Ulawulo Lomntu Lulinganisiwe Esikalini
Icandelo 9—Ulawulo Lomntu Lufikelela Incopho Yalo!
Iinkqubo zobupolitika zezizwe zonke: ubukhosi, umanyano, ulawulo olumanyene nolunye, okanye umanyano lwamazwe oluye lwenziwa phakathi kwamazwana azimeleyo okwexeshana okanye ngokusisigxina enosukelo olunye olubalaseleyo kunemida, amagunya, okanye izilangazelelo zaloo mazwe.
NGO-OKTOBHA 5, 539 B.C.E., kwakukho isidlo esikhulu kwisixeko saseBhabhiloni. Amagosa aphambili karhulumente aliwaka ayemenyelwe esidlweni nguKumkani uBheleshatsare. Nangona babesongelwa yimikhosi yohlaselo yamaMedi namaPersi, uBheleshatsare namagosa akhe babengazixhalabisanga ngenxa yoku. Ngapha koko, iindonga zesixeko zazisamile. Kwakungekho sizathu sakoyikiswa koku.
Kwandula ke, ngaphandle kwesilumkiso, ebudeni besidlo esikhulu, iminwe yesandla somntu ongabonakaliyo yaqalisa ukubhala la mazwi oyikisayo eludongweni lwebhotwe: MENE, MENE, TEKELE, UFARSIN. Amadolo kakumkani aqalisa ukugevezela, laza laguquka nebala lobuso bakhe.—Daniyeli 5:5, 6, 25.
UDaniyeli, umSirayeli nomkhonzi kaThixo owayenyeliswa nguBheleshatsare namagosa akhe aseburhulumenteni, wabizwa ukuze aze kuchaza oku. UDaniyeli waqalisa ngokuthi, “Nanku ukutyhilwa kwale nto: elokuba MENE lithi, UThixo ububalile ubukumkani bakho, wabuphelisa. Elokuba TEKELE lithi, Wena ulinganisiwe esikalini, wafunyanwa ulula. Elokuba PERES lithi, Buyahlulwa ubukumkani bakho, bunikwe amaMedi namaPersi.” Ngokuqinisekileyo esi yayingesiso isiprofeto esincumisayo. Inzaliseko yaso yaba kukuba, “kwangobo busuku wabulawa uBheleshatsare ukumkani wamaKaledi.”—Daniyeli 5:26-28, 30.
Ngobusuku obunye, uhlobo oluthile lolawulo lomntu lwaluthatyathelwe indawo lolunye! Ngenxa yeenguqulelo ezifanayo zobupolitika eMpuma Yurophu, sisenokuzibuza enoba oko kwenzeka kuBheleshatsare kunokuba nentsingiselo kumhla wethu kusini na. Ngaba oku kunantsingiselo ithile kulo lonke ulawulo lomntu? Sinezizathu ezaneleyo zokucingisisa nzulu ngoku, kuba “yonke impucuko iyawohloka,” ngokutsho kukanjingalwazi weYunivesithi yaseColumbia uJacques Barzun, esongezelela ngokuthi: “Ukuphela okwakuxhomis’ amehlo kweGrisi neRoma akuyontsomi.”
Abantu baye bazama lonke uhlobo loburhulumente abacinga ngalo. Emva kweminyaka engamawaka kuzanywa lo emva komnye, ibe kusenziwa neempazamo, ibe yintoni imiphumo? Ngaba ulawulo lomntu luye lwazisa ukwaneliseka? Ngaba lunokuzicombulula iingxaki zoluntu eziya zisanda?
Izithembiso, Izithembiso!
