Ulawulo Lomntu Lulinganisiwe Esikalini
Icandelo 8—Umxube Wezobupolitika Wesinyithi Nodongwe Oluludaka
Ubunashinali: lulawulo olunzulu lobuhlanga ekuthi kulo kuphakanyiswe uhlanga oluthile ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye kuze kukhuthazwe impucuko nezilangazelelo zalo kunezezinye; inkqubo yolawulo eyaqala ukubonakala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 kodwa efikelele kwincopho yayo kwinkulungwane yama-20.
BEGXADAZELISWA ngokungenakuzinceda ziingxaki ezilandelelanayo, oorhulumente babantu bayasilela ukuzisa imeko ezinzileyo kwimicimbi yabantu. Ngokutsho kukaZbigniew Brzezinski, umcebisi welizwe kwezokhuseleko kowayesakuba ngumongameli waseUnited States uJimmy Carter, imeko ayisayi kuguquka kwakamsinya.
OkaBrzezinski, ndawonye nezinye iinkokeli zehlabathi, wayekudliwano-ndlebe nentatheli uGeorgie Anne Geyer ngoxa wayelungiselela inqaku elapapashwa ngowe-1985 elalinomxholo othi: “Ihlabathi Lethu Eliwohlokayo.” Kulo wacaphula lo kaBrzezinski njengowathi: “Izibakala ezikhuthaza ukungazinzi kwezizwe ngezizwe ziya zisanda ngendlela engazange yenzeke embalini kunezo zikhuthaza intsebenziswano engakumbi. Umphumo ongaphephekiyo walo naluphi na uhlolisiso oluphathelele utyekelo lwehlabathi ukukuba isiphithiphithi esingokwentlalo, izidubedube ezingokobupolitika, ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho nongquzulwano lwezizwe ngezizwe kunokwenzeka ukuba lwande ngokungakumbi kwiminyaka yokugqibela yale nkulungwane.”
Enyanisweni le yingxelo yekamva elinganiki themba kodwa engeyonto intsha kubafundi beBhayibhile. Le meko yayixelwe kwangaphambili. Nini? Phi?
Unxunguphaliswe Liphupha
UNebhukadenetsare, owayengukumkani waseBhabhiloni ukususela ngowama-624 ukusa kowama-582 B.C.E., wayenxunguphaliswe liphupha elithile. Kulo wayebone umfanekiso omkhulu owawunentloko yegolide, isifuba neengalo zesilivere, isisu namathanga obhedu, imilenze yesinyithi iinyawo neenzwane zesinyithi esixutywe nodongwe. Umprofeti kaThixo uDaniyeli wamchazela uNebhukadenetsare intsingiselo yalo mfanekiso, emxelela oku: “Wena kumkani, . . . intloko yegolide le nguwe. Emveni kwakho, kuya kuvela obunye ubukumkani obuphantsi kunawe, nobunye ubukumkani besithathu bobhedu, obuya kuba negunya ehlabathini lonke.” Ngoko, ngokucacileyo, lo mfanekiso wawunento yokwenza norhulumente wabantu.—Daniyeli 2:37-39.
Ngaphambi kwexesha likaDaniyeli, iYiputa neAsiriya zawacinezela amaSirayeli, abantu abanyuliweyo boMyili weBhayibhile. (Eksodus 19:5) Kumongo weBhayibhile, oku kwazenza ezi ndawo zangamagunya ehlabathi, enyanisweni, awokuqala kungcelele lwasixhenxe ekuthethwa ngawo eBhayibhileni. (ISityhilelo 17:10) Kwathi ke, ngomhla kaDaniyeli, iBhabhiloni yayibhukuqa iYerusalem, ithimbela amaSirayeli ebukhobokeni. Ngaloo ndlela iBhabhiloni yaba ligunya lesithathu kula magunya ehlabathi, kubhekiselwa ngokufanelekileyo kulo kule meko ‘njengentloko yegolide.’ IBhayibhile nembali yehlabathi iwachaza amagunya awayeseza kubakho njengelo lamaMedi namaPersi, iGrisi, iRoma, yaye ekugqibeleni, elamaNgesi namaMerika.a
Ezi zizwe zigqalwa eBhayibhileni njengamagunya ehlabathi kuba ziye zanento yokwenza nabantu bakaThixo zaza zaluchasa ulawulo lukaThixo abakhonzi bakhe ababelumela. Ngaloo ndlela, umfanekiso owabonwa nguNebhukadenetsare uyifuzisela kakuhle indlela igunya lomntu elaliya kuqhubeka lisetyenziswa ngayo ngokuchasene nolongamo lukaThixo kwanasemva kokuba ulawulo lwakhe luphelelwe lixesha. Ukulandelelana kwamagunya ehlabathi awayefuziselwa ngamalungu awahlukahlukeneyo omfanekiso ayesusela entloko ukuhla. Ngoko ke, ngokusengqiqweni, iinyawo neenzwane beziya kufanekisela imbonakaliso yokugqibela yolawulo lomntu olwaluya kubakho ebudeni ‘bexesha lokuphela’ njengoko uDaniyeli wavakalisayo. Ngoko ke, yintoni esifanele siyilindele?—Daniyeli 2:41, 42; 12:4.
