‘Lwaze Lwadilika Udonga’
‘‘NGUBANI obenokukukholelwa oku?” “Andizange ndicinge ukuba oko kuya kwenzeka ngoxa ndisadl’ amazimba!” Yintoni eyabangela ukuba kuthethwe la mazwi? Kukudilizwa koDonga lwaseBerlin olwaludume kakubi nako konke olwalukumela, ukususela ngoNovemba 1989.a Abemi baseMpuma Berlin bathontelana ukuya eNtshona Berlin, bambi ukuya kungcamla nje ubuqheleqhele bobukapitali obubiza imali eninzi ibe abanye bebuyela kwiintsapho zabo.
Ukudilika kwalo mqobo kwavulela izinto ezininzi. Abaninzi bavakalelwa kukuba iMpuma Yurophu ayisokuze iphinde ibe njengoko ibinjalo kwakhona.
Ngaba Imfazwe Yomlomo Iphelile?
Okona kubaluleke nangaphezu kokudilika koDonga lwaseBerlin kukuphela kweeyantlukwano ezingokweengcamango eziye zahlula iMpuma kwiNtshona. Ngequbuliso phantse ukuba iphelile iMfazwe Yomlomo. Kunjengokuba umphathi-mikhosi owayekwiSebe Lomkhosi waseUnited States odla umhlala-phantsi uDavid Hackworth wabhala kwiNewsweek esithi: “Imfazwe yomlomo iphelile. Kwanabo babeyichase ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yobukomanisi bayavuma ukuba iphelile.”
Ngokutsho kwephephandaba laseJamani iStuttgarter Zeitung, kwaneNATO (INtlangano Yesivumelwano Soxolo Somntla WeAtlantiki), kwintlanganiso ebiqhutyelwe eLondon ngoJulayi 1990, yakwamkela ukuphela kweMfazwe Yomlomo. Phantsi komxholo othi “UManyano Loxolo LweAtlantiki Luthi Ndlela-ntle okokugqibela kwiXesha Lemfazwe Yomlomo,” iThe German Tribune icaphula iphephandaba laseStuttgart njengelithi: “Emva kwengxwabangxwaba ethabathe iminyaka engama-41 [nezizwe zaseRashiya] iinkokeli ezili-16 zeNato ziye zahlahl’ indlela yenkqubo entsha zaza zaliphelisa ngokupheleleyo ixesha lemfazwe yomlomo. . . . Ubutshaba buye bathatyathelw’ indawo yintsebenziswano. . . . Akusekho mfuneko . . . yomkhosi wezokhuselo nocwangco kodwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yothethathethwano nemvisiswano yawo onke amazwe aseYurophu.” Ngoku ungquzulwano olusongela uxolo luye lwaphela eYurophu lwaza lwangena kuMbindi Mpuma.
Ulawulo-melo Lunemiphumo Yalo
Ulawulo-melo, ekufane kuthiwe lunika abantu inkululeko yokuzikhethela kulo, lulolona lawulo lobupolitika luthandwa gqitha ngabantu ngoku. Yaye phantse wonke umntu uyaluxhasa. Kodwa nalo lunemiphumo yalo. Ulwalamano olusondeleyo phakathi kweMpuma neNtshona nolawulo-melo lwalo lobukapitali alufumaneki nje ngokulula. Inqaku lomhleli kwiAsiaweek lathi: “Amazwe angasekho ngaphantsi kolawulo lweRashiya asengxakini engokoqoqosho . . . Ulawulo-melo luvelisa imiphumo yalo. . . . Ulawulo-melo luneengenelo ezininzi, kodwa ucwangco olugqibeleleyo aluyiyo enye yazo.” Ngoobani abachaphazelekayo yimiphumo yezi nguqulelo zikhokelela kwibutho labantu elikhululeke ngakumbi, njengoko kusitshiwo?
Izigidi zabantu basePoland, empuma Jamani, nakwezinye iindawo zifumanisa ukuba ukusuka kwimeko yezoqoqosho elawulwa ngurhulumente ukuya kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho ekhululekileyo ekuqaleni kubangela ukungaqeshwa neengxaki. Njengoko imizi-mveliso izama ukulungelelanisa izinto yaye isiba yekhuphisana ngakumbi, kuqalisa ukunqongophala kwemisebenzi. Namanye amasebe ebutho loluntu achaphazeleka ngokunzulu—elomkhosi nelemizi-mveliso yezixhobo. Njani?
Njengoko ukoyikana nobutshaba obuphakathi kweMpuma neNtshona busiya buphela, ngokunjalo kubonakala kungaseyomfuneko ukuba nemikhosi emikhulu. Kuza kufuneka ukuba ngoku amakhulu amawaka amajoni neentsapho zawo aziqhelanise nobomi obuphilwa nguwonke wonke nazo zonke iingcinezelo zabo. Kusenokufuneka ukuba uqingqo-mali lwezokhuseleko luncitshiswe. Ukuthengwa kwezixhobo kwimizi-mveliso yazo kusenokwehla, yaye kusenokufuneka ukuba abenzi bazo benze omnye umsebenzi. Kusenokufuneka abasebenzi befudukele kweminye imimandla baze bafunde imisebenzi emitsha yobugcisa.