Inxalenye yempendulo yileyo inikelwa nguBakul Rajni Patel, umalathisi kwiziko eliphambili lophando eBombay, eIndiya. Ebek’ ityala kumalungu ezobupolitika ngokuba “ngabahanahanisi abakhulu,” uthi: “Kuyinto eqhelekileyo ngeenkokeli zaseIndiya nezamanye amazwe asakhasayo ukuma emaqongeni zize zibhibhidle amazinyo zithetha ‘ngokwakha’ ‘nangenkqubela.’ Kwakhiwa phi yaye iphi loo nkqubela? Ngoobani aba sibabhanxayo? Khangela nje kuphela kumanani akhwankqisayo ngokuphathelele amazwe asakhasayo: abantwana abangama-40 000 suku ngalunye bayafa ngenxa yezifo ezinokukhuselwa.” Wongezelela ngokuthi ubuncinane abantwana abazizigidi ezingama-80 abondlekanga okanye balala bengatyanga busuku ngabunye.
‘Khawume nje kancinane,’ usenokuphikisa ngelitshoyo. ‘Ubuncinane wothulel’ umnqwazi amalungu ezobupolitika ngomzamo awenzileyo. Kufuneka uhlobo olukhethekileyo lorhulumente ukuba iingxaki zehlabathi namhlanje ziza kuconjululwa.’ Unyanisile, kodwa umbuzo ngulo: Ngaba ifanele ibe ngurhulumente oza kuveliswa ngabantu okanye lowo uvela kuThixo?
Musa ukuwubhebhetha loo mbuzo njengowokungabi nangqondo, ucinga ngokuthi, njengokuba abantu abaninzi besenjenjalo, uThixo ukhethe ukungazibandakanyi. Ngokucacileyo uJohn Paul II onguPopu naye ucinga ukuba uThixo ubafulathele abantu ukuze bazilawule ngokwabo ngendlela abakwazi ngayo, ekubeni ngoxa wayetyelele elaseKenya kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo, wathi: “Olona celomngeni lubalulekileyo kumKristu lolo lobomi bobupolitika.” Wahlabela mgama esithi: “Kwilizwe labo abemi banelungelo nemfanelo yokubandakanyeka kwimicimbi yobupolitika. . . . Bekuya kuba yimpazamo ukucinga ukuba umKristu akafane abandakanyeka kule nkalo yobomi.”
Abantu, behambisela phambili le ngcamango, yaye ngokufuthi bexhaswa lunqulo, kudala bekwiphulo lokufuna urhulumente ogqibeleleyo. Nalo naluphi na uhlobo olutsha lorhulumente luye lwaphelekwa ngamathemba azukileyo. Kodwa kwanezona zithembiso zivakala zisengqiqweni zibangela ukuphoxeka okukhulu xa zingakhange ziphunyezwe. (Bona elithi “Izithembiso Xa Zithelekiswa Noko Kuyinene” kwiphepha 27.) Ngokucacileyo, abantu abakamfumani oyena rhulumente ufanelekileyo.
Ukusebenzisana
Ngaba isazinzulu ngenyukliya uHarold Urey wayenaso isicombululo? Wema ngelithi “akukho sicombululo siluncedo kwiingxaki zehlabathi ngaphandle kokuba ekugqibeleni kubekho urhulumente oya kumisela umthetho kuwo wonke umhlaba.” Kodwa asibantu bonke abaqinisekileyo ukuba oku kuya kuba luncedo. Kwixesha elidluleyo, kuye kwanzima ukuba kubekho intsebenziswano epheleleyo phakathi kwamalungu amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe. Khawuphawule lo mzekelo ubalaseleyo.
Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, ngoJanuwari 16, 1920, intlangano yezizwe zonke, uManyano Lwezizwe, yasekwa inamazwe angamalungu awo angama-42. Kunokuba isekwe njengorhulumente wehlabathi, yayiyilelwe ukuba ibe yipalamente yehlabathi, iyilelwe ukuba ukhuthaze umanyano lwehlabathi, ngikuyintloko ngokuzinzisa ukungavisisani phakathi kwamazwana azimeleyo, ngaloo ndlela uthintela imfazwe. Ngowe-1934 amalungu awo anda aya kufikelela kwizizwe ezingama-58.
