Ungcoliso—Ngubani Olubangelayo?

“ESI siqithi siyindawo karhulumente ephantsi kolingelo. Umhlaba ungcoliswe lubende ibe uyingozi. Akuvunyelwa mntu ukuba afikele kuwo.”a Lo mqondiso uxhonywe kwilizwe laseSkotlani elijongene nesiQithi saseGruinard ulumkisa abo baza kutyelela kuso. Kwiminyaka engama-47 edluleyo, ukususela kulingelo lokuveliswa kwezixhobo zebhayoloji ebudeni bemfazwe yehlabathi yesibini, esi siqithi sihle siye sangcoliswa ngoonobangela besifo sobende.

IsiQithi saseGruinard singumzekelo obalaseleyo wongcoliso. Kodwa iintlobo ezingengako zongcoliso lomhlaba ziyingxaki ekho ngokubanzi nekhulayo.

Ukwanda Kongcoliso Lomhlaba

Omnye unobangela wolu ngcoliso lomhlaba yinkunkuma. Ngokomzekelo, eBritani ngokutsho kweThe Times yaseLondon intsapho eqhelekileyo enamalungu amane, ilahla isinyithi esiziikhilogram ezingama-51 neeplastiki eziziikhilogram ezingama-41 nyaka ngamnye, “nto ezo oluthi uninzi lwazo luyonakalise ngokungaphezulu imbonakalo yezitrato, udini lwendlela, unxweme nemimandla yokubethwa ngumoya.”

Iphephancwadi laseFransi iGEO lanikela ingxelo yokuba ngathuba lithile inkunkuma eninzi ngokugqithiseleyo yase-Entressen eyayilahlwe ngaphandle kweMarseilles, eseFransi, yafikelela kwiimitha ezingama-60 ukuphakama yaza yatsala amangabangaba athelekelelwa ekwi-145 000. Ucingo olujikeleze loo ndawo yokulahla inkunkuma aluzange luwuthintele umoya ekuphaphathekiseni inkunkuma engamaphepha neeplastiki. Umphumo waba kukuba, abasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni bathenga umhlaba wezolimo okufuphi owawuziihektare ezingama-30 ngelinge lokunqanda le ngxaki yenkunkuma.

Alimangalisi elokuba ekulungelelaniseni Unyaka Wemekobume YaseYurophu​—⁠owaphela ngoMatshi 1988​—⁠uMmeli weEEC uStanley Clinton Davis wafumanisa ukuba uludwe lweenkathazo ezibangelwa lungcoliso “alunasiphelo.”b Ngenxa yoko, kwacetywa iphulo lokukhuthaza ukuba kuphinde kusetyenziswe izinto ezilahliweyo ngenjongo yokuhlaziya ama-80 ekhulwini eetoni zenkunkuma yeLizwe ezi-⁠2 200 000 000 nyaka ngamnye.

Ungcoliso lwenkunkuma alupheleliselwanga kwiNtshona Yurophu. Ngoku luyinto ekho kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ngokutsho kwephephancwadi iNew Scientist, kude kwakho imfuneko yokuba kucocwe ilizwekazi elikude laseAntarctica. Iinzululwazi zophando zaseOstreliya zahlanganisa iitoni ezingaphezu kwama-40 zoomatshini abalahliweyo nezinto zokwakha ezazisasazeke kufutshane nendawo ezisebenzela kuyo. IThe New York Times (kaDisemba 19, 1989 inikela ingxelo yokuba abantu baseMerika abakwiSikhululo saseMcMurdo, eAntarctica, bacoca inkunkuma eyafumba kangangeminyaka engama-30 apho, kuquka netrekta enobunzima obuziikhilogram ezingama-35 000 eyatshona emanzini anobunzulu obuziimitha ezingama-⁠24.

Ewe, kumhlaba owomileyo, kukho ungcoliso nobumdaka obugqithiseleyo. Kodwa kuthekani ngamanzi omhlaba?