‘Iinzwane Ezilishumi’
Abakhonzi bakaThixo abasafumaneki kuphela kuhlanga olunye okanye kwindawo enye, ukuze bacinezelwe ligunya lehlabathi elinye. (IZenzo 1:8; 10:34, 35) Njengamalungu azo zonke iintlanga, abemi bazo zonke iindidi zoorhulumente babantu, ngokukhutheleyo bavakalisa ukuba ixesha lokuphela seliqalisile yaye ngoku ulawulo lomntu luphelelwe—kungekudala luza kuthatyathelwa indawo lulawulo lukaThixo.b Ngenxa yoku, isigidimi sokungafihlisi abasivakalisayo sichaphazela onke amagunya obupolitika akhoyo. Ngokufanelekileyo, inani ‘ishumi’ njengoko lisetyenziswa eBhayibhileni libonisa ukuphelela ngokwemicimbi yehlabathi. Ngoko ulawulo lomntu xa lulonke, ngokumanyeneyo oluchaseneyo nolongamo lukaThixo ebudeni bexesha lokuphela, lukoko ngokusengqiqweni bekuya kufuziselwa ‘ziinzwane ezilishumi.’
Yayinjani imeko yezobupolitika ekuqaleni kweli xesha lalixelwe kusengaphambili? Ngonyaka we-1800, amazwe aseYurophu ayelawula ummandla womhlaba ongama-35 ekhulwini, kodwa ngowe-1914 eli nani lanyuka lafikelela ngaphezu kwama-84 ekhulwini! IThe Collins Atlas of World History ibonisa ukuba “ngaphambi kwemfazwe yowe-1914, kwakubonakala ngathi ihlabathi phantse lalahlulahlulwe ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwamagunya amakhulu.” Enyanisweni, uHugh Brogan, umhlohli kwizifundo ngezembali kwiYunivesithi yase-Essex, eNgilani, uthi kwabonakala ukuba “kungekudala ihlabathi liphela laliza kulawulwa ngamagunya amathandathu.”
Noko ke, ukusebenzisa ‘iinzwane ezilishumi’ ukufuzisela amagunya ehlabathi xa ewonke nabengayi kuthi ngokoqobo afikelele kwinani elingaphezu nje kancinane ‘kwamathandathu,’ bekungayi kuba sengqiqweni. Ngoko ukuba, ngokwenzaliseko yesiprofeto, ‘iinzwane ezilishumi’ beziya kuba nentsingiselo ephawulekayo bekuya kufuneka ukuba imeko eyayikho kwezobupolitika ngowe-1914 iguquke.
Njengoko kwakuqalisa iminyaka yee-1900, uBukhosi bamaNgesi, obona bukhulu kobakhe bakho ehlabathini, balawula umntu omnye kwabane emhlabeni. Obunye ubukhosi baseYurophu balawula izigidi zabantu abangakumbi. Kodwa iMfazwe Yehlabathi I yaphumela ekubeni inkqubo yolawulo lobuhlanga ibalasele. UPaul Kennedy, unjingalwazi kwizifundo zembali kwiYunivesithi yaseYale, ucacisa esithi: “Eyona nguqulelo iphawulekayo eYurophu, xa ithelekiswa ngobungakanani bommandla ophantsi kolawulo, yaba kukuvela kwamazwana azimeleyo—iPoland, iCzechoslovakia, iOstriya, iHungary, iYugoslavia, iFinland, iEstonia, iLatvia neLithuania—endaweni yamazwe ngaphambili ayeyinxalenye yobukhosi baseHabsburg, beRomanov neHohenzollern.”
Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, olu tyekelo lwanda ngamandla. Inkqubo yolawulo yobuhlanga yathabath’ unyawo. Ingakumbi ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1950, olu tyekelo lwalungenakuguqulwa. Iinkulungwane ezintlanu zokwandiswa kweYurophu zafikelela esiphelweni ngokuwohloka kobukhosi bamathanga. Inani lamazwe aseAfrika, eAsiya nakuMbindi Mpuma landa ngokumangalisayo.
