Ukuqalisa Utyando Ngaphandle Kokusetyenziswa Kwegazi Kumangqina KaYehova

AMANGQINA KAYEHOVA ngokufuthi aye aba ngundaba-mlonyeni kwiminyaka yakutshanje ngenxa yokungakwamkeli kwawo ukutofelwa igazi. Nangona isizathu sokwala kwawo singokweZibhalo, kukwakho neengozi eziphawulwayo ezingokomzimba. (Genesis 9:​3, 4; Levitikus 17:​10-12; IZenzo 15:​28, 29) Isimo sawo siye sabangela iimbambano noogqirha, izibhedlele neenkundla zamatyala. AmaNgqina akhulileyo aye awatyandwa ngenxa yokungakwamkeli kwawo ukutofelwa igazi; abantwana bawo baye banyanzelwa ukuba benjenjalo ngomyalelo wenkundla.

Ngoku izinto ziyaguquka ngokuphathelele ukutofelwa igazi. Ngokufuthi igazi elisetyenziswayo linezifo. Zimbi izifo ezibulalayo, zidluliselwa ngokutofelwa igazi. Ukubawa kuye kwayinkalo ephambili njengoko igazi liye laba lishishini elikhulu ibe ukusetyenziswa kwalo okuqhelekileyo kukhuthazwa​—⁠kusongezelela iingozi ezingakumbi ezingeyomfuneko kutyando.a Ngenxa yezi zizathu nezinye, abaninzi ngaphandle kwamaNgqina kaYehova bakujonga ngeliny’ iliso ukuyamkela inkqubo eqhelekileyo yotofelo-gazi.

AmaNgqina kaYehova aye anegalelo kuko konke oku. Amawaka awo aye atyandwa ibe kwiimeko ezininzi aye achacha ngokukhawuleza kunabantu abatofelwe igazi. Amava aye anawo amaNgqina abonisa ukuba oogqirha banokulwenza utyando ngaphandle kokuchithakala kwegazi elininzi ibe kwiimeko ezithile umlinganiselo wegazi unokuhla ube ngaphantsi kwalowo ubucingelwa ngaphambili ungokhuselekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, iimeko zawo zibonisa ukuba ngoku kukho iindlela ezininzi ezizezinye, ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa iindleko yaye kushenxiswa ingozi yokutofelwa igazi. Kwakhona ukuphumelela kwawo ezinkundleni kuye kwabuyisela kubaguli ilungelo labo lokuyamkela okanye ukuyala inkqubo ethile yonyango.

AmaNgqina kaYehova aye afeza okukhulu koku ngokusebenzisana nogqirha nezibhedlele. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwikomkhulu lawo lehlabathi aye aseka isebe alibiza ngokuthi yiHospital Information Services (HIS) (iSebe Lenkcazelo Yezibhedlele). Abameli beli sebe baye bakhenketha amazwe akwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, beqhuba iinkomfa kwezinye iiofisi zamasebe eWatch Tower Society yaye beseka Iikomiti Zokunxibelelana Nezibhedlele eziqhagamshelana nezibhedlele noogqirha xa kukho imfuneko. Ngoxa betyelela iiofisi zamasebe amakhudlwana, abameli beHIS bakwaseka iSebe Lenkcazelo Yezibhedlele kwisebe ngalinye ukuze liqhubeke nomsebenzi emva kokuba bemkile.

Ezi nkomfa ziqeqeshela amalungu ezi komiti ukuthetha noogqirha nabasebenzi basezibhedlele, exoxa ngezinye izinto ezifanelekileyo ezinokusetyenziswa endaweni yotofelo-gazi, yaye ecacisa ukuba ubuchule obuhle bezotyando obuvelisiweyo bunokukunciphisa kakhulu ukopha. Ekugqibeleni, amalungu atyelelayo eHIS aqeqesha amalungu amatsha eekomiti zokunxibelelana ngokuya nawo koogqirha nabaphathi bezibhedlele ukuze bathethe kunye nabo.