Amanzi Amdaka​—⁠Awayilungeli Impilo

IThe Observer yathi, “Imilambo yaseBritani iya isiba namanzi amdaka okwesihlandlo sokuqala kwiminyaka engaphezu kwengamashumi amabini anesihlanu.” IThe Times yaseLondon yanikela le ngxelo, “IKattegat [ulwandle oluphakathi kweSweden neDenmark] iyaphelelwa. Ngokukhawuleza iya ingakwazi ukuxhasa ubomi beentlanzi ngenxa yokuba ingcoliswe gqitha yaye iphelelwe yioksijini.” “Ngokukhawuleza imilambo yasePoland iba yimijelo evulekileyo ehambisa amanzi amdaka edolophu ibe akubonakali kukho kuphucuka kungako.”​—⁠The Guardian.

NgoNovemba wowe-1986 kwabakho intlekele yongcoliso iDaily Telegraph yaseLondon eyayichaza ‘njengokonakaliswa ngeyona ndlela imbi komjelo wamanzi waseNtshona Yurophu ongowona mkhulu nothandwayo.’ Kwabakho umlilo oyingozi eBasel, eSwitzerland, kumzi-mveliso wemichiza owabangela ukuba kuze abacimi-mlilo abagalela amanzi kumadangatye omlilo. Bengaqondanga, bakhukhulisela imichiza namayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi asusela kwiitoni ezingaphezu kwe-10 ukuya kwezingama-30 kumlambo iRhine, oku kusizisa “intlekele efana neyaseChernobyl kwishishini lamanzi.” Esi siganeko sasihamba phambili kwimixholo yamaphephandaba. Noko ke, oko ngokuqhelekileyo kunganikelwa ngxelo ngako sisibakala sokuba inkunkuma enetyhefu ngokuthe rhoqo ilahlelwa kumlambo iRhine ngokomlinganiselo omncinane.

Ungcoliso oluhamba namanzi alupheleli kwimimandla ejikeleze umthombo walo. Imiphumo yalo inokuba yebulalayo ukusa kwiimayile ezikude. Imilambo yaseYurophu equkuqelela kuLwandle lwaseMntla ithwala ipeyinti, intlama yokuhlamba amazinyo, inkunkuma enetyhefu nomngquba ngezixa ezikhulu kangangokuba ngoku iZiko Lokuhlolisisa Ishishini Lokuloba laseHolani liyichaza intlanzi yoLwandle lwaseMntla iyengafanelekelanga kutyiwa. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba ama-40 ekhulwini eentlanzi ezifumaneka kwimimandla enamanzi angenzulwanga zinezifo zesikhumba okanye amathumba awenza umhlaza.

Ngubani ofanele abekw’ ityala ngenxa yokungcola okunjalo? Inkoliso yalatha kwimizi-mveliso, ethe ngenxa yokubawela kwayo ingeniso ayayixhalabela kwaphela imekobume. Ukanti, nabalimi banetyala lokungcolisa imithombo nemilambo ekufutshane nemihlaba yabo. Ukusebenzisa kwabo kakhulu izichumiso zenitrate kungenza ukuba incindi evela ekutyeni kwemfuyo ibe yenetyhefu.

Kwakhona abantu basebenzisa imilambo njengendawo yokulahlela inkunkuma. Umlambo iMersey, onengingqi eqokelela amanzi emvula kummandla okumntla-ntshona weNgilani uchazwa njengowona umdaka eYurophu. “Ngoku kuphela sisidenge okanye umntu ongaziyo obeya kuqubha kumlambo iMersey,” igqabaza njalo iDaily Post yaseLiverpool, isalek’ umsundulo ngelithi: “Nabani na othe ngelishwa wawela kulo mlambo ngokunokwenzeka unokusiwa esibhedlele egula.”