Le nguqulelo ingakholelekiyo neyenzeke ngokukhawuleza eMpuma Yurophu ngokusisiseko iye yabangela imeko entsha kumazwe ngamazwe. Kwenzeke njani konke oku?
Amazwi Abalulekileyo, Iinguqulelo Ezibalulekileyo
Okubalulekileyo kwezi nguqulelo iye yaba sisimo sengqondo esitsha seRashiya sokungayingeni ngokupheleleyo yonke le nto. Ngaphambili ukuhlasela kweRashiya iHungary (ngowe-1956) neCzechoslovakia (ngowe-1968) kwayibangela ukuba ihlale ivundlile imikhosi yohlaselo yaseMpuma Yurophu. Kodwa oko kwenzeka ePoland ngemvukelo yombutho oyiSolidarity ngeminyaka yee-1980 nokuguquka ngokuthe ngcembe kwelo lizwe liguqukela kulawulo-melo kwabonisa ukuba inkqubo yangaphambili yaseRashiya yokungenelela ngokusebenzisa izigalo iye yaguquka. Amava asePoland abonisa ukuba kukho ukungavisisani phakathi kwenkqubo yobuKomanisi nokuba inokwenziwa inguqulelo ethe ngcembe nenokuzisa uxolo, kodwa iya kuba nemiphumo ethile. Kodwa yintoni ebangele ukuba konke oku kube nokwenzeka?
Ngokutsho kwabahlalutyi abathile bezobupolitika, oyena nobangela uphambili wezi nguqulelo zizonke zaseMpuma Yurophu ibe yinkqubo yobuchule yolawulo lwaseRashiya phantsi kokhokelo lukamongameli waseRashiya uMikhail Gorbachev. NgoFebruwari 1990 wathi: “IQela lobuKomanisi laseRashiya liqalise inkqubo yeperestroika [ukulungelelaniswa ngokutsha kwebutho] laza lavelisa ingcamango nenkqubo yayo. Kweli lizwe kuye kwenziwa iinguqulelo ezinkulu ezibandakanya zonke iinkalo zobomi nawo onke amaqela abemi. . . . Le nkqubo yeperestroika ibangela iinguqulelo ezikhawulezileyo, ezingaqhelekanga nezinemvelaphi engaqhelekanga.”
Kunjengokuba iAsiaweek yagqabaza isithi: “Namhlanje, phezu kwazo nje iziphazamiso ezithile, amaphulo [kaGorbachev] eglasnost (ukuthetha ngokuphandle) naweperestroika (ukulungelelaniswa ngokutsha kwebutho) aye akhuthaza abo bathanda inguqulelo eHungary, ePoland nakuwo onke amazwe elaseRashiya.” La magama mabini abalulekileyo esiRashiya, elithi glasnost nelithi perestroika, aye akwisigama sehlabathi ukususela kwixesha lokuqalisa kukaGorbachev ukulawula eRashiya ngowe-1985. La magama aye amela indlela entsha urhulumente ajongwa ngayo kweli lizwe lobuKomanisi.
Isithethi sezobupolitika uPhilippe Marcovici, sibhalela ulindixesha waseFransi ogxininisa kwinkqubo yesithethe iLe Quotidien de Paris ngeenguqulelo zaseCzechoslovakia, sathi ezi ziye zabangelwa “yiMoscow, kuba into enye ecacileyo yeyokuba: Abemi baseRashiya abasukanga nje bayiyeka yaqhubeka; baye baqiniseka ukuba iCzechoslovakia, njengamanye amazwe anenkqubo yolawulo-melo, iya kukhululeka kumakhamandela ebibopheleleke kuwo. . . . Kwilizwe lasePrague nelaseMpuma Berlin, abemi bakhona abaninzi babesenza umngcelele bekhuthaza iinguqulelo; abantu benyanzela amagosa karhulumente ukuba eze ezitratweni ukuze enze izivumelwano emva koko ahambe.”
Umphumo uye waba kukuba, njengokudubula kweNtaba iSt. Helens yezobupolitika, ngequbuliso kuye kwakho ulawulo-melo nenkululeko kulo lonke elaseMpuma Yurophu ngeenyanga nje ezimbalwa—ePoland, eMpuma Jamani, eHungary, eCzechoslovakia, eBulgaria naseRomania.
Ukumanyaniswa Kwakhona KwelaseJamani—Ngaba Kuyintsikelelo Okanye Kusisiqalekiso?