Noko ke, olu Manyano lwalusekelwe kwiziseko eziwokowoko. IThe Columbia History of the World icacisa isithi: “IMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala yaphela kukho ulindelo olukhulu, kodwa akuzange kube kudala yakukudana. Amathemba awayesekelwe kuManyano Lwezizwe angqineka elilize.”
NgoSeptemba 1, 1939, kwaqalisa iMfazwe Yehlabathi II, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba uManyano lungasebenzi. Nangona lungazange lupheliswe ngokusemthethweni de kwangoAprili 18, 1946, iingcamango zalo neenjongo zalo zaphanza, “lusekwishumi elivisayo,” lungekagqibi neminyaka engama-20 lukho. Ngaphambi kokushenxiswa kwalo ngokusemthethweni, lwalusele luthatyathelwe indawo yenye intlangano yezizwe zonke, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, eyasekwa ngo-Oktobha 24, 1945, inamazwe angama-51 njengamalungu wawo. Laliza kuqhuba njani eli linge litsha lokusebenzisana?
Ilinge Lesibini
Bambi abantu bathi uManyano lwasilela kuba aluzange luyilwe kakuhle. Enye engcamango ibek’ ityala kungekuko kuManyano kodwa koorhulumente abathile abathandabuzayo ukuluxhasa ngokufanelekileyo. Alithandabuzeki elokuba kukho inyaniso ethile kwezo ngcamango zombini. Enoba iimeko zinjani na, abaseki beZizwe Ezimanyeneyo bazama ukufunda kwiimpazamo zoManyano baza bazama ukuphucula obunye ubuthathaka obabukhona kuManyano.
Umbhali uR. Baldwin uwuchaza umbutho weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngokuthi “ubalasele kunombutho woManyano wangaphambili ngamandla onawo wokuzisa uxolo lwehlabathi, imvisiswano, ukugcinwa komthetho, namalungelo abantu.” Okuyinyaniso kukuba, wambi amaziko akhethekileyo, phakathi kwawo iWHO (INtlangano Yempilo Yehlabathi), iUNICEF (iNgxowa-mali YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Ejongene Nabantwana YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ), neFAO (UManyano Lwezokutya Nezolimo), aye aneenjongo ezincomekayo neziye zaphumelela ngomlinganiselo othile. Kwakhona okunye okubonakala kubonisa ukuba uBaldwin uchanile sisibakala sokuba iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngoku bezisebenza kangangeminyaka engama-45, ixesha eliliphinda kabini elo loManyano.
Eyona nto ibalaseleyo iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo eziye zayiphumeza kukuthi ngokukhawuleza ziphelise ulawulo lwamathanga, ubuncinane ziwenze “abe nocwangco kunokuba ebeza kuba njalo,” ngokutsho kwentatheli uRichard Ivor. Kwakhona uthi olu manyano luye “lwanceda ekupheliseni imfazwe yomlomo ukuya kwidabi lothethathethwano.” Yaye uyayincoma “indlela yokusebenzisana kwehlabathi” ebangelwe yile ntlangano.
Kambe ke, bambi baphikisa ngelokuba into ebe negalelo ekuthinteleni iMfazwe Yomlomo sisisongelo semfazwe yenyukliya kunokuba ibe ziZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Kunokuba lunamathele koko kuthethwa ligama lalo, ukumanyanisa izizwe, inyaniso yeyokuba olu manyano luye ngokufuthi lwasebenza njengomxolelanisi, luzama ukwahlula izizwe ezivungamelanayo ukuba zingabambani ngoobhongwana. Yaye kwanakule ndima yokuba ngumahluli emlweni, alukhange luphumelele ngamaxesha onke. Njengokuba umbhali uBaldwin echaza, njengentlangano yoManyano lwangaphambili, “iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo azinamandla akunyanzelisa ilizwana elililungu nelibekw’ ityala ukwenza okungakumbi kunoko lona lizimisele ukukwamkela.”
