi somzuzwana, kodwa iindlebe zinokukuva oku zize zikudlulisele ebuchotsheni.

◻ Iindlebe zethu zinokuva zize zahlule phakathi kwezandi ezinokuba ngama-400 000. Amalungu endlebe ngokuzenzekelayo anokwahlulahlula amaza esandi aze awanxulumanise nalawo agcinwe kwigumbi lenkumbulo. Kungaloo ndlela onokukwazi ngayo ukuxela enoba inowuthi ethile yomculo idlalwe yiviolin okanye yifleyiti okanye ngubani okubizayo naye emnxebeni.

“Indlebe” esiyibona ecaleni lentloko yethu eneneni iyinxalenye kuphela yoko kunokubonwa kwindlebe yethu. Kunokwenzeka ukuba inkoliso yethu isazikhumbula ezo mini zasesikolweni xa kwakusithiwa indlebe yethu ibunjwe ngamacandelo amathathu: umphandle, umbindi, nomphakathi wendlebe, njengoko ebizwa njalo. Umphandle wendlebe uyilwe “yindlebe” eqhelekileyo esisikhumba nentlala nomjelo wendlebe okhokelela ngaphakathi kwigubu lendlebe. Kumbindi wendlebe, kukho amathambo amathathu angawona mancinane emzimbeni womntu​—⁠imalleus, i-incus nestapes, ngokuqhelekileyo abizwa ngokuba lithanjana lendlebe, ianvili nestibili⁠—​nto ezo ezihlanganisa igubu lendlebe nomngxuma ombhoxo wendlebe, umnyango ophumela kumphakathi wendlebe. Yaye umphakathi wendlebe ubunjwe ngamalungu amabini akhangeleka ngokungaqhelekanga: intlanganisela yemijelo emithathu engamacala esangqa (semicircular canals) kunye nombindi wendlebe (cochlea) onjengenkumba.

Umphandle Wendlebe​—⁠Isixhobo Sokwamkela Isandi Esilungelelanisiweyo

Ngokucacileyo, umphandle wendlebe usebenza ukuqokelela amaza esandi emoyeni uze uwadlulisele kumalungu angaphakathi endlebe. Kodwa wenza okungakumbi kunoko.

Wakha wacinga enoba ukumila okujijekileyo komphandle wendlebe kunomsebenzi othile okhethekileyo? Izazinzulu zifumanisa ukuba umngxuma osembindini wendlebe ngaphakathi kunye nomjelo wendlebe, ezo zinto zenziwe ngendlela yokuba zikwazi ukwandisa izandi, okanye ukuhlokomisa, kumlinganiselo wesandi esithile. Oku kusinceda njani? Kuyenzeka ukuba inkoliso yezandi ezibalulekileyo zentetho yomntu zingavakali ngokufanayo.a Njengoko ezi zandi zihamba ukutyhubela umphandle wendlebe nomjelo wayo, izandi zazo ziphakanyiswa ngokuphindwe kabini, obu bobona buchule buphakamileyo besandisi-lizwi!

Kwanomphandle wendlebe unendima ebalulekileyo kuthi ukuze sikwazi ukufumanisa icala esivela kulo isandi. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, izandi ezivela ngasekhohlo okanye ngasekunene kwentloko zifunyaniswa ngokwahluka kokuphakama kwezandi nangexesha ezifika ngalo kwiindlebe zombini. Kodwa kuthekani ngezandi ezivela ngasemva? Kwakhona, uhlobo emile ngalo indlebe lunendima yalo kulo mba. Ungqameko lwendlebe yethu lwenziwe ngendlela yokuba lukwazi ukuhlangabezana nezandi ezivela ngasemva, lubangela ilahleko yemijikelo engama-⁠3 000 ukuya kwengama-6 000 ngomzuzu. Oku kuyakuguqula ukuvakala kwesandi, yaye ubuchopho buyafumanisa ukuba sivela ngasemva. Izandi ezivela phezu kwentloko kwanazo ziyaguquka kodwa zibe kubunzulu obahlukahlukeneyo.