Lowo ngumbuzo ngoku abantu abaninzi baseYurophu abajikajikana nawo ezingqondweni zabo. La mazwe mabini aseJamani aye enza isivumelwano sokusebenzisa uhlobo olunye lwemali ngoJulayi 1990 aze amanyana ngokobupolitika ngo-Oktobha. Ngoxa oku kuzivuyisa izigidi zabantu, kuyabangcangcazelisa abaninzi eYurophu. Oku kuquka nabathile kwimpuma Jamani ekusenokufuneka banikezele ngamakhaya abo kwabo babengabaniniwo ngaphambili entshona Jamani. Phezu kwako nje ukuba iinkokeli ezithile zaseBritani, zingafuni ukuthetha gqitha ngoku elinye iphephandaba laseBritani kumxholo walo ophambili lathi: “Kuza Kufuneka Nje Ukuba Sibe Nentembelo Kule Jamani Intsha.”
Emva kokuhlaselwa okwabangela ubunzima obuninzi nokwabangela ilahleko enkulu phantsi kukaNapoléon (ngowe-1812) noHitler (ngowe-1941), ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II iRashiya yafuna ukuqinisekisa inkuseleko yayo ngokuzimisa njengommandla ongabandakanyekiyo kwimicimbi yaseMpuma Yurophu. Ngaloo ndlela, ilizwekazi laseRashiya eliyilwe ngamazwe asibhozo obuKomanisi aseMpuma Yurophu lasekwa kwiminyaka embalwa ukususela kunyaka we-1945.b Ngoku iRashiya ayiziva isongelwa kangako yiJamani okanye iMerika, yaye iye yayinyenyisa imiqathango yayo ngokuphathelele iziphekepheke ezinokugcinwa yiJamani. Kubonakala ngathi oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-Iron Curtain, (umda owahlula amanye amazwe kulawo obukomanisi) okwavakaliswa nguChurchill ngowe-1946, kuye kwaphela, nto leyo eye yavumela ukuba kubekho ukukhanya okungenayo.
Indlela Ezinokukuchaphazela Ngayo Ezi Nguqulelo
Sesithethile kade ngemiphumo ethile engezoqoqosho ebangelwe zezi nguqulelo kumazwe amaninzi—imisebenzi emitsha, iimeko ezintsha, nemisebenzi yobuchule emitsha kwabanye. Abanye abaninzi abayi kuqeshwa yaye baza kutsala nzima. Lo ngumphumo wentanda-bulumko yehlabathi elinenkqubo yentengiso ekhululekileyo—ukuphumelela kwabona banamandla.
Kwelinye icala, inguqulelo ekhoyo ekumiseleni ulawulo-melo ivumela abantu ukuba baye kwiindawo abathanda ukuya kuzo ngomlinganiselo omkhudlwana. Yaye oku kuthetha ukukwazi ukuhambela amazwe ngamazwe. Njengoko amanye amazwe (ngokomzekelo, iSpeyin neItali) eye akuphawula oku kwiminyaka engama-30 edluleyo, ukukhenkethela kwabantu bamanye amazwe kwilizwe labo kunokubangela umahluko omkhulu ekuhlawuleni amatyala nto leyo eyingxaki enkulu kubo bonke oorhulumente. Izigidi zabemi baseNtshona zinomdla wokutyelela izixeko ezidumileyo ngokwembali zaseMpuma Yurophu, izixeko ezinamagama akhumbuza ixesha eladlula kudala elizukileyo—iBudapest, iPrague, iBucharest, iWarsaw neLeipzig, ukukhankanya nje ezimbalwa. Kwakhona abantu bafuna ukukwazi ukuthi ngokukhululekileyo batyelele iLeningrad, iMoscow neOdessa. Ngokufanayo, abantu baseMpuma Yurophu bafuna ukutyelela elaseNtshona. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukhenketho lwamazwe ngamazwe luyanceda ukuphelisa imiqobo ethile yekhethe neyokungazi. Njengoko abakhenkethi abaninzi befumanisile, ukudada kunye kulwandle olunye nabo babejongwa njengeentshaba kunokubuphelisa ngokukhawuleza ubutshaba.
Kukho enye inkalo yoDonga oludilikileyo ebangela umdla kubantu abaninzi—ukukwazi ukunxulumana ngokukhululekileyo namakholwa angoowabo akwamanye amazwe. Ngaba oku kuya kwenzeka ngomlinganiselo ongakanani? Ziziphi iinguqulelo ezenzekayo kwinkalo engokonqulo eMpuma Yurophu? Inqaku elilandelayo liza kuyiqwalasela le mibuzo neminye.
[Imibhalo esemazantsi]
a UDonga lwaseBerlin, olwaluziikhilomitha ezingama-47 ubude, nolwalusahlula iMpuma neNtshona Berlin, lwakhiwa yiMpuma Jamani ngowe-1961 ukuthintela imfuduko enkulu yeembacu ezazisiya eNtshona.
b La mazwe asibhozo yayiyiCzechoslovakia, iHungary, iRomania, iBulgaria, iPoland, iMpuma Jamani, iAlbania neYugoslavia.
[Imaphu ekwiphepha 5]
(Ukuba ufuna inkcazelo ehlahlelwe kakuhle, yiya kwimpapasho)
IJAMANI
IBerlin
IYUGOSLAVIA
IHUNGARY
IPOLAND
IROMANIA
ICZECHOSLOVAKIA
IALBANIA
IBULGARIA
IRASHIYA