Ukuqalisa Nokuwohloka Kwenkqubo Yorhwebo Lwehlabathi
Icandelo 2—Ukwandisa Iinkqubo Ukuze Komelezwe Amandla
EKUQALENI, inkqubo yorhwebo yayingakwazi ukuhambela phambili ngenxa yokungabikho kwenkqubo yezothutho neyonxibelelwano, ukucothoza kwayo nokuphakama kweendleko zayo. Ukuthumela izinto zorhwebo ngolwandle kwakusidla ixesha. Ukusebenzisa iindlela zomhlaba kwakuneengozi zako. Kodwa kungekudala konke oku kwakuza kuguquka.
Amazwe Ngamazwe Aqalisa Ukurhweba
Ebudeni bolawulo lwamaGrike, ukususela ngowama-338 B.C.E. kuse kowama-30 B.C.E., izixeko ezikummandla weMeditera zaba ngamaziko amakhulu ezorhwebo. Esinye sezi yayiyiAlexandria, eYiputa, eyasekwa nguAlesandire Omkhulu ngowama-332 B.C.E. Unjingalwazi kwizifundo zembali uShepard B. Clough uthi kodwa “ngenkulungwane yesibini Ngaphambi kweXesha [Eliqhelekileyo], iMpuma eyayilawulwa ngamaGrike yaqalisa ukubonakalisa iimpawu zokungahambeli phambili kwezoqoqosho; ngenkulungwane yokuqala Ngaphambi kweXesha [Eliqhelekileyo], zabonakala ziwohloka.” IGrisi yathatyathelw’ indawo yiRoma njengegunya lehlabathi. Kamva, phantsi kolawulo lwamaRoma, iAlexandria yaba sisixeko esilikomkhulu lephondo, isodlulwa yiRoma kuphela.
Icandelo elingaseMpuma nelaba lilandela loBukhosi bamaRoma ngaseNtshona, uBukhosi baseByzantium, lafikelela eyona ncopho iphakamileyo phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-9 neye-11. Ikomkhulu lalo, iConstantinople (le namhlanje iyi-Istanbul), elalinabemi abasisigidi, lalisesona sixeko sikhulu ehlabathini. Njengoko laliyindawo yokuthengisa isilika, izinongo, iidayi neziqholo eziveliswa eMpuma noboya (furs), intlaka elukhuni embiwayo (amber), imithi yokwenza amaplanga, nesinyithi, zinto ezo ezivela eNtshona, yaba liziko elomeleleyo lezorhwebo elidibanisa iYurophu neAsia.
Kodwa ngowe-1204, ebudeni beMfazwe Yomnqamlezo Yesine, obo bukhosi boyiswa. Ikomkhulu labo lathinjwa laza laphangwa, lisiba lixhoba lokubawa kwenkqubo yezoqoqosho. Njani? Ngokutsho kweThe Collins Atlas of World History, “intsusa-mabandla yeemfazwe zomnqamlezo yayikukunxanelwa kweNtshona ubutyebi baseMpuma.” Oku kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba, nangona kusithiwa icawa yayiqhutywa ngumoya wonqulo, kwakukho nezinye izinto eyayizigxeleshile.
Kwangaxeshanye, kwiYurophu eyayisabambelele kwiinkqubo zamaxesha aphakathi, abarhwebi babesenza imiboniso yeemveliso zorhwebo apho babenokubonisa khona ngezinto ezivela kumazwe ngamazwe kwiindlela ababehamba ngazo. Ithetha ngeyona miboniso yaba nempumelelo eyayikwingingqi yaseChampagne kumntla-mpuma weFransi, iThe New Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “Ngokufuthi abarhwebi ababekule miboniso babethengiselana ngokubhala iileta awayesithi kuyo ubani athembise ukuba uya kuhlawula kumboniso olandelayo yaye ezi zazinokudluliselwa nakomnye umntu. Ezi ndlela zokuthengiselana yayiziziqalelo zenkqubo yokuthenga ngetyala. Ngenkulungwane ye-13 le miboniso yayisiba ziindawo zokulondoloza imali eziqhelekileyo eYurophu.”
Ebudeni benkulungwane ye-15, ukoyisa kwamaTheki kaOttoman kwasongela ukuziphelisa iindlela zorhwebo phakathi kweYurophu neAsia. Ngoko abahloli bamazwe baseYurophu baphuma iphulo befuna iindlela ezintsha. UVasco da Gama, umatiloshe wasePortugal, wakhokela kwiphulo elaqaliswa ngowe-1497 kuse kowe-1499 elathi ngokunempumelelo lahamba ngolwandle ngendlela ejikela ngakwiCape of Good Hope eAfrika, ngaloo ndlela emisela indlela entsha ehamba elwandle esinge eIndiya neyaba negalelo ekwenzeni iPortugal ibe ligunya lehlabathi. Kwakhona le ndlela intsha yabangela ukuba iAlexandria namanye amazibuko akwiMeditera angabi saba ngamaziko abalulekileyo namakhulu kwezorhwebo.