Umbindi Wendlebe​—⁠Umatshini Onobuchule

Umsebenzi wombindi wendlebe kukuguqula ukushukuma okuvakalayo kwamaza esandi ekubeni kukushukuma okuzenzekelayo kuze kukudlulisele kumphakathi wendlebe. Okwenzeka kweli gumbi lingange-ertyisi enyanisweni kukusebenza okuzenzekelayo ngokumangalisayo.

Ngokwahlukileyo kuluvo lokuba izandi eziphakamileyo zibangela intshukumo ecacileyo kwigubu lendlebe, enyanisweni amaza esandi abangela intshukumo encinane gqitha. Oko kushukuma kuncinane ngolo hlobo akunakufane kubangele okuthile kumphakathi wendlebe ezaliswe lulwelo oluthile. Indlela le ngxaki eyoyiswa ngayo ibonisa kwakhona indlela indlebe eyenziwe ngobulumko ngayo.

Ukudibana kwamathambo amancinane omphakathi wendlebe akwenziwanga kuphela ngendlela yokuba ive msinya, kodwa kwakhona awenza ngokufanelekileyo umsebenzi wawo. Esebenza njengesixhobo sokuxhathisa, anyusa isandi sawo nawaphi na amandla angenayo kangangama-30 ekhulwini. Ngaphezu koko, igubu lendlebe likhulu kangangezihlandlo eziphindaphindwe kangangama-20 kunamalungu angaphantsi kwezitibili. Ngaloo ndlela, amandla akwigubu lendlebe abunjelwe ndawonye kummandla omncinane wendlebe. Ezi zinto zizombini zandisa amandla okuxinzelela kwigubu elingcangcazela izihlandlo ezingama-25 ukuya kwezingama-30 kumngxuma wendlebe, umlinganiselo nje owaneleyo ukushukumisa ulwelo olukumbindi wendlebe.

Ngaba ukhe wafumanisa ukuba xa unomkhuhlane obangela intloko ebuhlungu maxa wambi indlela ova ngayo iyachaphazeleka? Oku kungenxa yokuba, ukuze igubu lendlebe lisebenze ngokufanelekileyo kufuneka umlinganiselo wamandla alinganayo kumacala omabini ayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo oku kwenzeka ngenxa yomngxunyana okhoyo apho obizwa ngokuba ngumbhobho oyiEustachian, ohlanganisa umbindi wendlebe nomva wemibhobho yamarhanana. Lo mbhobho uyavuleka ngamaxesha onke siginya uze ukhuphe naluphi na uxinzeleleko olwakheke kumbindi wendlebe.

Umphakathi Wendlebe ​—⁠Ummandla Oxakeke Gqitha Wendlebe

Ukususela kumngxuma ombhoxo wendlebe, siza kumphakathi wendlebe. Imiqheba emithathu eme nkqo ebizwa ngokuba ziisemicircular canals, yenza ukuba sikwazi ukuzinza nokulungelelana. Noko ke, kukumngaphakathi wendlebe apho kuqalisa khona ngokwenene umsebenzi wokuva.

Icochlea (ngokusuka kwigama lesiGrike elithi ko·khliʹas, inkumba) ngokusisiseko ziintunja ezintathu ezizaliswe lulwelo, okanye imijelo, ebhijelene okweqokobhe lenkumba. Iintunjana ezimbini zihlanganiswe kwincam yeli qokobhe lijikojiko. Xa umngxuma ombhoxo wendlebe, emazantsi kweli qokobhe, ushukunyiswa zizitibili, uphuma ungena ngokwepiston, nto leyo ebangela uxinzeleleko lomoya kolu lwelo. Njengoko la maza enyuka esihla encamini, abangela ukuba iindonga ezahlula ezi ntunjana zigetyezele.