Kwakhona amanzi amdaka asezidolophini abalasele phakathi kwezinto ezingcolisa ulwandle. Kuthiwa ulwandle olungakolunye unxweme lwamaNgesi oluthandwayo ngabantu nekuyiwa kulo ngethuba lekhefu ‘lunamanzi amdaka alingana nekomityi kumlinganiselo wamanzi okuhlamba entsapho nganye,’ ewodlula ngokuphindwe kane umlinganiselo weEEC.

Kwandula ke kubekho enye ingozi; le ivela esibhakabhakeni.

Imvula Eneasidi​—⁠Isisongelo Esoyikekayo

Ngathuba lithile, abantu baseNgilani babedla ngokufa ngenxa yokuphefumla umoya​—⁠okanye, endaweni yoko umsi obangelwa yimizi-mveliso. Namhlanje, kunqabile ukufa ngenxa yolo ngcoliso lunjalo. Umsi obangelwa yimizi-mveliso eLondon, owabulala abathu abathelekelelwa bekuma-⁠4 000 ngowe-1952, awusesiso isisongelo. Wambi amaziko ombane atshisa amalahle awayefak’ isandla kubukho balo msi aye afuduselwa emaphandleni aza enzelwa iitshimini ezinde, ibe, kwezinye iimeko, kuye kwakho izinto zokukhuhla ezisetyenziselwa ukususa izixa ezikhulu zezona gesi zininzi zibulalayo.

Noko ke, oku akukuthintelanga ukungcoliswa komoya ojikeleza umhlaba. Iitshimini ezinde zisenokuba ziyinciphisile ingozi kummandla okufutshane. Kodwa ngoku, umoya omkhulu usasaza oku kungcola kwiindawo ezikude​—⁠ngokufuthi kwamanye amazwe. Umphumo ube kukuba, iScandinavia ihlaselwa kukungcola okuvela eBritani, ibe abantu abaninzi babhekisela kwiBritani ‘njengeNdoda Endala Emdaka YaseYurophu.’ Ngendlela efanayo, umzi-mveliso okuMbindi-ntshona weUnited States ubangela ingxaki engakumbi yemvula yaseKhanada eneasidi.

Kangangeminyaka, izazinzulu ziye zabek’ ityala kwisulfur dioxide njengonobangela oyintloko wongcoliso lomoya olubangela imvula eneasidi. Ngowe-1985 uDrew Lewis, ummeli waseUnited States ophethe izinto ezidla umzi waseKhanada naseMerika ngokuphathelele imvula eneasidi, wathi: “Ukuthi iisulphate aziyibangeli imvula eneasidi kuyafana nokuthi ukutshaya akuwubangeli umhlaza wemiphunga.” Kuyabonakala ukuba, xa idibana nomphunga wamanzi, isulfur dioxide ivelisa iasidi yesulfur, enokubangela imvula eneasidi okanye iqokeleleke kumathontsi asemafini, ngaloo ndlela inisela amanzi anokufuma okubulalayo emahlathini.

Njengoko imvula eneasidi isina okanye, okubi ngokugqithiseleyo, njengoko ikhephu elineasidi linyibilika, umhlaba ongaphantsi uyachaphazeleka. Izazinzulu zaseSweden ezaphinda zenza uhlolisiso lowe-1927 zagqiba kwelokuba kubunzulu obuziisentimitha ezingama-70, ukuba neasidi komhlaba wamahlathi kuye kwaphindaphindeka kalishumi. Le nguqulelo ingokwemichiza iwachaphazela ngokunzulu amandla ezityalo okufunxa ityuwa yomhlaba ebalulekileyo, enjengecalcium nemagnesium.

Oku kunawuphi umphumo emntwini? Utsala nzima xa amachibi nemilambo ngaphambili eyayinyakazela zizinto eziphilayo isiba yeneasidi ize ingabi nazinto ziphilayo. Ngaphezu koko, iinzululwazi zaseNorway ngenxa yoko zikuhlolisisileyo ziye zagqiba kwelokuba ukwanda kweasidi emanzini, enoba kusemachibini okanye emhlabeni, kuyayinyibilikisa ialuminium. Ngokuqinisekileyo oku kubangela ingozi engokwempilo. Izazinzulu ziye zaphawula ukuba ‘ukwanda kwealuminium emanzini ngokucacileyo kunento yokwenza namanani aphakamileyo abantu abafayo.’ Ukunxibelelana okukhoyo phakathi kwealuminium nesifo sika-Alzheimer nezinye izifo zabantu abakhulileyo kuyaqhubeka kubangela usizi.