Ngelo xesha, iSpeyin, ilizwe elimelene nePortugal, yayixhasa ngemali ilinge lomatiloshe ongumTaliyane uChristopher Columbus lokuya kufika eIndiya ngokuhamba kummandla wolwandle ongasentshona ejikeleza ihlabathi. Ngowe-1492—ngo-Oktobha ozayo iya kube iyiminyaka engama-500 ngqo eyadlulayo—lo kaColumbus wazibona sele, ngokungathi kunjalo, efika kwiSiqingatha Somhlaba sangaseNtshona. Kwelinye icala, kunokuba azame ukuya eMpuma ngokugudla ulwandle ngasezantsi njengoVasco da Gama okanye ngasentshona njengento kaColumbus, amaNgesi wona athi gqolo afuna indlela enqumla ngasemntla-mpuma okanye ngasemntla-ntshona. Yonke le migudu yokuhlola amazwe yaba negalelo ekwenzeni urhwebo lwaba lolwamazwe ngamazwe. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba yaba nguthunywashe obalulekileyo ekufunyanweni kwamazwe aseMerika, inkqubo yezorhwebo yabonakalisa impembelelo yayo enamandla kwimicimbi yehlabathi.
Amandla Ezoqoqosho —Umxumi Wobukhosi
Inkqubo yezorhwebo iye yakha iintlangano ezinamandla. Ngokutsho kwencwadi ethi By the Sweat of Thy Brow, umzekelo woku “yenye yezona ngcamango ezaba nemiphumo emininzi nezahlala ithuba elide kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho kwihlabathi lamandulo: umanyano okanye umbutho kamasakhane.” Njengoko kunjalo ngeentlangano ezikwanjalo nezinamandla zanamhlanje, maxa wambi le mibutho kamasakhane, ekuziseni kwayo izinto ezintle, yayilisebenzisa kakubi gqitha igunya layo, kangangokuba kuthiwa umguquleli weBhayibhile uJohn Wycliffe wayigxeka eminye yayo ngenkulungwane ye-14 eyibiza ngokuthi “ngabayili bamayelenqe abangenanyani . . . abasisiqalekiso kuThixo nasemntwini.”—Bona ibhokisi engezantsi.
Inkqubo yezorhwebo ide yamisa nobukhosi, ibe alithandabuzeki elokuba uBukhosi baseBritani bobona buye baphumelela. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuvela kwabo ngenkulungwane ye-16, amanye amaphulo ezorhwebo eYurophu aqalisa ukurhwaphiliza inkqubo enamandla yezoqoqosho eluncedo ekugcineni ihlabathi lisebenza. Elinye lala yayiluManyano LweHansa.
Igama lesiJamani esidala nesasisetyenziswa kakhulu elithi Hanse, elithetha “imikhosi,” laqalisa ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuchaza nawuphi na omnye wemibutho emininzi yoomasakhane okanye umanyano lwabarhwebi eyasekwayo. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-12 nasekuqaleni kweye-13, iHanse eyayisekwe kwisixeko saseLübeck esikumntla Jamani yayilawula urhwebo lwemimandla yeBaltic yaza yaphumelela ukumisela amaqhina orhwebo phakathi kweJamani neRashiya kunye namanye amazwe akumda weBaltic. Kwangaxeshanye, ngasentshona, iHanse eyayikwisixeko iCologne saseJamani yayinabisela amaqhina ezorhwebo eNgilani nakuMazwe Asemazantsi.
Le mibutho yabarhwebi yamisela imithetho yokuzikhusela yona neempahla zayo, mithetho leyo eyayilawula urhwebo lwempahla eqhelekileyo. Kwakhona yenza imigudu emanyeneyo yokulwa nokuphangwa nokubiwa kweempahla emhlabeni okanye elwandle. Njengoko urhwebo lwalusanda, kwabonakala ukuba kufuneka amaqela ngamaqela asebenzisane ngakumbi. Ngoko ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-13, zonke izixeko ezikhulu kumntla Jamani zazimanyene zaba ngumbutho omnye owawusaziwa ngokuba luManyano LweHansa.
Ngenxa yendawo olwalukuyo ngokomiwo lomhlaba, olu manyano lwalulawula olona rhwebo luphambili kwelasentla. Ngasentshona lwaluthengiselana namazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho njengeNgilani naMazwe Asemazantsi, wona awayenamaqhina orhwebo kumazwe akwiMeditera nawaseMpuma. Ngasempuma lwalufikelela ngokulula kwelaseScandinavia naseMpuma Yurophu. Ngaphandle kokuthengiselana neFlanders ngoboya (wool), ngaloo ndlela olu manyano lwalawula ishishini lokuthengiselana neNorway kunye neSweden ngentlanzi kwanokuthengiselana neRashiya ngoboya (fur).
