Umphumo Ombi Wokungcakaza
UBobby wafunyanwa efile kwinqwelo-mafutha eyayimiswe kwisitrato esikumntla weLondon. Kubudala nje beminyaka engama-23 kuphela, wayezibulele.
Elinye ixhego lalilala ezitratweni kangangexesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba liye kwiziko lentlalo-ntle. Lalibuthathaka gqitha, njengoko lingazange litye kangangeentsuku ezine, lingazange lisele neyeza lalo lesifo sentliziyo.
UEmilio, uyise wabantwana abahlanu, wayekhathazeke gqitha. Wayeshiywe ngumfazi nangabantwana bakhe. Ngoku babengafuni nokuthetha naye.
UMNTU ozibuleleyo, isibhadu-bhadu nobawo ongafunwayo: iimeko ezilusizi zontathu, ngokucacileyo azinxulumananga kodwa ziqhelekile kwibutho elikhoyo namhlanje. Kodwa intlekele nganye yayinento efana ngayo nezinye—ukukhotyokiswa kukungcakaza.
Amakhoboka okungcakaza amaninzi akayivumi into yokuba anengxaki, yaye ngokufuthi amalungu entsapho ayayifihla le ngxaki ukuze aphephe ukuhlazeka ekuhlaleni. Kodwa umhla nezolo kwizigidi zamakhaya kulo lonke ihlabathi kujanyelwana nongcungcutheko nokuphelelwa lithemba ngenxa yokukhotyokiswa ngulo mkhwa utshabalalisayo.
Akukho bani waziyo ukuba mangaphi na amakhoboka okungcakaza. EUnited States, inani elithelekelelwa kwizigidi ezilishumi ligqalwa njengoqikelelo oluphantsi. Amanani axhomis’ amehlo yaye aya enyuka kuzo zonke iindawo njengoko amathuba okungcakaza esanda kumazwe ngamazwe. Ukungcakaza okukhobokisayo kuye kwathiwa “yeyona nto ikhobokisayo enwenwa okomlilo wedobo.”
Amakhoboka amatsha amaninzi aqalisa njengabantu ababengcakaza ngamathuba athile “ababesenza nje ukuze babone ukuba abanakuwelwa ngumqa esandleni kusini na.” Bandula ke bakhukuliselwa kwimeko ebuhlungu yokukhotyokiswa kukungcakaza.
Xa Ukungcakaza Kungalawuleki
Yintoni eguqula abantu abangcakaza ngamathuba athile babe ngamakhoboka okungcakaza? Izinto ezibangela ukuba abantu bangcakaze ziyahlukahlukana, kodwa ngandlel’ ithile, abantu abangcakazayo bafikelela kwinqanaba ebomini babo apho bavakalelwa kukuba abanakuphila ngaphandle kokungcakaza. (Bona ibhokisi ekwiphepha 7.) Bambi bafumana ulonwabo ekungcakazeni abangalufumaniyo kubomi babo. Omnye umngcakazi wathi: “Andikhathali nokuba ndiyaphumelela okanye ndibuya nemband’ esikhova. Xa ndibheja, ngokukodwa xa ndibheja ngemali ethe kratya kuneyabo bandingqongileyo, ndiziva ndingoyena mntu ubalulekileyo ehlabathini. Abantu bandothulel’ umnqwazi. Ndiziva ndonwabe gqitha!”
Abanye babhenela ekungcakazeni ngenxa yokuba bengamakheswa okanye ngenxa yokudandatheka. UEster, unina wabantwana abane, wayetshate nejoni elalisoloko lingekho ekhaya. Waziva elikheswa waza waqalisa ukudlala oomatshini bokungcakaza kwiindawo zolonwabo. Kungekudala, wayedlala kangangeeyure eziliqela yonke imihla. Imali yokuthenga ezinye izinto yakhawuleza yaphela, yaye iingxaki zanda. Wazama ukumfihlela umyeni wakhe into yokuba uyatyiwa ekungcakazeni ngoxa wayexhalabile eboleka imali kwiibhanki okanye kwabanye abantu ukuze akwazi ukunyamekela umkhwa owawumkhobokisile wokungcakaza ngama-550 eerandi ngosuku.