IThe New Encyclopœdia Britannica ibonisa ukuba le nto “yenzekayo yayiphikisana nezimvo ezazibalasele kangangeminyaka engama-2 000 eyadlulayo.” Nangona “ukuza kuthi ga ngoku abantu ngokuqhelekileyo bebegxininisa kwimvisiswano nentsebenziswano yaye belugqala umanyano njengenjongo enqwenelekayo,” inkqubo yolawulo lobuhlanga ngoku iye yagxininisa kukungavisisani kwezizwe. Kunokuba ibangele umanyano, iye yabonakala isahlukanisa.
Isinyithi Nodongwe Oluludaka
Phawula ukuba iBhayibhile ichaza iinyawo neenzwane zomfanekiso njengezo “ngenxalenye zisisinyithi, ngenxalenye ziludongwe,” isongezelela ngokuthi: “Bubukumkani obuya kuba bobahlukeneyo; . . . buya kuthi bomelele ngenxalenye, bube nkumenkume ngenxalenye. . . . kodwa abayi kunamathelana.” (Daniyeli 2:33, 41-43) Oku kunganamathelani ukuze kubekho umanyano kwaqalisa ukubonakala njengoko ukuphela kolawulo lwamathanga kwakuqhubeka, njengoko inkqubo yolawulo lobuhlanga yayithabath’ unyawo, yaye amazwe asakhasayo efumana umaziphathe. Ihlabathi lonke ngokukhawuleza laliwohlokela ekubeni zizizwana ezincinane.
Ngokufana nomxube ongahlanganiyo wesinyithi nodongwe ezinyaweni nasezinzwaneni zomfanekiso, bambi oorhulumente baye banjengesinyithi—balawula ngobuzwilakhe okanye ngqwabalala—yaye abanye baye baba njengodongwe—bathamba okanye balawula ngolawulo-melo. Okuqondakalayo kukuba, abakhange babe yimbumba kumanyano lwehlabathi. Isalatha koku kumhla wethu, incwadi yesiJamani ethi Unsere Welt—Gestern, Heute, Morgen; 1800-2000 (IHlabathi Lethu—Izolo, Namhlanje, Ngomso; 1800-2000), ithi: “Ngenkulungwane ye-19, inkululeko yolawulo-melo yayibalasele kuwo onke amazwe ahambele phambili ngempucuko, yaye ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, injongo yenkululeko yayibonakala yoyisile ekugqibeleni. . . . Ngenxa yemvukelo yaseRashiya ngowe-1917, ubuzwilakhe bavus’ umnyele. Ukususela ngoko kwinkulungwane yama-20 kuye kwabalasela izidube-dube nongquzulwano phakathi kolawulo lobuzwilakhe nobolawulo-melo.”—Akekeliswe sithi.
Igunya Labantu
Kwakhona phawula ukuba ebudeni bolawulo ‘lweenzwane ezilishumi,’ abantu abaqhelekileyo, ‘imbewu yento engumntu,’ yayiya kubandakanyeka ngakumbi koorhulumente. Ngaba izibakala ezingokwembali ziyakuxhasa oku kwakuxelwe ngaphambili?—Daniyeli 2:43.
Ulawulo-melo, urhulumente wabantu, lalubalasele kanye nje emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, nangona ebudeni beminyaka yee-1920 neyee-1930, oorhulumente bolawulo-melo kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo yehlabathi babethatyathelw’ indawo lulawulo lobuzwilakhe. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ukuphela kolawulo lwamathanga kwakhona kwavelisa iqela loorhulumente bolawulo-melo. Noko ke, kamva, ngeminyaka yee-1960 neyee-1970, amazwe amaninzi ngaphambili ayezizithanga akhetha iindidi ezingqwabalala ngakumbi zoorhulumente.
Sekunjalo, ngenkulungwane yama-20, utyekelo olwalukho yayikuthabathel’ indawo oorhulumente beemonarchy nobezihandiba ngoorhulumente bolawulo-melo okanye oorhulumente babantu. Iphephancwadi iTime lazichaza iinguqulelo zobupolitika ebeziseMpuma Yurophu kunyaka ophelileyo ngokuthi “Ngunyaka Wabantu.” Yaye xa ekugqibeleni udonga lwaseBerlin lwathi lwadilika, iphephancwadi leendaba laseJamani iDer Spiegel kumxholo walo oyintloko labonakalisa amazwi athi “Das Volk siegt”—abantu bayagqwesa!