Njengesiqalo, iinkomfa ezili-18 zaqhutywa eUnited States. Emva koko, ezine zaqhutywa kummandla wePasifiki, nganye iqhutywa eOstreliya, eJapan, kwiiPhilippines naseHawaii, ukwenzela amasebe asibhozo eWatch Tower Society akuloo mimandla.b NgoNovemba nangoDisemba 1990, amalungu amathathu eHIS aqhuba iinkomfa ezilishumi ezongezelelekileyo eYurophu, eMzantsi Merika nakwiiCaribbean. Okulandelayo yingxelo yemiphumo yezo nkomfa.

Ezintlanu zaqhutywa eYurophu​—⁠enye eNgilani, eSweden, eFransi, eJamani naseSpeyin. Ezi nkomfa zintlanu zakhonza amasebe eWatch Tower Society angama-20 zaza zaqeqeshela abadala abangaphezu kwe-1 700 kumsebenzi weKomiti Yokunxibelelana Nezibhedlele.

Omnye ugqirha wotyando ongumFrentshi wavuma ukuba amaNgqina kaYehova, ngokuma kwawo okuqinileyo ngegazi, aye anceda ukuba kwezonyango kwenziwe inkqubela kutyando ngaphandle kwegazi. Wathi alukho olunye unqulo oluye lwenza imizamo elolu hlobo ukuze luncede abantu balo ukuba bamelane neembambano ezinzima.

Esona sibhedlele siphucukileyo eMadrid, eSpeyin, besingqwabalala ngokwenene kumaNgqina ngalo mbandela. Elinye iNgqina elalifanele lityandwe emqolo alizange linyangwe ngenxa yokungavumi ukutofelwa igazi. Xa lingazange livume ukuhamba kweso sibhedlele, balinyanzela ukuba lenjenjalo ngokulivimba ukutya nento yokusela. Noko ke, amalungu eHIS alungiselela ukudibana nomalathisi wezonyango nentsumpa yezotyando aza aba nentlanganiso yeeyure ezimbini. Waba yintoni umphumo? Bavuma ukulwenza utyando ibe balitsalela umnxeba iNgqina elaligxothiwe ukuba libuye ukuze kwenziwe olo tyando.

EItali amaNgqina abuya kwinkomfa aza ngokukhawuleza ajamelana nomzamo wokunyanzelwa kotofelo-gazi kusana oluvele ngaphambi kwexesha. Kunjengokuba achaza esithi: “Ngenkcazelo esiyifumene kwinkomfa, siye sakwazi ukuyicombulula le ngxaki, ibe usana luye lwanyangwa ngokunempumelelo ngaphandle kwegazi.”

KuMzantsi Merika NakwiiCaribbean

Iinkomfa ezintlanu ezilandelayo zaqhutywa eMexico, eArgentina, eBrazil, e-Ecuador nasePuerto Rico. Ezi nkomfa zintlanu zakhonza amasebe eWatch Tower Society angamashumi amathathu anesibini.

Umlawuli webhanki yegazi kwisiXeko saseMexico wathi amaNgqina kaYehova aye akhokela kutyando ngaphandle kwegazi ibe ngoku kuye kwakho ubuchule obaneleyo kwezonyango kangangokuba abanye abantu banokungenelwa kuloo mizamo yokuqala. Waluhlola uxwebhu lweHIS olwaludwelise iinkqubo ezizezinye zokunyamekela ukopha.c Emva koko wathi: ‘Ndifuna ukwenzela iibhodi zezaziso zazo zonke izibhedlele kwisiXeko saseMexico imibhalo yoku. Ndiza kubacela oogqirha ukuba bayikhuphele ukuze babe nemibhalo yabo. Yaye, kwixesha elizayo, xa befuna igazi kule bhanki yegazi, siza kubacela kuqala ukuba bakhuphe olu xwebhu size sibabuze ukuba, “Ngaba nikusebenzisile oku? Ngaba nikuzamile oko?” Ukuba abazizamanga ezi ndlela zizezinye kuqala, abayi kulifumana kuthi igazi bade benjenjalo!’

