Banokunyanyekelwa Njani Abagulel’ Ukufa?

KUMAXESHA akutshanje indlela yabantu yokuqhubana nokufa nabafayo iye yaguquguquka kwimimandla emininzi yomhlaba.

Kumaxesha awadlulayo oogqirha babekwamkela ukufa njengesiphelo esingenakuphepheka soncedo abanokulunikela kubaguli abathile​—⁠isiphelo esifanelwe senziwe sibe lula, yaye ngokufuthi esifanelwe sinyanyekelwe ekhaya.

Kutshanje, ekubeni kugxininiswa kubugcisa nakunyango, abaqeshwa bezamayeza baye bakugqala ukufa njengokukatya okanye ukoyiswa. Ngoko injongo eyintloko yokusetyenziswa kwamayeza iye yaba kukuthintela ukufa nokuba sekumnyam’ entla. Ngenxa yale nguqulelo kuye kwavela inkqubela yobugcisa obutsha ngokupheleleyo yokugcina abantu bephila ixesha elide ngakumbi kunokuba kwakunokwenzeka ngaphambili.

Ubugcisa bezonyango buye bazisa inkqubela engenakukhanyelwa kumazwe amaninzi; sekunjalo buye babangela amathandabuzo. Omnye ugqirha wathi: “Oogqirha abaninzi baye baphulukana nophawu oluxabisekileyo olwakha lwayinxalenye eyimfuneko kwezamayeza, yaye olo phawu bubuntu. Oomatshini, ubuchule nobugcisa buye babuphelisa ububele, imfesane, uvelwano nenkxalabo ngomntu ngamnye. Ezonyango ngoku ziyinzululwazi engenabubele; kungokunje eseyaphelelwa ngumtsalane. Umntu ofayo akasafumani ntuthuzelo ingako kugqirha osebenzisa oomatshini ekunyangeni abaguli.”

Leyo yingcamango nje yomntu omnye, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo asiyondlela abanokuchazwa ngayo bonke abasebenzi bonyango. Sekunjalo, mhlawumbi usenokuba ubone ukuba abantu abaninzi baye banoloyiko lokugcinwa bephila koomatshini.

Ngokuthe ngcembe kwaqalisa ukuvakala enye imbono. Yayikukuba kwezinye iimeko abantu bafanele bayekwe bazifele, ngesidima, yaye ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwezinto zobugcisa ezingenaluvelwano. Uhlolisiso lwakutshanje oluye lwenzelwa iphephancwadi iTime lwatyhila ukuba ngaphezu kwama-75 ekhulwini abo kwadliwan’ indlebe nabo bavakalelwa kukuba ugqirha ufanele avunyelwe ukuba aluyeke unyango olulondoloza ubomi bomguli ogulela ukufa. Kolu hlolisiso kwafikelelwa kwesi sigqibo: “Xa sebekwamkele ukuba imeko ayinakuphepheka, [abantu] bafuna ukufa ngesidima, bengabotshelelwanga kwiibhetri zoomatshini kwigumbi lokunyamekela abantu abagula kakhulu ngokungathi bazizinto ezibekwe phantsi kwegilasi kumagumbi ezenzululwazi nekwenziwa uphando kuzo.” Ngaba uyavumelana noku? Kwahluke njani oku kwimbono yakho kulo mbandela?

Izicombululo Ezicetyiswayo

Kuxhomekeka kwimvelaphi yesithethe okanye yentlalo kabani, kukho umahluko omkhulu kwindlela ogqalwa ngayo lo mcimbi wokufa nowabafayo. Kanti, abantu kumazwe amaninzi babonisa umdla owandileyo kumgudu wokulondoloza abagulel’ ukufa. Kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo, izazi ngemigaqo yezonyango, oogqirha nabantu ngokubanzi baye benza imigudu yokuphucula ukunyanyekelwa kwabo baselusizini.

Phakathi kwemilinganiselo emininzi eye yahlolwa ngokuphathelele lo mbandela, owona mgaqo uxhaphakileyo osetyenziswayo kwizibhedlele ezininzi ngulo uthi “Do Not Resuscitate,” okanye DNR (Musa Ukumhlaziyela Ebomini). Ngaba uyakwazi oku ukuba kubandakanya ntoni? Emva kweengxubusho ezibanzi nentsapho yomguli, yaye ukuba kunokwenzeka kwakunye nomguli, kucetywa okuthile kwangaphambili, yaye oku kuphawulwa kwiqweqwe elinenkcazelo yezonyango lomguli. Oku kugxininisa kubungakanani bemigudu eya kwenziwa ukuhlaziya umguli ogulel’ ukufa ongekho zingqondweni, okanye ukuhlaziyelwa ebomini, ukuba imeko yakhe iye yaba mandundu.

Phantse wonk’ ubani uyaqonda ukuba eyona nto ingundoqo kwizigqibo ezinjalo ukuba nzima ifanele ibe kukuba “Yintoni umguli angathanda ukuba yenziwe?” Noko ke, okwenza oku kube yingxaki enkulu kukuba ngokufuthi umguli uba engekho zingqondweni okanye kungenjalo engekho kwimeko yokuba angenza izigqibo zobuqu ezingokonyango. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba kuveliswe uxwebhu olusenokubizwa ngokuba ngumyolelo womntu ophilayo apho umguli atyobela igama lakhe echaza. Olu xwebhu lucetyelwe ukuba luvumele abantu ukuba bachaze kusengaphambili ukuba luluphi unyango abangalunqwenela kwiintsuku zabo zokugqibela. Ngokomzekelo, umyolelo onjalo usenokufundeka ngolu hlobo:

“Ukuba ndinokuba kwimeko yokunganyangeki okanye engenakuguqulwa eya kubangela ukuba ndife kwixeshana elifutshane, ndinqwenela ukuba ubomi bam bungandiswa ngokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokulondoloza ubomi. Ukuba imeko yam yengaginyis’ imathe kwaphela yaye andikwazi kuba nenxaxheba kwizigqibo ezingonyango lwam lwezamayeza, ndiyalela ugqirha ondinyamekelayo ukuba azinqumamise okanye aziyekise iinkqubo ezandisa kuphela inkqubo yokufa yaye ezingabangeli siqabu ngokuyimfuneko okanye ziphelise iintlungu.” Amaxwebhu anjalo asenokude achaze uhlobo lonyango umntu ngamnye afuna lusetyenziswe okanye lungasetyenziswa kwimeko engaginyisi mathe kwaphela.

Le miyolelo yabantu abaphilayo, nangona ingabopheleli ngokupheleleyo ngokwasemthethweni kwiimeko zonke, iyamkelwa kwimimandla emininzi. Abantu abaqikelelwa kwizigidi ezihlanu eUnited States baye bayityobela le miyolelo yezamayeza yabantu abaphilayo. Amagunya amaninzi kwelo lizwe akuqwalasela oku njengeyona ndlela iphucukileyo ikhoyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba iminqweno kabani iyahlonelwa yaye iyalandelwa.

Luhlobo Olunjani Lonyango Okanye Lwenyameko?

Kuthekani ngokunyanyekelwa kwabagulel’ ukufa? Mhlawumbi eyona ndlela intsha iphawulekayo iye yaba yingcamango ebizwa ngokuthi yihospice, eya isaziwa ngokwandayo kwihlabathi lonke. Kanye kanye yintoni “ihospice”?

Kunokuba lithethe indawo okanye isakhiwo, igama elithi hospice kule ngqiqo libhekisela ngokwenene kwintandabulumko okanye kwinkqubo yokunyamekela abagulel’ ukufa. Lithatyathwe kwigama lesiFrentshi lamaXesha aPhakathi elalithetha indawo yokuphumla yabo bakuhambo ngezonqulo. Igama elithi hospice ligxininisa kwiqela (oogqirha, abongikazi nabasebenzi bokuzithandela) elisebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba umguli ogulel’ ukufa ugcinwa onwabile yaye phantse engaqaqanjelwa kwaphela, ukuba kunokwenzeka ekhayeni lomguli.

Nangona amanye amaziko ehospice ekwizibhedlele, amaninzi azimele. Inkoliso yawo isebenzisa abantu basekuhlaleni, njengabongikazi abatyelelayo, ingcali kwezokondla, abefundisi, neengcali zokunyanga iinkathazo zamathambo. Kunokusebenzisa imilinganiselo yezamayeza enamandla, inyameko yehospice igxininisa ekubonakaliseni imfesane enamandla. Kunokuba igxininise kunyango lwesifo somguli, igxininisa ekunyangeni ukungonwabi komguli. Omnye ugqirha uyichaza ngale ndlela: “Ihospice asiyonyameko iphantsi okanye inyameko engekhoyo okanye leyo exabiso liphantsi. Luhlobo nje olwahluke ngokupheleleyo lwenyameko.”

Usabela njani kule ngcamango? Ngaba le ngcamango ibonakala njengaleyo ovakalelwa ukuba ifanele ixutyushwe nabo ubathandayo abasenokuthi emva kokuxilongwa kufunyaniswe ukuba kusengenzeka babe kwimeko engaginyisi mathe kwaphela, yaye mhlawumbi kwanogqirha obandakanyekileyo?

Nangona inyameko yehospice isenokuba ayikho kwingingqi ohlala kuyo ngoku, ngokunokwenzeka iya kubakho ekuhambeni kwexesha njengokuba inkqubo yehospice isanda ehlabathini lonke. Nangona ekuqaleni yayigqalwa njengomzamo ochasene nenkqubela phambili kwezonyango, inyameko yehospice iye ngokuthe ngcembe yamkelwa kwiindlela eziphambili zezamayeza, yaye ngoku igqalwa njengenye indlela eyamkelekileyo yabagulel’ ukufa. Ngobugcisa bayo, ingakumbi indlela eyiyo yokusebenzisa izidambisi zintlungu, ihospice iye yafak’ isandla kwinkqubela ephawulekayo kwinyameko yezempilo.

Kwileta eya kwiNew England Journal of Medicine, uGqr. Gloria Werth wachaza ukufa kukadadewabo kwihospice esithi: “Akazange nanini na udadewethu anyanzelwe ukuba asele amayeza, atye, okanye asele izinto ezithile. Wayekhululekile ukutya, ukusela, . . . okanye asele amayeza xa efuna . . . Kodwa eyona nto ilungileyo ngehospice ikukuba iinkumbulo zethu zokufa kukaVirginia zinika ithemba novuyo olungaqhelekanga. Ngaba kungathethwa ngolu hlobo ngomntu ofele kwigumbi lokunyamekela abantu abagula gqitha esibhedlele?”

[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 26]

“Ezonyango ngoku ziyinzululwazi engenabubele; kungokunje eseyaphelelwa ngumtsalane. Umntu ofayo akasafumani ntuthuzelo ingako kugqirha osebenzisa oomatshini ekunyangeni abaguli”

[Amagama acatshulweyo akwiphepha 27]

Iinkqubo zehospice zigxininisa kunyango lokungonwabi komguli kunokuba zigxininise kunyango lwesifo eso