Bathetha Gqitha, Abathabathi Manyathelo
Kuwo onke amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu apho igunya labantu liye lanyanzelela ukuba kwenziwe iinguqulelo ezingokobupolitika, kuye kwagunyaziswa ukuba kubekho unyulo olukhululekileyo namaqela amaninzi obupolitika abandakanyekileyo. Kwimo yawo yangoku, amaqela obupolitika aqalisa ukubakho eYurophu naseNtshona Merika ebudeni benkulungwane ye-19. Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, aye anda ehlabathini lonke. Namhlanje, kukho amaqela amakhulu, anamandla nacwangciswe ngendlela efaneleke ngakumbi kunawo nawaphi na amanye ngaphambili. Ngawo, nangemibutho yabasebenzi, abantu abaphembelela amalungu epalamente (lobbies), amaqela akhusela indalo nenyambalala engenakubaleka yabemi namanye amaqela anezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo, ngoku igunya labantu livakala ngokungakumbi yaye liphulaphulwa gqitha kunanini na ngaphambili.
Noko ke, njengoko inani labantu ababandakanyekileyo kwiinkqubo zobupolitika lisanda, kunjalo nangobunzima bokufikela kwizivumelwano kwezobupolitika. Phakathi kwezimvo nezilangazelelo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo, ngokufuthi kuye kuvele oorhulumente abalawulwa ngabantu abambalwa, oorhulumente abangenankqubela abathetha gqitha kodwa abangathabathi manyathelo.
Njengesinyithi nodongwe oluludaka, ukususela ngowe-1914 wonke umxube wemicimbi yezobupolitika wehlabathi uye wankumenkume. Ngokomzekelo, aphela amaxesha apho abantu babefuna ulwalathiso lukaThixo kwimicimbi yaseburhulumenteni. IThe Columbia History of the World iqukumbela ngokuthi: “Kwimpucuko yaseNtshona abantu baye bazithemba gqitha, yaye bazifumanisa belula.”
Ngaba Sikho Isizathu Sokuba Nethemba?
“Yintoni ebangela ukuba zonke ezi nguqulelo ziphawulekayo kodwa zinxulumeneyo zenzeke zonke ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20? Kutheni ezi zisongelo zokuwohloka kwehlabathi ziye zakho kanye ngexesha laxa umntu eye wafeza okungakumbi ngobuchule benzululwazi nolwazi kunalo naliphi na ixesha embalini?” Le mibuzo eyaphakanyiswa yintatheli uGeyer ixhokonx’ iingcinga. Kodwa ngaba kukho nabani na oneempendulo?
Phantse kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo, iThe World Book Encyclopedia inik’ ithemba yathi: “Kunokwenzeka ukuba sibe nelona thuba lokucombulula iingxaki zamaxesha ethu kunaso nasiphi na esinye isizukulwana ngaphambili.” Kodwa ngoku, kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1990, ngaba sisekho isizathu sokuba nethemba? ‘Ewe,’ usengatsho, usalatha kwisiphelo seMfazwe Yomlomo, kwintsebenziswano engakumbi phakathi kwamazwe aseMpuma nawaseNtshona, nakwinkqubela ecacileyo eyenziweyo ekunciphiseni izixhobo ehlabathini.
IBhayibhile yakuxela kusengaphambili ukuba kwakuya kuba njalo. Ibonisa ukuba ebudeni bokulawula kwegunya lesixhenxe lehlabathi kumaxesha embali eBhayibhile, igunya lesibhozo elaliya kulawula kwangaxeshanye ngokukhethekileyo liya kusekwa ngenjongo yokumanyanisa izizwe. (ISityhilelo 17:11) Kodwa ngaba laliya kuphumelela? Lo mbuzo uza kuphendulwa kwicandelo 9 longcelele oluthi “Ulawulo Lomntu Lulinganisiwe Esikalini.”
[Imibhalo esemazantsi]
a IMboniselo iye yaxubusha ngokubanzi ngegunya ngalinye kula magunya embali yeBhayibhile kwinkupho yayo kaFebruwari 1 ukusa kwekaJuni 1, 1988.
b Ukuze ufumane ubungqina obungokweBhayibhile, bona isahluko se-16 nese-18 sencwadi ethi Unokuphila Ngonaphakade KwiParadisi Esemhlabeni, eyapapashwa ngowe-1982 yiWatchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 21]
“Ubukumkani bonke obahlulelene bodwa buya kuphanza.”—Mateyu 12:25
[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 21]
“Ziyaxokozela iintlanga, ziyashukuma izikumkani.”—INdumiso 46:6