Kwanomphathi webhanki yegazi emantla eArgentina waba luncedo. Kuloo mmandla, kukho inkqubo yokuba nabani na oza kwisibhedlele sikarhulumente ufanele alungiselele ukuba izalamane okanye abahlobo banikele ubuncinane ngezixa ezibini zegazi kwangaphambili okanye akayi kunyangwa. AmaNgqina awazange akwazi ukuvumelana noko yaye awazange atyandwe. Emva kokuba siye sakuchaza oko sikukholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwegazi, umalathisi walungiselela ukuba lo mgaqo uguqulwe xa uphinda ubhalwa. Kungokunje, amaNgqina abonisa ikhadi lawo elithi Advance Medical Directive xa esamkelwa esibhedlele ayakhululwa kwimfuneko yokunikela ngegazi.

E-Ecuador kukho ugqirha wotyando owaziwayo nonempembelelo oye wenza utyando izihlandlo ezingama-2 500 kumaNgqina nakubantu abangengomaNgqina ngaphandle kokusebenzisa igazi. Wathi uceba ukuqalisa iphulo lokukhuthaza utyando ngaphandle kwegazi kwelo lizwe ngenxa yeengozi ezininzi ezinokufunyanwa ngumguli ezibangelwa lutofelo-gazi.

Emva kwenkomfa yase-Ecuador, ugqirha wotyando owayezile wathi: “Ukuba aba bantu banobuchule obungaka kuphando lwezonyango, oko kuthetha okuthile ngokufundisisa kwabo iBhayibhile ibe kundenza ndivakalelwe kukuba unqulo lwabo lufanele ukuhlolisiswa.”

EPuerto Rico kuye kwakho inguqulelo entle kwisimo sengqondo. Kumaxesha adluleyo, amaNgqina akhulileyo maxa wambi ayebotshelelwa aze anyanzelelwe ukutofelwa igazi; kamva athile awo afa. Abameli beHIS badibana nosekela-mphathi negqwetha loManyano Lwezibhedlele zasePuerto Rico; eli gqwetha lalikwangumphathi wesibhedlele. Ngokukhawuleza emva kwentshayelelo engale ntlanganiso nangaphambi kokuba amalungu eHIS aqalise ukuthetha, eli gqwetha lathi lalinento elalifuna ukuyithetha. Okwawamangalisayo amaNgqina yayikukuba, laqalisa ngokuchaza ucwangciso lokuphucula amalungelo abaguli kwizibhedlele zesi siqithi, ibe oko kwagubungela iingongoma eziziintloko zaloo ngxoxo! Kwakhona wacela imvume yokukhuphela inkcazelo ethile awashiywa nayo; wayefuna ukuyiquka kwinqaku elalilungiselelwe iphephancwadi lomanyano lwezibhedlele.

Imiphumo Eyafunyanwa EUnited States

Omnye ugqirha​—⁠uJames J. Riley, usihlalo wesebe lezotyando kwisibhedlele sakhe⁠—​wathetha la mazwi aphawulekayo kwikomiti yonxibelelwano yasekuhlaleni: “Ngokubona kwam, nina madoda, niphambili kwezonyango nakwinkcazelo engokwasemthethweni engokusetyenziswa kwegazi.”

Kwisibhedlele esikhulu esikummandla waseWashington D.C., iKomiti Yokunxibelelana Nezibhedlele yadibana neqela labaphathi nabasebenzi kwezonyango ababonakalisa inkxaso yabo baza ngokukhethekileyo bavakalisa uxabiso lwabo “ngokuzibophelela kweWatchtower ukuze incede abantu bayo ngexesha lobunzima ngelungiselelo lenkxaso elifana neli.”