Oku kungaxhaswa ngentliziyo epheleleyo kweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngamalungu awo maxa wambi kubonakaliswa kukutshitshiliza kwawo ekunikeleni ngemali ukuze lo mbutho uqhubeke usebenza. Ngokomzekelo, iUnited States irhoxile ekunikeleni ngemali kwiFAO ngenxa yesigqibo esigqalwa njengesingesihle selakwaSirayeli nabo baxhasa elasePalestina. Kamva, lo mxhasi uyintloko ngokwasemalini weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uye wavuma ukuhlawula imali eyaneleyo ukuze alondoloze ilungelo lakhe lokuvota kodwa usashiye inkabankaba yetyala elingahlawulwanga.
UVarindra Tarzie Vittachi, owayesakuba lisekela-malathisi kwiUNICEF, ngowe-1988 wabhala esithi yena wala “ukungenelela kwiqela labo bangababhangisi” abo bangazixhasiyo iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Noko ke, ezibiza ‘njengomhlalutyi onyanisekileyo,’ uyavuma ukuba abantu abaninzi bayayihlasela le ntlangango besithi “iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ‘isisikhanyiso esingakhanyisiyo,’ esingakhange sikwazi ukuyifeza injongo yaso, intlangano engakhange ikwazi ukuphumeza umsebenzi wayo wokuzisa uxolo nathe amagosa ayo ophuculo, ngaphandle kwalawo ambalwa, awayazi injongo yobukho bayo.”
Obona buthathaka buphambili beZizwe Ezimanyeneyo butyhilwa ngumbhali uIvor, xa ebhala esithi: “Nantoni na eyenye ngentlangano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, ayisayi kusiphelisa isono. Noko ke, usenokwenza ukuba kube nzima ngezinye izizwe ukuba zaphule umthetho, yaye usenokulenza ukuba ilizwe elaphule umthetho lihlawule ngokungakumbi ngolwaphulo-mthetho olulenzileyo. Kodwa awukaphumeleli ekuguquleni iintliziyo neengqondo zabantu abakhokela amazwe okanye abo bangabemi bawo.”—Akekeliswe sithi.
Ngaloo ndlela, ubuthathaka beZizwe Ezimanyeneyo buyafana nobuthathaka bazo zonke iintlobo zolawulo lwabantu. Akukho namnye kubo okwaziyo ukuhlwayela ebantwini uthando lokungazingci lokwenza okulungileyo, ukuthiya okubi, nokululamela igunya elisebenzela impumelelo. Khawucinge ngobungakanani beengxaki zehlabathi ebeziya kuncitshiswa ukuba abantu bebekuvuma ukukhokelwa yimigaqo yobulungisa! Ngokomzekelo, ingxelo yeendaba engongcoliseko lomoya eOstreliya ithi ingxaki “ayibangelwa kukungazi kodwa sisimo sengqondo.” Likubiza ukubawa njengonobangela osisiseko woku, eli nqaku lithi “inkqubo karhulumente iye yayandisa le ngxaki.”
Ngokucacileyo abantu abangafezekanga abanakuyila oorhulumente abafezekileyo. Kunjengokuba umbhali uThomas Carlyle wathi ngowe-1843: “Ekuhambeni kwexesha wonke urhulumente ufana nqwa nabantu bakhe, ubulumko babo nobuyatha babo.” Ngubani ke onokuphikisana nobunyaniso balo ngqiqo?