Kwakhona kukho abakhotyokiswa kukungcakaza ngenxa yokuba bezuza intywenka yemali. URobert Custer, ingcali kwimibandela engokukhotyokiswa kukungcakaza, uthi: “Ngokuqhelekileyo ngabo baphumelela kwangoko nabasoloko bephumelela kumsebenzi wabo wokungcakaza ababa ngamakhoboka okungcakaza.” Emva koko, umnqweno wokusoloko uphumelela uba namandla gqitha.
Umgibe Ochuliweyo Weenkolo
Abangcakazi abaninzi balawulwa lithuku kunokulawulwa yingqiqo. Ukubala amathuba okuphumelela nawokubuya nemband’ esikhova kufanele kumthintele umntu oza kuba ngumngcakazi ukuba ebelawulwa yingqiqo kuphela. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States, amathuba okubulawa ngumbane amalunga nesinye kwisi-1 700 000. Ubuncinane ukuphumelela kwilottery yasebuRhulumenteni kuwuphinda kabini loo mlinganiselo.
Ngubani olindele ukubethwa ngumbane? Kuphela ngumntu okholelwa kakhulu kwilishwa. Ukanti, phantse wonk’ ubani othenga itikiti lelottery ulindele ukuba kutsalwe inombolo yetikiti lakhe lelottery. Liyinyaniso elokuba, ithemba lokuphumelela kumdlalo welottery linomtsalane kunokulindela ukubethwa ngumbane, kodwa into ebangela ukuba abaninzi babe nethemba kwinto phantse enganiki themba ziinkolo. Ukukhetha kwabo “iinombolo zethamsanqa” abazithandayo kubaqinisekisa ukuba basenokuphumelela nakubeni amathuba emancinane gqitha.—Bona ibhokisi ekwiphepha 8.
UClaudio Alsina, isazi ngemathematika saseSpeyin, ubonise ukuba ukuba iindawo ekungcakazelwa kuzo neelottery bezingasebenzisa oonobumba kunokusebenzisa amanani kwimidlalo ekuphunyelelwa kuyo ngamabona-ndenzile, amathuba okuphumelela ebeya kuhlala esafana, kodwa umtsalane omkhulu—yaye ngokunokwenzeka nesixa esikhulu sengeniso—ubuya kuphela. Umtsalane ezinawo ezinye iinombolo mkhulu gqitha. Bambi bathanda inombolo 9, 7, 6 no-0, ngoxa abanye bekhetha ‘iinombolo zabo zethamsanqa’ kwizinto ezifana nomhla wokuzalwa okanye ngokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi. Yaye kukho abo balathiswa zizigigaba ezithile ezingaqhelekanga eziye zenzeke.
Ngenye imini indoda ethile yehlelwa yinto ecaphukisayo njengoko yayisondela kwindlu yokungcakaza eMonte Carlo. Ihobe elalibhabha phezulu langcolisa umnqwazi wayo. Kwangaloo mini yaphumelela ama-R41 000. Iqinisekile ukuba ukungcoliswa kwayo lihobe kwakusisihlabo esinomphumo omhle, ngaphambi kokuba ingene kwindlu ekungcakazelwa kuyo yayiqala izulazule ngaphandle inethemba lokufumana omnye “umqondiso ovela ezulwini.” Ngaloo ndlela, iinkolo zikhohlisa abangcakazi abaninzi ukuba bacinge ukuba baya kuhlala bephumelela. Noko ke, ngokufuthi oku kulandelwa kukukhotyokiswa ngokungenanceba okubalawulayo nokusenokubabulala ekugqibeleni.
Ngenxa Yokuthanda Imali
Abantu bayangcakaza ukuze bazuze imali, ukuba kunokwenzeka intywenka yemali. Kodwa kwikhoboka lokungcakaza, imali eliyiphumelelayo iba nomlingo okhethekileyo. Njengoko uRobert Custer echaza, kulo “imali ibalulekile. . . . Imali ngumhlobo. . . . Imali liyeza.” Yaye kutheni imali ibaluleke kangaka kulo?
Kubantu abangcakazayo, abantu bathanda umngcakazi ozuza amabhaso amakhulu okanye odyiwaza imali eninzi. Bafuna ukuba kwindawo akuyo. Ngaloo ndlela, imali ayizuzileyo imenza azive engumntu obalulekileyo, azibone engumntu ochubekileyo. Kwakhona imali imenza azilibale iingxaki zakhe, azive ethe zava, yaye imenza achwayite ngakumbi. Umphengululi uJay Livingston wathi amakhoboka okungcakaza “angcakaza nangepeni yokugqibela.” Le yimpazamo eyintlekele.