Intsumpa yesebe lokunyamekela abaguli kwisibhedlele saseWisconsin yabonisa indlela engachananga ngayo inkcazelo eye yayifumana ngamaNgqina kaYehova. Yayikhuthaza iKomiti Yokunxibelelana Nezibhedlele ukuba “iqhubele phambili ekuhambiseni eso sigidimi kubo bonke abakwezonyango.”

Enye imbalasane yomsebenzi weHIS kukuthumela izinto zonyango nezingokwasemthethweni koogqirha abathile, kwizibhedlele nakumanyano lwezibhedlele nezonyango. Impendulo evela kumlawuli ojongene nokungabekeki ityala kwesibhedlele (risk manager) kwisibhedlele saseBaltimore, eMaryland, yayisithi: “Ndiyabulela ngenkcazelo eyongezelelekileyo eziswe engqalelweni yam ngokuphathelele utofelo-gazi namaNgqina kaYehova. Le nkcazelo iya kuba luncedo olungakumbi ekuncedeni isibhedlele sethu ukuba siyibuyekeze inkqubo yethu ngokuphathelele ukunyanga amaNgqina kaYehova.”

EUnited States kuphela, phantse oogqirha abali-10 000 bakuludwe lwabo bakulungeleyo ukwenza utyando ngaphandle kwegazi kumaNgqina kaYehova.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngeenkomfa ezingama-32 eziqhutyiweyo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, iikomiti zokunxibelelana ziye zamiselwa kwiiofisi zamasebe angama-62 ukuze zihlangabezane neentswelo zamaNgqina kaYehova kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo yehlabathi. Ngoku ezi komiti zikulungele ukunyamekela izigidi zamaNgqina kaYehova. Imiphumo ibonisa ukuba ngokwenene uYehova uyayisikelela imizamo yeHIS.

[Imibhalo esemazantsi]

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 28]

Ukuthintela Nokulawula Ukopha Ngaphandle Kotofelo-gazi

1. Izixhobo Zotyando:

a. Isixhobo sokutshisa izicubu esisebenza ngombane (electrocautery)

b. Isixhobo sotyando esikhupha imitha enamandla

c. Imitha ebangelwa kukuhlanganiswa kwegesi iargon nombane ebangela ukuyileka kwamahlwili

d. Inkqubo yotyando lweendawo zengqondo ezingenaku- fikelelwa lutyando oluqhelekileyo ngokufakwa kuyo imitha enamandla ngomatshini

2. Ubugcisa Nezixhobo Zokuhlola Nokunqumamisa Ukophela Ngaphakathi:

a. Ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo sokubona ngaphakathi kwelungu elivulekileyo ukuze kubonwe elo lungu lophela ngaphakathi (endoscopy)

b. Ucingo lombane olubhetyebhetye lokwenza amahlwili (nguPapp, J. P., kwiJAMA, kaNovemba 1, 1976, iphepha 2076-9)

c. Ukuthintelwa kwegazi elivela entliziyweni (iJAMA kaNovemba 18, 1974, iphepha 952-3)

d. Ulawulo loxinzelelo lwegazi (de kunqunyaniswe ukopha)

e. Izinamathelisi zezicubu (nguGqr. S. E. Silvas, kwiMWN kaSeptemba 5, 1977)

3. Ubugcisa Boqhaqho Nobokudambisa Iintlungu:

a. Isidambisi-zintlungu esihlisa uxinzelelo lwegazi

b. Inkqubo yokuhlisa ubushushu bomzimba

c. Ukungxengwa kwegazi ngolwelo ebudeni botyando

d. Oomatshini bokulondoloza igazi ebudeni botyando, ngokomzekelo “isikhuseli seeseli (cell-saver)”

e. Ubuchule bokunqumamisa ukopha nobugcisa boqhaqho

f. Amalungu awongezelelekileyo kwiqela lotyando ukuze kuncitshiswe ixesha loqhaqho

4. Izixhobo Zokuhlola:

a. Isixhobo seoksijini sokubona ngaphaya kofele

b. Isixhobo sokulinganisa ubungakanani beoksijini esegazini (oximeter)