Okwayame kwezi ndonga, okwaziwa ngokuba yinwebu yebasilar, lilungu elisabela ngokukhawuleza gqitha likaCorti, elithiywe ngegama likaAlfonso Corti, owathi ngowe-1851 wafumanisa eli lungu lingundoqo lokuva. Ilungu lalo eliyintloko linoludwe lweseli zoboyana bokuva, ezinokuba ngama-15 000 okanye ngaphezulu. Ukususela kobu boyana buziiseli, imicu yezivamvo engamawaka ithwala inkcazelo engokuphakama, nobume besandi iyisa ebuchotsheni, apho imvakalelo yokuva iqhubeka khona.

Ukutyhilwa Kwemfihlelo

Iindlela ilungu likaCorti eliyidlulisela ngayo ebuchotsheni le nkcazelo intsokothileyo iye yahlala iyimfihlelo kangangexesha elide. Ekuphela kwento izazinzulu ebeziyazi ibikukuba ubuchopho abusabeli kukungcangcazela okuzenzekelayo kodwa busabela kukuguquka kwemichiza nokokombane. Ngendlela ethile ilungu likaCorti limele liguqule intshukumo yokugetyezela kwenwebu yebasilar ukuze ibe ziintshukumisa zombane ize izithumele ezi ebuchotsheni.

Isazinzulu saseHungary uGeorg von Békésy sathabatha iminyaka enokuba ngama-25 ukuze sityhile le mfihlelo yeli lungu lincinane. Into enye awayifumanisayo kukuba njengoko amaza omoya ehambahamba kule mijelo ikwicochlea, afikelela incopho yawo ndaweni ithile aze atyhale le nwebu yebasilar. Amaza abangelwa zizandi eziphakamileyo atyhalela le nwebu kufuphi nommandla osemazantsi ombindi wendlebe, aze amaza ezandi eziphantsi atyhalele inwebu kufuphi nencam. Ngaloo ndlela, lo kaBékésy wagqiba kwelokuba eso sandi sokuphakama okuthile sivelisa amaza athambisa inwebu yebasilar kwindawo ethile, kuze oko kubangele iiseli ezibuboyana ezilapho zishukume zize zithumele imiqondiso ebuchotsheni. Indawo ezikuyo iiseli ezibuboyana iya kungqinelana nezihlandlo zokufika kwesandi, yaye inani leeseli ezibuboyana ezishukunyisiweyo liya kungqinelana nokuphakama kwesandi.

Le nkcazelo iyinyaniso ngezandi eziqhelekileyo. Noko ke, izandi eziqhubeka kwindalo, azifane zibe lula ngokwengqiqo ezenzeka ngayo. Isandi sokuxokozela kwendubule sahluke mpela kwesokubetha kwegubu nangona sisenokuba sesomlinganiselo ofanayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba isandi ngasinye siyilwe ngokwemvakalo-zwi esisiseko enye nangezandi ezininzi ezivakala kunye. Inani lezi zandi zahlukileyo namandla anxulumene nazo kwenza isandi ngasinye sohluke kwesinye. Le yindlela ekwenzeka ngayo ukuba sizahlule izandi esizivayo.

Inwebu eyibasilar inokusabela kuzo zonke izandi ezivakala kunye nesandi esiyintloko ngexesha elifanayo ize ifumanise inani lazo nezo zikhoyo, ngaloo ndlela isahlukanisa uhlobo lwesandi. Iingcaphephe zemathematika ziyibiza le nkqubo ngokuthi luhlahlelo lukaFourier, igama lengcaphephe yemathematika eyayikrelekrele yaseFrance ngenkulungwane ye-19 uJean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier. Kanti, indlebe ibisebenzisa le nkqubo yemathematika yodidi oluphezulu ukususela kwangaphambili ukucalucalula izandi eziviwayo nokudlulisela le nkcazelo ebuchotsheni.

