Ukukhotyokiswa Yicrack—Imeko Embi Ekuyo Imveku Engekazalwa
XA ICOCAINE eyicrack yavelayo okokuqala ehlabathini kwiminyaka yokuqala yee-1980, bambalwa abantu ababeyisebenzisa ababenobuganga bokuyikholelwa imiphumo eyintlekele eyayiya kuba nayo. Ngapha koko, ngaba yayingatshaywa ngeenqawa ezincinane ezintle ezenziwe ngeglasi okanye ixutywe necuba elikwimidiza okanye nomya? Esitratweni kwakusithiwa icrack isisiyobisi esingenabungozi. Ngokuqinisekileyo yayibiza imali encinane kuneheroin okanye olunye uhlobo lwecocaine. Abantu abafumana umvuzo ophantsi babenako ukuyithenga. Uyolo olwalubangelwa yicrack lwalubonakala luyifanele, ingakhathaliseki ingozi eyibangelayo.
Noko ke, ubungqina obothusayo beengozi zecrack, bavela koolindixesha bezamayeza xa abantu ababekhulelwe abangabasebenzisi bayo baqalisa ukuzala iintsana ezazinxiliswe sesi siyobisi. Oogqirha baqalisa ukulumkisa ngemiphumo eyoyikekayo eyayinokuziswa yicocaine eyicrack kwimveku engekazalwa. Inani leentsana ezazenzakalisiwe, zimbi zenzakele ngendlela ehlala ihleli, laqalisa ukwanda ngokugqithiseleyo nyaka ngamnye odlulayo. Omnye ugqirha wathi, “Xa icocaine eyicrack yaqalisa ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, inani leentsana ezincinane ezigulayo laqalisa ukuphakama ngokugqithiseleyo.”
Apho ukusetyenziswa kwecrack kunwenwa okomlilo wedobo, ukwanda kwamanani kuyakungqina oko wakuthethayo. Ngokusuka kuhlolisiso olwenziwa nguMbutho Wesizwe Wophando Nemfundo Engokukhotyokiswa Ziziyobisi Ngethuba Elikufutshane Nelokuzala kwizibhedlele ezingama-36 zaseUnited States ngowe-1988, kwi-11 ekhulwini leentsana zaseUnited States ezisandul’ ukuzalwa, okanye iintsana ezimalunga nama-375-000, ngoku zichanabeka kwiziyobisi ebudeni bokuthwalwa kwazo. IThe New York Times inikela ingxelo yokuba phakathi kowe-1986 nowe-1988, “inani labantwana ababesandul’ ukuzalwa kwisiXeko saseNew York abathi xa bexilongwa bangqineka bechanabeke kwiziyobisi—ngokukodwa icocaine—phantse ukuba laliphindaphindwe kane, lithabathela kwi-1 325 ukusa kuma-5 088.”
Imiphumo Eyothusayo
UGqr. Richard Fulroth, ingcali kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford wathi, “Omama abasebenzisa icocaine eyicrack ngabona bantu bagulayo oya kubabona. Beza ngexesha laxa sele beza kubeleka, ibe ubamba nje umzimba ulindele ukubona oko kuza kwenzeka.” Ngokufuthi ngakumbi oko bekukhula esibelekweni salowo usebenzisa icrack akukuhle. Icrack inokubangela ukurhwaqela kwemithambo yegazi yosana, ithintela ukuhamba okubalulekileyo kweoksijini nezondlo kangangethuba elide. Oku kusenokuphazamisana nokukhula kwemveku engekazalwa, kuquka ubungakanani bentloko nobobuchopho. Ukufa kwamalungu omzimba ngenxa yezifo ezithile zentliziyo (stroke) nokuhlaselwa sisifo sokuwa kuyinto eqhelekileyo, yaye kusenokuvela ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezintso, kwamalungu okuzala, kwamathumbu nokomnqonqo. Kukwakho nengozi yokuphuncuka komkhaya osuka esibelekweni, nto leyo enokubulala imveku engekazalwa nesenokubulala nonina.
Xa usana oluchanabeke kwicrack luzalwa, oogqirha nabongikazi banokubona ubungqina obubonakalayo bentlekele ebangelwa sesi siyobisi. Enye ingxelo yamchaza umntwana onjalo ‘njengoyintwanana yenyama nonentloko elingana neorenji nonamalungu abhityileyo.” Iphephancwadi iDiscover lanikela ingxelo yokuba, kwiimeko eziliqela, iintsana ezichanabeke kwicocaine ziye zazalwa zingenayo iminwe emibini ephakathi yesandla.