‘Qotywani’
Ngoku, ebudeni benkulungwane yama-20, kuye kwafikelelwa kwincopho yolawulo lomntu. Oorhulumente babantu baye baceba ukuseka elona yelenqe limasikizi nelibonisa ukuqaqadeka okwakhe kwenziwa ngokuchasene nolawulo lukaThixo. (Thelekisa uIsaya 8:11-13.) Baye benjenjalo, ingekuko okwesihlandlo esinye, kodwa ezibini, okuqala beyila uManyano Lwezizwe yaye emva koko bayila iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. ISityhilelo 13:14, 15 siwubiza lo mphumo ngokuthi ‘ngumfanekiselo werhamncwa.’ Oko kufanelekile kuba ngumfanekiselo wayo yonke inkqubo yobupolitika neyezinto esekwe ngabantu kulo mhlaba. Njengerhamncwa, le nkqubo yobupolitika iye yabenza amaxhoba abemi behlabathi yaza yabangela iinkxwaleko ezingathethekiyo.
Intlangano yoManyano yaphela ngokulihlazo ngowe-1939. Oku kuya kuba njalo nangeyeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo xa kuzaliseka isiprofeto seBhayibhile esithi: “Bhinqani, niqotywe; bhinqani, niqotywe. Cebani icebo, lotshitsha.”—Isaya 8:9, 10.
Ukutshitshiswa kokugqibela ‘komfanekiselo werhamncwa,’ ndawonye nenkqubo yolawulo lwabantu owufanekiselayo kuya kuba nini? UYehova uza kuluphelisa nini ulawulo lomntu olucel’ umngeni ulongamo lwakhe? IBhayibhile ayimiseli suku luthile, kodwa isiprofeto seBhayibhile neziganeko zehlabathi zithi: ‘Kungekudala.’—Luka 21:25-32.
Umbhalo oseludongweni ubhaliwe ukuze ubonwe ngabo bonke abanomdla wokuwujonga. Kanye njengokuba ubukumkani bukaBheleshatsare babulinganisiwe esikalini baza bafunyaniswa bulula, nolawulo lwabantu xa lulonke luye lwalinganiswa ngenyameko lwaza lwafunyaniswa lulula. Lubetha ngathi aluboni kukonakala okungokobupolitika, luqhwaya iimfazwe, lukhuthaza uhanahaniso neendidi zonke zokuzingca, luze lusilele ukulungiselela abaxhasi balo izindlu ezifanelekileyo, ukutya, imfundo nokubanyamekela ngokwezonyango.
Xa ulawulo lomntu lutshatyalaliswa, luya kuphela, ngokungathi kunjalo, ngobusuku obunye. Lukho namhlanje, ngomso lobe lungasekho—ekugqibeleni luthatyathelw’ indawo buBukumkani bukaThixo, urhulumente ogqibeleleyo!
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 27]
Izithembiso Xa Zithelekiswa Noko Kuyinene
Ulawulo lwee-“anarchy” luthembisa ngenkululeko engenamida nepheleleyo; inyaniso ikukuba xa kungekho rhulumente akukho mithetho namigaqo abantu abanokulandela yona ukuze baphilisane ngoxolo; inkululeko engenamida iphumela kwingxwabangxwaba.
Ulawulo lwee-“monarchy” luthembisa ulawulo oluzinzileyo nomanyano kulawulo lomnombo omnye; inyaniso ikukuba abantu bomnombo omnye, abanolwazi olusikelwe umda, abathwaxwa kukungafezeki naziziphene, mhlawumbi nabaphenjelelwa ziintshukumisa ezimbi, bayafa; ngenxa yoko naluphi na ulawulo oluzinzileyo nomanyano alunakubakho ixesha elide.
Ulawulo lwezihandiba luthembisa ukubakho kwabona balawuli baphambili; inyaniso ikukuba aba balawula kuba benobutyebi, beyinzala yomnombo othile, okanye amandla, ingekuba banobulumko, ingqiqo, okanye uthando nenkxalabo ngabanye; umlawuli ongenabuchule wemonarchy uthatyathelw’ indawo liqela labalawuli abazizihandiba nabanamandla.