Kuyinyaniso ukuba, kwimimandla efana noMlambo iMersey waseBritani nendawo yokulahlela inkunkuma yaseFransi iEntressen, kuye kwenziwa imigudu yokuyiphucula le meko. Noko ke, olu hlobo lwengxaki alupheli. Luvela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kulo lonke ihlabathi. Kodwa kukwakho olunye uhlobo longcoliso​—⁠olungabonakaliyo.

IOzone ​—⁠Utshaba Olungabonakaliyo

Ukutshiswa kwezibaso ezakheke ngaphantsi komhlaba, enoba kukumaziko ombane okanye kumaziko asekhaya, kuvelisa ezinye izingcolisi ezongezelela kwisulfur dioxide. Ezi ziquka iioxide zenitrojeni neehydrocarbon ezingatshiswanga.

Uluvo lwenzululwazi ngoku lubek’ ityala elikhulu kwinitrojen oxide ngenxa yongcoliso lomoya. Ngenxa yokukhanya kwelanga, ziyancedisa ekuveliseni igesi ebulalayo, iozone. UDavid Tingey waseUnited States weziko lokhuseleko Lwemekobume wathi, “Iozone isesona singcolisi sisemoyeni esichaphazela izityalo eUnited States.” Wathelekelela ukuba oku kwakusidla ilizwe lakhe imali engange-1 000 lezigidi zeedola ngonyaka we-1986. Ilahleko yaseYurophu ngoko yayiba zizigidi ezingama-400 zeedola minyaka le.

Ngenxa yoko, ngoxa imvula eneasidi iyebulalayo kwimijelo yamanzi, abaninzi bavakalelwa kukuba iozone, enxityelelaniswa ngokupheleleyo nombhobho wenqwelo-mafutha wokukhupha umoya omdaka, ibekek’ ityala ngokungaphezulu kunemvula eneasidi ngenxa yokufa kwemithi. IThe Economist yachaza: “Imithi [eJamani] ifa isemincinane ingabulawa yimvula eneasidi kodwa yiozone. Nangona le ntlekele yokufa isenokubangelwa yiqabaka, yinkungu eneasidi okanye sisifo, yiozone eyenza ukuba imithi ihlaselwe lula.” Ibe oko kwenzeka eYurophu kubonakalisa kuphela iimeko ezikho kwamanye amazwekazi. INew Scientist yanikela le ngxelo, “imithi ekwiipaki zelizwe laseKhalifoniya yonakaliswa ngumoya ongcolileyo osenokuba uvela kwiindawo ezikude njengaseLos Angeles.”

Noko ke, kukho uhlobo longcoliso olulolona lubi ngokugqithiseleyo olungcolisa umhlaba. Lunguthunywashe osisiseko obangela ukungcola kwembonakalo yomhlaba, amanzi nomoya wesijikelezi langa sethu.

Ungcoliso Olungokokuziphatha

Kulula ukukhohliswa yimbonakalo yabantu. UYesu Kristu wakuzekelisa ngokucacileyo oku. Ethetha neenkokeli zonqulo zomhla wakhe, wathi: ‘Yeha, nina, ngokuba nifana namangcwaba aqatywe ifutha, athi abonakale emahle okunene ngaphandle, kanti ngaphakathi azele kukungcola konke.’ (Mateyu 23:​27) Ewe, umntu usenokubonakala ecocekile, ade abe nomtsalane ngaphandle, kodwa intetho nehambo yakhe zisenokutyhila ubuntu bakhe bokwenyaniso obulihlazo. Kulusizi ukuthi, ungcoliso olunjalo olungokokuziphatha luyinto esasazeke ngokubanzi namhlanje.