UGqr. Dan R. Griffith, umfundi negcisa kwinzululwazi yokukhula kobuchopho okwiYunivesithi ekumNtla-ntshona, wathi iintsana ezichanabeke kwicocaine ngokufuthi zizalwa “zinenkqubo yemithambo-luvo ebuthathaka gqitha, esindwa ngokulula.” Zityekela ekubeni zibe ntununtunu ngokugqithiseleyo zize zicaphuke msinya, kunzima ukuba zithuthuzeleke xa zithe zacatshukiswa nje kokuncinane. Lo gqirha wathi, ‘ingxolo yequbuliso okanye ukuguqulwa, kwanokuthetha nokulujonga olu sana, kusenokulubangela lukhale ixesha elide.’ UGqr. Griffith uchaza oku, ‘eminye imiphumo ecacileyo yokonakaliswa kwabantwana abasandul’ ukuzalwa sesi siyobisi, isenokuba ezi ntsana zilala ubuthongo obunzulu kangangama-90 ekhulwini exesha lazo ukuze zingeva nantoni na eyenye eqhubekayo. Aziyi kuvuka kwanaxa zikhululwa, kuthethwa nazo, zishukunyiswa, okanye ziphathwa ngokoqobo.’
Lo gqirha wathi, ezi ngxaki zemithambo-luvo zinokuqhubeka kangangeenyanga, ngaloo ndlela zibangela ukudandatheka okungokwasengqondweni nokungokwasemzimbeni kumama ngexesha laxa iqhina lothando nelokusondelelana kufuneka lakhiwe. Lo gqirha walek’ umsundulo esenjenje: “Usana lutyekela ekubeni lungamamkeli unina luze lucaphuke gqitha xa ezama ukunyamekela iintswelo zalo. Lo mama uyalutyeshela olu sana aze abe nengqumbo ngakulo ngenxa yokuba lungakwamkeli ukunikela kwakhe ingqalelo kulo.” Le ndlela yokuziphatha kosana nengqumbo kamama ngokufuthi ikhokelela ekuphathweni kakubi komntwana.
Iimveku Ezisandul’ Ukuzalwa Ezishiywayo
Ngenxa yokuba iimveku ezisandul’ ukuzalwa zisengozini egqithiseleyo, zisenokuhlala esibhedlele kangangeeveki ibe maxa wambi iinyanga. Noko ke, ngokufuthi ngakumbi, ukuhlala ithuba elide akubangelwa ubukhulu becala yimeko yomntwana njengoko kunjalo ngesimo sengqondo sikanina ngaselusaneni lwakhe. Amaxesha amaninzi unina ulushiya nje ngokulula olu sana esibhedlele, elwenza ukuba lube phantsi kogcino lwesixeko. Omnye ugqirha owayexhalabile wakhalaza esithi, “Andiyazi into yokuba umama angafuni kwazi nantoni na ngosana lwakhe, asuke nje anyamalale.” Bambi abazange bahlale nexesha elaneleyo ukuze bathiye usana igama. Abongikazi bamele babenzele oko. Umongikazi osebenza esibhedlele wathi, “Eyona nkalo iphawulekayo nembi kakhulu yokusebenzisa icocaine eyicrack, ibonakala ikukujongelwa phantsi kwethuku lemvelo umama analo.” Kwesinye isibhedlele kwade kwanyanzeleka ukuba kuthunyelwe iingcingo kubazali abangenamdla ukuze batyobele iphepha lesivumelwano sokuqhaqhwa kwezidumbu zentsana zabo ezifileyo ngenjongo yokufumanisa undonakele. Ngaba ukufumanisa oku kusothusa?
Ngenxa yomsebenzi omninzi abanawo abongikazi ezibhedlele, ezi ntsana azinakunikwa uthando nengqalelo ekubaluleke gqitha ukuba ziyifumane. Kwezinye iimeko xa amakhaya okuzinyamekela engenakufumaneka ngokulula, abantu abanenyameko nabanothando ngabantwana baye balinikela ngokuzithandela ixesha labo, iiyure ezimbalwa veki nganye, ukuze banyamekele ezi ntsana zinikelwe umva. Omnye umsebenzi wathi, “Bayazondla, baziculele, bazidlalise, bazidlobise baze bazitshintshe. Baziphatha ngendlela ababeya kuluphatha ngayo usana lwabo. Oku kumnandi gqitha ebantwaneni. Bambi babo bahlala apha kangangethuba elide.”
Ngaba ikamva lizifumbathele ntoni ezi ntsana zonakaliswe yicocaine? Imigangatho yazo engaphantsi komgangatho oqhelekileyo wobulumko bemvelo (i-IQ) iya kuzisa ingxaki ekunzima ukuba abafundisi-ntsapho bajamelane nayo. Enye ingcali ngabantwana yathi, “Ngenxa yeziphene ezingokwasemzimbeni nezibangelwe yindlela abakhula ngayo, aba bantwana baza kuba yingxaki kubo ngokwabo nakwibutho labantu kangangeminyaka engama-40 okanye engama-50.” Eneneni, icrack iye yabangela isiva esingacimekiyo ebuthweni labantu.