Nangona yayingengombutho wezobupolitika, yaye kungekho qumrhu lisisigxina elibambe iintambo okanye amagosa amiselweyo, sekunjalo olu manyano lwasebenzisa igunya elikhulu. Enye yezona zinto zinkulu elazenzayo yaba kukuveliswa kwenkqubo yemithetho elawula iihambo zaselwandle norhwebo. Ngoxa lwaluvula amaziko orhwebo amatsha, umanyano lwalungalibazisi xa kufuneka lukhusele lawo madala, lusebenzisa nezigalo ukuba kuyimfuneko. Kwiimeko ezininzi umkhosi walo waselwandle osekwe ngabarhwebi wawusoyisa ngokunyanzelisa ukuvalwa korhwebo oluchaphazela ezoqoqosho okanye ngokuvingca amazibuko.
UManyano lweHansa lwafikelela incopho yalo phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-14. Lwaqalisa ukuphelelwa ngenkulungwane ye-15, xa amaNgesi namaDatshi aqalisa ukuba namandla angakumbi nokulawula urhwebo lwehlabathi. IMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu yathetha ukufa koManyano. Amalungu alo ahlanganisana okokugqibela ngowe-1669. Sisixeko saseLübeck, esaseHamburg nesaseBremen kuphela ezisenelunda ngokuba ngamalungu eHansa, amalungu angenamandla ngokwentelekiso egongqongqo lezorhwebo elakhe lanamandla.
Amanye amagongqongqo ezorhwebo amakhulu nanamandla ngakumbi ayengxangele ukuluthi bimbilili olo Manyano LweHansa. Funda ngawo kwiCandelo 3 lolu ngcelele: “Inkqubo Yezorhwebo Ebawayo Izibalula Ubunto Bayo.”
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 28]
Amandla Emibutho Yoomasakhane Neyabasebenzi
Ngenkulungwane yesine Ngaphambi kweXesha Eliqhelekileyo, ezinye zezixeko ezikwiMeditera zazizenzel’ igama ngokurhweba ngezinto ezithile, njengoko abo banobugcisa obufanayo babedibana kwindawo enye kwezi zixeko. Ekuqaleni, kwakubonakala ukuba le mibutho yoomasakhane yayiba yintlanganiso yonqulo neyokuzonwabisa. Incwadi ethi By the Sweat of Thy Brow isixelela ukuba “umanyano ngalunye lwalunothixo okanye uthixokazi walo oluxhasayo, yaye amalungu alo ayeziqhubela iinkonzo zawo zonqulo ekuhlaleni.”
Imibutho yoomasakhane yamaxesha aphakathi yayisekwe ngenjongo yokunikela uncedo lwentlalo-ntle kumalungu ayo nokukhusela inkqubo yorhwebo xa iyonke ngokulawula imveliso nokumisela imilinganiselo ethile, ngokunokwenzeka ide ilawule namaxabiso kwanemivuzo. Eminye yaba ngoohlohlesakhe, ngobuqhetseba ilawula amaxabiso ngokwenza izivumelwano zangasese, izimisele ukukhusela urhwebo lombutho kamasakhane nokuthintela ukhuphiswano olubi.
Ilandela inkqubo yamandulo yemibutho yoomasakhane, ngenkulungwane ye-11 kwavela imibutho yabarhwebi, xa abarhwebi abahambahambayo bathi bamanyana ukuze bazikhusele kwiingozi zasezindleleni. Kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe imibutho yoomasakhane yaphulukana nobume bayo bantlandlolo. Ekubeni yayipheleliselwe kurhwebo lwasekuhlaleni, igunya namandla ayo ancipha njengoko iimarike zenqila, ezelizwe nezamazwe ngamazwe zazithabath’ unyawo nanjengoko abarhwebi babeqalisa ukuwagqwalisa amagcisa.
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 nasekuqaleni kweye-19, njengomphumo weNguqulelo Kwezorhwebo, eBritani naseUnited States kwavela imibutho yabasebenzi, njengomanyano lwabasebenzi abanobuchule obufanayo. Njengoko yaqala ngokuyinxenye njengamaqumrhu okuzonwabisa, yakhula yaba yimibutho yoqhankqalazo echasene neenkqubo ezazisanda zasentlalweni nezobupolitika. Namhlanje, eminye imibutho izabalazela nje ukumisela imivuzo, iiyure, iimeko asebenza phantsi kwazo nokungaphelelwa kwamalungu azo yimisebenzi, oku ikufikelela ngokwenza izivumelwano njengamaqela okanye ngokubhenela ekugwayimbeni. Noko ke, eminye ibonakala ixakekiswe ziipolitiki.