Nangoku, izazinzulu azikaqiniseki ukuba yimiqondiso enjani edluliselwa yicochlea ebuchotsheni. Uphengululo lutyhila ukuba imiqondiso ethunyelwa zizo zonke iiseli zoboyana phantse ukuba ithunyelwa ngexesha elifanayo yaye inamandla alinganayo. Ngaloo ndlela, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba asikuko okuqulethwe yimiqondiso kodwa yimiqondiso eqhelekileyo ngokwayo edlulisela isigidimi ebuchotsheni.

Ukuze sikuqonde ukubaluleka koku, khumbula umdlalo wabantwana apho ibali belidluliselwa komnye ngokusuka komnye bedwelile. Oko kuviwa ngomnye umntwana kwelinye icala ngokufuthi akufani noko kuviwe ngowokuqala. Ukuba kudluliselwa into ethile eyimfihlelo, enjengenani, ingelilo ibali elintsonkothileyo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ingaphazamiseki. Yaye oko ngokuqinisekileyo, koko kwenziwa ngumphakathi wendlebe.

Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, oko kusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje ezihambele phambili zothungelwano, ezibizwa ngokuba luthungelwano olwenziwa ngemiqondiso (pulse code modulation), kusebenza ngomgaqo ofanayo. Kunokuthumela iinkcukacha ngesiganeko esithile, kuthunyelwa umqondiso othile omele eso siganeko. Le yindlela eyasetyenziswayo ukuthumela imifanekiso esuka kuMars isiza emhlabeni, ngokweziqwengana ezibini, okanye ngendlela izandi eziguqulelwa ngayo ekubeni ziziqwengana ukuze zikwazi ukurhekhodwa okanye ziphindwe zidlalwe. Kodwa, kwakhona, indlebe yakwenza kuqala oku!

Ubuchule Bendalo

Kusenokuba iindlebe zethu ayizezona zibukhali okanye eziva gqitha kunezinye, kodwa ziyakwazi ukukufeza ngokubalaseleyo oko sikufuna gqitha​—⁠imfuneko yokuncokolisana. Ziyilwe ngendlela yokuba zisabele kakuhle ngokukhethekileyo kwizandi zentetho yomntu. Iintsana kufuneka zilive ilizwi likanina ukuze zikhule kakuhle. Yaye njengoko zikhula, zifuna ukuva amazwi abanye abantu ukuze zikwazi ukuvelisa amandla azo okuthetha. Iindlebe zazo zizenza zikwazi ukuwuqonda umahluko omncinane kulwimi ngalunye ngokuchane kangangokuba zikhula zithetha olo lwimi ngendlela ummi walapho kuphela anokuluthetha ngayo.

Konke oku akungomphumo wendaleko engenangqiqo. Kunoko, amandla ethu okuva enziwa nguMdali onothando, uYehova. (IMizekeliso 20:​12) Iindlebe zethu enyanisweni ziyimbonakaliso ngobona buchule bendalo neyobulumko nothando loMenzi wethu. Ngazo siyakwazi ukunxibelelana nabantu abangoowethu. Kodwa ngaphezu koko, ngamana singazisebenzisa ekuphulaphuleni ubulumko obuvela kwiLizwi likaThixo, ukuze sifunde kuBawo wethu Osezulwini, uYehova uThixo.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Umzobo okwiphepha 15]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

UMPHANDLE WENDLEBE

Indlebe

Umjelo wendlebe

Igubu lendlebe

UMBINDI WENDLEBE

Ithanjana lendlebe

Ianvili

Istibili

IEustachian

UMPHAKATHI WENDLEBE

Imijelo isemicircular

Umngxuma ombhoxo

Icochlea

[Umzobo okwiphepha 16]

(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)

Umfanekiso obonisa iintunjana ezintathu zivuliwe

ICOCHLEA

Umjelo iVestibular

Intunjana yecochlea

Umjelo itympanic