Ukungcola okungokokuziphatha kuquka ukusebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi, okuyinto esasazeke ngokubanzi ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Iimvumi ezibalaseleyo zomculo othandwa ngabantu bonke, izithixo zaseqongeni nakwimiboniso bhanyabhanya, kwanoosomashishini ababona-​ka⁠la behloniphekile, baye baba ngamaxhoba okuhlazeka ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kwabo kwiziyobisi. Kwakhona ungcoliso olungokokuziphatha luquka ukuziphatha okubi ngokwesini, okunokuba ngunobangela weentsapho eziqhekekileyo, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukuqhomfa kwanokukhula okwandayo kwe-zifo ezidluliselwa ngeentlobano zesini, kuquka nesibetho esisongelayo esinguGawulayo.

Unobangela osisiseko wolu ngcoliso lokuziphatha kukuzingca, okukwasisizekabani songcoliso lokoqobo oluthwaxa uluntu. UTereza Kliemann, owayenenxaxheba ekunyangweni kukaGawulayo kwiLizwe laseSão Paulo, eBrazil, wayichaza le ngxaki esithi: “Ukukhusela [uGawulayo] kubandakanya ukuguqula ihambo phakathi kwamaqela angamadelangozi ibe oko kunzima.” Abantu abaninzi ngokugqithiseleyo bazingisa ekwenzeni oko bafuna ukukwenza, kunokunikela ingqalelo kwindlela izenzo zabo ezibachaphazela ngayo abanye. Umphumo ube kukuba, uncwadi, ukuzonwabisa ibe phantse yonke impucuko yomntu yonakaliswe lungcoliso olungokokuziphatha.

Kubantu abanengqondo, inkoliso yemigudu eyenziwa kule mihla engococeko olungokwasemzimbeni nolokuziphatha ibonakala iyinkwalambisa nje. Ngoko, ngokufanelekileyo usenokubuza enoba likho kusini na ithemba ekunokuthenjelwa kulo lomhlaba ococekileyo ngokwembonakalo nangokuziphatha. Musa ukuphelelwa lithemba. IBhayibhile isixelela ukuba ukupheliswa kokungcola kusondele!

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]

Lubi Ngakumbi Kunomonakalo Owenzeka Ngokuhamba Kwexesha

Emva kweminyaka yokuchanabeka kumandla endalo, ubuso balo mfanekiso ukrolwe elityeni babonakalisa ubuso bomntu ofileyo. Eyona nto yonakalisa ngakumbi kunomonakalo owenzeka ngokuhamba kwexesha yimiphumo edlavulayo yongcoliso lomoya. Izakhiwo ezidala kulo lonke ihlabathi ziba kwimeko elusizi ngenxa yokudlavulwa yimvula eneasidi ezikrekrethayo ukususela kwiHolo yesiXeko saseSchenectady, eUnited States, ukusa kwizakhiwo ezikhulu ezaziwayo zaseVenice, eItali. Kuye kwanikelwa ingxelo yokuba izakhiwo ezikhulukazi zaseRoma ziyankumka nje zisakuphathwa. Kukholelwa ekubeni iParthenon (iTempile) edumileyo yaseGrisi iye yaba kweyona meko ilusizi ngenxa yokonakala kwiminyaka yokugqibela engama-30 kunakwiminyaka engama-2 000 eyadlulayo. Umonakalo onjalo ngokufuthi ubangelwa ngumxube woothunyashwe bendalo kuquka iqondo lokubanda okanye elobushushu, umoya nokufuma, ndawonye neebhakteriya ezihlala kwiindonga zezakhiwo. Njengoko kukho le miphumo kwizinto ezingaphiliyo, umele ukuba uyintoni umphumo wongcoliso kwizidalwa eziphilayo?

[Umfanekiso]

Umfanekiso okroliweyo kwindlu yecawe eseLondon