Xa ukuphumelela ngamaxesha onke kusithi shwaka yaye ikhoboka lokungcakaza lilahlekelwa ngalo lonke ixesha, imali ibaluleka ngakumbi. Ngoku lilangazelela ukubuyisa oko lilahlekelwe kuko. Linokwenza njani ukuze lifumane imali eyaneleyo yokuhlawula abantu elibatyalayo, neyokuphinda lidlale liphumelele? Kungekudala liba ngungantweni osoloko efuna imali.
Izigidi zabangcakazi zikwimeko elusizi ngolo hlobo. Ngamadoda nabafazi, abakhulileyo nabancinane yaye ngabantu abavela kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Yaye nabani na usesichengeni, njengoko oku kunokubonwa ekukhotyokisweni kukungcakaza okwandayo phakathi kwabeshumi elivisayo nakubafazi.
Amakhoboka Akwishumi Elivisayo Nangabafazi
Abantu abaselula babanjiswa ngokulula ngoomatshini bokungcakaza abanomtslalane okanye yeminye imidlalo ekuphunyelelwa kuyo ngamabona-ndenzile ebenza babe nethemba lokuzuza imali ngexesha elifutshane. Uhlolisiso olwenziwa kwesinye isixeko saseNgilani lwatyhila ukuba abantwana abane kwabahlanu abaneminyaka eli-14 ubudala babedlala oomatshini bokungcakaza rhoqo yaye abaninzi babeqalise beneminyaka esithoba. Bambi babezimela esikolweni baye kungcakaza. Uhlolisiso olwenziwa kubafundi besikolo semfundo ephakamileyo saseUnited States lwatyhila ukuba isithandathu ekhulwini “sabonisa iimpawu zokuguliswa kukungcakaza.”
UManuel Melgarejo, umongameli weqela elifunda ukuzinceda elenziwe ngabantu ababesakuba ngabangcakazi eMadrid, eSpeyin, wachazela uVukani! ukuba umntu oselula othabatheka kamsinya unokukhotyokiswa kukuzuza ibhaso elikhulu kumatshini wokungcakaza. Ngexesha elifutshane, ukungcakaza kuba yinto yokuzonwabisa nenqwenelekayo. Kungekudala, eli khoboka liselula lisenokuthengisa ilifa lentsapho okanye libe izinto entsatsheni, lide libe nezinto ezincinane okanye lithengise ngomzimba walo ukuze lifumane imali yokungcakaza.
Kwakhona iingcali ziphawula ukwanda okukhwankqisayo kwamakhoboka okungcakaza angabafazi abangaphangeliyo. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States, kwisimbuku samakhoboka okungcakaza amabhinqa angama-30 ekhulwini, kodwa kuqikelelwa ukuba ngonyaka wama-2000, eli nani liya kuba selinyuke laya kutsho kuma-50 ekhulwini.
UMaría, ongumama okudidi lwabantu abaphangelayo noneentwazana ezimbini, ungumzekelo wabafazi abaninzi abangaphangeliyo abaye baba ngamakhoboka okungcakaza. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe edlulileyo, uchithe ama-R96 000—mali leyo ebiyimali yokuthenga izinto zekhaya—ekudlaleni ibingo noomatshini bokungcakaza. Ebuhlungu uthi: “Imali imke namanzi ngonaphakade. Ndilangazelela imini endinokungena ngayo ekhefi ndinee-[R140] engxoweni yam yaye ndinamandla okuthengela abantwana bam izinto [kunokuyifaka kumatshini wokungcakaza].”
Amaphupha Anomphumo Obuhlungu
Amaphupha yeyona nto ukungcakaza okusekelwe kuyo. Kwabanye abangcakazi, ukuphupha ngobutyebi yinto yomzuzwana, kodwa kumakhoboka okungcakaza, ukuphupha ngobutyebi kuba yinto ehlala isengqondweni yawo, into acinga ngayo lonke ixesha, kude kuse kwinqanaba lokuba angabi namali, avalelwe entolongweni yaye ade afe nokufa.
Ukungcakaza kuthembisa ukwanelisa iminqweno efanelekileyo—ukonwaba, uvuyo, imali ethe kratya, okanye ukukhululeka kwiingxaki zemihla ngemihla—kodwa umphumo ofihlakeleyo usenokuba yintlekele, njengoko amakhoboka okungcakaza efunde isifundo esibuhlungu. Ngaba le minqweno inokwaneliswa ngenye indlela?
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 7]
Umfanekiso Wekhoboka Lokungcakaza
UMNGCAKAZI uqhubeka engcakaza ingakhathaliseki indlela atyiwa ngayo. Ukuba uyaphumelela, loo mali uyisebenzisela ukuqhubeka engcakaza. Nangona lisenokuthi linokuyeka xa lifuna, ikhoboka lokungcakaza elinemali epokothweni yalo aliyi kuhlala ithuba elide ngaphandle kokuba libe nento eliyibhejelayo. Linenkanuko engekho ngqiqweni yokungcakaza.
Lisoloko lisenza amatyala. Xa lingakwazi ukubahlawula abo linamatyala kubo, lingasenakuzibamba liboleka imali engakumbi ukuze ligubungele awona matyala angxamisekileyo nokuze liqhubeke lingcakaza. Kungekudala liye linganyaniseki. Lisenokude lingcakaze ngemali yomqeshi walo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, liphelela ekubeni ligxothwe emsebenzini walo.
Yonke into, kwanomfazi nabantwana balo, isetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukungcakaza kwalo. Ngokungaphephekiyo obo bukhoboka balo bukhokelela kwiingxabano emtshatweni yaye ekugqibeleni busenokuphumela ekwahlukaneni okanye kuqhawulo-mtshato.
Iimvakalelo ezibuhlungu zokuziva linetyala zilibangela libe nomvandedwa ngakumbi nangakumbi. Likufumanisa kunzima ukunxulumana nabanye abantu. Ekugqibeleni, liba nodandatheko olunzulu yaye ngokunokwenzeka lide lizame nokuzibulala; lisenokungayiboni indlela yokuphuma kuloo ngxaki likuyo.
[Ibhokisi/Umfanekiso okwiphepha 8]
Indoda Eyazuza Intywenka Yemali EMonte Carlo
UCHARLES WELLS, oliNgesi, watyelela indlu yokungcakaza eMonte Carlo ngoJulayi 1891. Kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa, iifrancs (imali yaseFransi) ezilishumi lamawaka awayeziphethe zamzisela isigidi, yaye okumangalisayo kukuba, kwiinyanga ezine kamva waphinda wenza okufanayo. Abanye abangcakazi abaninzi bazama ukufumanisa “iqhinga” lakhe kodwa batsho phantsi. UWells wayesoloko emi ngelokuba wayengenalo neliselugcinweni. Enyanisweni, kunyaka olandelayo waphulukana nayo yonke imali yakhe, yaye wafa engenayo nepeni. Into exakayo kukuba, eso sehlo sabangela ukuba loo ndlu yokungcakaza idume. Yazuza udumo ehlabathini lonke engazange yaphulukana nalo.
Ingcamango Yenkohliso YaseMonte Carlo
Abangcakazi abaninzi bakholelwa kwelokuba oomatshini bokungcakaza okanye amavili eroulette anenkumbulo. Ngaloo ndlela, umdlali weroulette usenokuqikelela ukuba ukuba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku uluhlu oluthile lwamanani sele luvelile, amathuba ngawokuba ivili liza kuqhubeka lixhasa amanani ahambelana nawolo luhlu. Ngokufanayo, bambi abadlala oomatshini bokungcakaza bakuthabatha lula oku ngokuthi ukuba ibhaso alikazuzwa okwexesha elithile kumatshini othile, limele lifumaneke ngokukhawuleza. Iingqikelelo ezinjalo eziphosakeleyo zibizwa ngokuba ziingcamango zenkohliso zaseMonte Carlo.
Ivili leroulette nenkqubo yokukhupha ibhaso yomatshini wokungcakaza ngokupheleleyo zisebenza ngamabona-ndenzile. Ngaloo ndlela, oko kusenokuba kwenzeke ngaphambilana akungeni ndawo. Njengokuba iThe New Encyclopædia Britannica ibonisa, kule midlalo yamabona-ndenzile, “umdlalo ngamnye unamathuba afanayo naweminye wokukhupha umphumo wesipho.” Ngoko amathuba okuphumelela kwixesha ngalinye afana nqwa. Noko ke, ubuxoki baseMonte Carlo buye bambhangisa umngcakazi ngoxa ezalisa oovimba bezindlu zokungcakaza.