5. Izandisi-Zomthamo Wegazi:

a. Imixube Yokwenene Necwengekileyo:

(1) Umxube wobisi kaRinger ( Ringer’s lactate) (nguEichner, E. R., kwiSurgery Annual kaJanuwari 1982, iphepha 85-99)

(2) Umxube wetyuwa oqhelekileyo

b. Iicolloids

(1) Idextran

(2) Igelatin (nguHowell, P. J., kwiAnaesthesia kaJanuwari 1987, iphepha 44-8)

(3) Ihetastarch

6. Amachiza Okuthintela Ukopha:

a. IAvitene

b. IGelfoam

c. IOxycel

d. ISurgicel

e. Nezinye ezininzi

7. Izinto Eziluncedo Xa Isibomvisi-Gazi Sisincinane:

a. Ioksijini

b. Igumbi elineoksijini eninzi kakhulu (nguHart, G. B., kwiJAMA kaMeyi 20, 1974, iphepha 1028-9)

c. I-iron dextran (nguDudrick, S. J., kwiArchives of Surgery kaJuni 1985, iphepha 721-7)

d. Ifolic acid

e. Ierythropoietin​—⁠evuselela umongo emathanjeni ukuze uvelise igazi

f. Iianabolic steroids, ngokomzekelo, iDecadurabolin okanye incindi yedlala eyenziweyo ebangela ukukhula

g. Ukutofela ezihlunwini iVitamin B-12

h. IVitamin C

i.  IVitamin E (ngokukhethekileyo kwiintsana ezisandul’ ukuzalwa)

8. Iinkqubo Ezisetyenziswa Ngaphandle Emzimbeni:

a. Ukunciphisa ukopha:

(1) Ukucinezela kuloo ndawo

(2) Iipakethe zomkhenkce

(3) Ukulungisa ukuma komzimba (Ngokomzekelo, ukuphakamisa ilungu elophayo ukuze kuthothiswe uko pha)

b. Ukuphelisa umothuko:

(1) Sebenzisa izibopho ezivuthelwayo emilenzeni (pressure cuffs)

(2) Iibhulukhwe ezivuthelwayo (antishock trousers)

(3) Ukuyiphakamisa yomibini imilenze ukuze kulondolozwe uxinzelelo lwegazi

9. Iziyobisi Ezinokusetyenziswa Kubaguli Abaneengxaki Zegazi:

a. IDDAVP, eyidesmopressin (nguKobrinsky, N. L., kwiLancet kaMeyi 26, 1984, iphepha 1145-8)

b. IE-aminocaproic acid (nguSchwartz, S. I., kwiContemporary Surgery kaMeyi 1977, iphepha 37-40)

c. Iivitamin K

d. Ibioflavonoids (kwiPhysician’s Desk Reference)

e. Icarbazochrome salicylate

f. Itranexamic acid (kwiTransfusion Medicine Topic Update kaMeyi 1989)

g. Idanazol

10. Ezinye Iingongoma:

a. Ukuhla okufanelekileyo koxinzelelo lwegazi ukuya kwiHg (isibomvisi-gazi) eziimilimitha ezingama-90 ukuya kwezili-100 kunokunceda ekunqumamiseni ukopha nokujiya okuzenzekelayo kumthambo osikekileyo

b. Umthetho othi isibomvisi-gazi sifanele sibe ziigram ezili-10 ubuncinane ukuze lwenziwe utyando awuxhaswa ngokupheleleyo yinzululwazi

c. Abaguli abaye batyandwa baye baphila ngesibomvisi-gazi esincinane esisisi-1,8 (iAnaesthesia yowe-1987, uMqulu 42, iphepha 44-8)

d. Umlinganiselo omncinane wesibomvisi-gazi ubangela ukuba igazi lingajiyi kakhulu, nto leyo enciphisa umthwalo entliziyweni ize iphucule ukuhamba kwegazi nokuthwalwa kweoksijini