Ulawulo-melo luthembisa ukuba bonke abantu bangenza isigqibo ukuze kungenelwe bonke; inyaniso ikukuba abemi abanalwazi yaye abanazintshukumisa zintle zifunekayo ukuze ngamaxesha onke bakwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezilungileyo ukuze kungenelwe bonke; uPlato waluchaza ulawulo-melo ‘njengohlobo lorhulumente olunomtsalane, oneembambano ezahlukahlukeneyo neziphithiphithi nolubenza babe kumgangatho ofanayo abalinganayo baze babe kongalinganiyo abangalinganiyo.’
Ubuzwilakhe buthembisa ukuzenza izinto yaye ngokukhawuleza; inyaniso ikukuba, njengoko intatheli uOtto Friedrich ebhala, “kwanawona madoda aneenjongo ezintle, athi akungena kwimicimbi yezobupolitika, kufuneke ajamelane nemfuneko yokukhuthaza izenzo ebeya kuzibiza ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuthi kukuziphatha okubi”; ngaloo ndlela abalawuli abangoozwilakhe “nabaneenjongo ezintle” baguqukela ekubeni ngabalawuli abanxanelwe igunya nabakulungeleyo ukuzityeshela imfuno zabemi babo ngenxa yamabhongo obuqu okanye ukuzithandisa.
Oorhulumente bobuFasi bathembisa ukulawula imicimbi yezoqoqosho ukuze kungenelwe wonke umntu; inyaniso ikukuba abakhange benze nanye into ngendlela ephumelelayo yaye oku bakwenza ngokutyeshela inkululeko yabantu; ngokuzukisa imfazwe nomoya wobuhlanga, baye baxelisa oorhulumente aboyikwayo njengowaseItali phantsi kukaMussolini nowaseJamani phantsi kukaHitler.
Oorhulumente Bobukomanisi bathembisa uLawulo Olululo, ibutho labantu elingenalucalucalulo nelinabemi abalinganayo ngokwasemthethweni; inyaniso ikukuba ucalucalulo nokungalingani kusekho yaye amalungu obupolitika anganyanisekanga axhaphaza abantu abaqhelekileyo; umphumo woku ube kukugatywa kwayo yonke ingcamango yobukomanisi, kusongelwa ngokupheliswa kweziseko zabo ngokuseka imibutho ekhuthaza ubuhlanga nezahlulayo.
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 27]
Okuqhubeka KwiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo
▪ Kungokunje iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zinamalungu ali-160. Ekuphela kwamazwe amakhulu angengawo amalungu azo ngamazwe amabini aseKorea neSwitzerland; kwintlanganiso eyayibanjelwe eSwitzerland yokwenza isigqibo neyayingoMatshi 1986 mnye kuphela umntu kwabathathu owavotela ukuba ingenelele.
▪ Ngaphandle kwentlangano yazo enkulu, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zinezinye iintlangano ezikhethekileyo eziphantsi kwazo ezingama-55, amaziko athile akhethekileyo iinkundla ezilwela amalungelo abantu, nemibutho yokugcina uxolo.
▪ Onke amazwe angamalungu azo anelungu elinye elinokuvota kwiNgqungquthela, ukanti elona lizwe linabemi abaninzi, iTshayina, inabemi abangama-22 000 xa kuthelekiswa nommi ngamnye welungu elinabemi abambalwa, iSt. Kitts neNevis.
▪ Ebudeni bokubhiyozelwa Konyaka Woxolo Lwezizwe Ngezizwe WeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe-1986, ehlabathini kwakusiliwa iimfazwe ezingama-37, ezingaphezu kunani na emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
▪ Kuwo onke amazwe angamalungu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, angama-37 ekhulwini anabemi abangaphantsi “kohlanga” olumanyeneyo lwezizwe ngezizwe lwamaNgqina kaYehova; angama-59 ekhulwini anabemi abangaphantsi kwabo babezile kwiSikhumbuzo sokufa kukaKristu.
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 28]
Abantu abangafezekanga abakwazanga ukulungiselela urhulumente ogqibeleleyo
UManyano LweZizwe
IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo