Ilahleko Elusizi Ebangelwa Kukuqhomfa

ZIZIGIDI ezisusela kuma-50 ukusa kuma-60 zeentsana ezingekazalwa ezibulawa ngokuqhomfa nyaka ngamnye. Ngaba unokulithelekelela elo nani? Bekuya kufana nokutshabalalisa bonke abemi beZiqithi zaseHawaii veki nganye!

Kunzima ukuhlanganisa amanani achanileyo ngenxa yokuba inkoliso yoorhulumente ayizigcini ngenyameko zonke iingxelo zokuqhomfa. Yaye apho ukuqhomfa kubekelwe imiqathango okanye kungekho mthethweni, iingcali zinokuwucingela umlinganiselo. Kodwa ukuqhomfa okwenziwa zwenibanzi kuzoba into ethile efana nale:

EUnited States, ukuqhomfa yinkqubo yesibini kwezona ziqhelekileyo zotyando, elandela utyando lweendimla. Nyaka ngamnye, kubulawa iimveku ezingekazalwa ezingaphezulu kwe-1,5 lezigidi ngokuqhomfa. Ngokucacileyo uninzi lwala mabhinqa alutshatanga—amane kwamahlanu. Amabhinqa angatshatanga aqhomfa izihlandlo ezibini kunokuba ezala, ngoxa, ngokomlinganiselo, amabhinqa atshatileyo azala izihlandlo eziphindwe kalishumi kunokuba aqhomfe.

KwiMerika eseMbindini nesemaZantsi—ubukhulu becala ummandla wamaKatolika—kukho eyona mithetho yokuqhomfa ingqongqo ehlabathini. Sekunjalo, ukuqhomfa okungekho mthethweni kwenziwa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, kuvelisa iingozi ezinkulu zempilo kumabhinqa. Ngokomzekelo, amabhinqa aseBrazil aqhomfa iintsana ezimalunga nezigidi ezine kunyaka odluleyo. Angaphezu kwama-400 000 kuwo kwafuneka afune uncedo lwezonyango ngenxa yeengxaki ezabangelwa kukuqhomfa. EMzantsi Merika malunga nomntu omnye kwabane uye waqhomfa.

Ngaphaya kweAtlantiki kwilizwekazi laseAfrika, nalapho kukho imithetho engqongqo. Iingozi nokufa zizinto eziqhelekileyo, ngokukodwa phakathi kwamabhinqa ahlwempuzekileyo afuna uncedo koogqirha abangekho mthethweni.

Kulo lonke elaseMbindi Mpuma, amazwe amaninzi anemithetho engqongqo ebhalwe phantsi, kodwa ukuqhomfa kusafunwa kakhulu yaye kuyenziwa ngaloo mabhinqa akwaziyo ukufikelela intlawulo ephezulu.

Inkoliso yamazwe aseNtshona Yurophu ayakuvumela ukuqhomfa, amazwe aseScandinavia ngawona anenkululeko enkulu. INkonzo yezeMpilo yeSizwe eBritani iye yagcina ingxelo yokuqhomfa kususela oko le nkqubo yathi yamiselwa ngokusemthethweni ngowe-1967. Iye yaphawula ukuphindaphindeka kwenani leentsana eziqhomfiweyo kunye nokwanda komlinganiselo wokuzala ngokungekho mthethweni, izifo ezidluliselwa ngeentlobano zesini, ubuhenyu, kunye nentlaninge yeengxaki ezinxulumene nokuzala.

Ngoku iMpuma Yurophu ijamelene nemeko yokuguquka okukhulu kwezinto, kukwanjalo nangemithetho enxulumene nokuqhomfa apho. Koko kwakuyiSoviet Union, inani leentsana eziqhomfiweyo lithelekelelwa kwizigidi ezili-11 ngonyaka, nani elo eliphakathi kwawona manani aphakamileyo zwenibanzi. Ekubeni izinto zokuthintela ukukhawula zinqongophele yaye imeko yezoqoqosho inkenenkene, kuloo mmandla umfazi oqhelekileyo usenokuqhomfa iintsana ezisusela kwezintandathu ukusa kwezisithoba kubomi bakhe bonke.

Kuyo yonke iMpuma Yurophu ngokuqhelekileyo kutyekelwe kakhulu kwinkululeko. Umzekelo obalaseleyo woku yiRomania, apho urhulumente wangaphambili wayekwalele ngokungqongqo ukuqhomfa yaye ekuvalile ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokuthintela ukukhawula ukuze akhuthaze ukwanda kwabemi. Kwakunyanzelekile ukuba amabhinqa azale ubuncinane abantwana abane, yaye ngowe-1988, imizi yeenkedama yaseRomania yayiphuphuma ngabantwana abaselula abalahliweyo. Ngaloo ndlela, kususela oko urhulumente owenza iinguqulelo ngowe-1989 wayishenxisayo le miqathango engokuqhomfa, iintsana ezintathu kwezine zibulawa ngokuqhomfa, owona mlinganiselo uphakamileyo eYurophu.

IAsia inelona nani likhulu leentsana ezibulawa ngokuqhomfa. IPeople’s Republic of China, ngenxa yenkqubo yayo yokukhuthaza iintsapho ukuba zibe nomntwana omnye kuphela, nangenxa yokunyanzelisa kwayo ukuqhomfa, inkqenkqeza phambili kule nkalo, inikela ingxelo yezigidi ezili-14 ngonyaka. EJapan amabhinqa ahombisa imifanekiso eqingqiweyo emincinane ngeencebetha (bibs) kunye nezinto zokudlala ukukhumbula abantwana bawo abaqhomfileyo. Abantu ngokubanzi banenkxalabo enkulu ngeepilisi zoqingqo-nzala, yaye ukuqhomfa yeyona nkqubo iyintloko yocwangciso-ntsapho.

Kuyo yonke iAsia, ngokukodwa eIndiya, ubugcisa bezonyango budale ingxaki ekunzima ukuqhubana nayo kwabo balwela amalungelo amabhinqa. Izinto zobugcisa ezinjengeamniocentesis (ukuxilongwa kolwelo olusesibelekweni) neultrasound (ukuxilongwa komzimba ngaphakathi ngamaza) zinokusetyenziswa ukuhlola isini somntwana kwakumanqanaba okuqala okukhulelwa. Kwakude kudala ngokwenkqubo yaseMpuma oonyana babaluleke ngaphezu kweentombi. Ngoko apho iinkqubo zokuqonda isini somntwana kusengaphambili nokuqhomfa zifumaneka ngokulula, inani elikhulu leemveku ezingekazalwa ezingamantombazana liyaqhomfwa, oko kwenza umlinganiselo weentsana ezizalwayo ezingamakhwenkwe nezingamantombazana ungalingani. Ngenxa yoko, abo balwela amalungelo amabhinqa bakwimeko ebonakala ngathi iyaziphikisa, leyo yokufuna ukuba ibhinqa libe nelungelo lokuqhomfa imveku yalo eyintombazana.

Oko Umama Akuvayo

Njengoko kunjalo ngezinye iinkqubo zonyango, ukuqhomfa kunezazo iingozi neentlungu. Ebudeni bokukhulelwa umlomo wesibeleko uvaleka ngci ukugcina usana lukhuselekile. Ukuvulwa kakhulu komlomo wesibeleko nokufakwa kwezixhobo ezithile kunokubangela iintlungu nokwenzakala. Ukuqhomfa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokufunxa kusenokuthabatha imizuzu engama-30 okanye malunga nalapho, ekusenokuthi ebudeni bayo amabhinqa athile eve iintlungu ezingephi ukusa kwiintlungu ezingathethekiyo kunye nenkantsi. Xa kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokuqhomfa ngomxube onetyuwa, kubangelwa ukuzala ngaphambi kwexesha, maxa wambi ngoncedo lweprostaglandin, into ethile ebangela ukuqalisa kwenimba. Ukurhwaqela kwezihlunu kusenokuqhubeka kangangeeyure okanye kangangeentsuku yaye kusenokuba buhlungu kuze kukrekrethe ngokweemvakalelo.

Iingxaki ezenzeka kanye emva kokuqhomfa ziquka ukopha, ukwenzakala okanye ukukrazuka komlomo wesibeleko, ukugqabhuka kwesibeleko, amahlwili egazi, ukuba ndindisholo, ukuxhuzuleka kwezihlunu, umkhuhlane, iingqele nokuhlanza. Ingozi yokungenwa komzimba zizifo inkulu ngokukodwa ukuba iinxalenye ezithile zosana okanye zomkhaya (placenta) ziyasala esibelekweni. Ukubakho kweentsalela yosana nomkhaya esibelekweni kuyinto eqhelekileyo, yaye ke utyando lusenokuba yimfuneko ukuze kususwe izicwili ezibolayo ezishiyekileyo okanye kude kususwe isibeleko ngokwaso. Uhlolisiso lwaseburhulumenteni olwenziwa eUnited States, eBritani, nakwilizwe elalifudula liyiCzechoslovakia lubonisa ukuba ukuqhomfa kuwandisa kakhulu amathuba okuba umntu kamva abe ludlolo, usana luhlale kwimibhobho yesibeleko, ukuphuma kwesisu, ukuzala ngaphambi kwexesha nokuzalwa kwabantwana abaneziphene.

Owayesakuba ngugqirha wotyando jikelele eUnited States uC. Everett Koop wabonisa ukuba akukho namnye owenze “uhlolisiso ngendlela elisabela ngayo ngokweemvakalelo okanye eliziva linetyala ngayo ibhinqa elibulele usana ngokuqhomfa yaye ngoku likufuna shushu ukuba nosana kodwa lingenakukwazi ukuba nalo.”

Amaqela enza uphando ngokuqhomfa ebefanele ukuba kuphando lwawo aquke amaKristu aselula anyulu aye agcina ubunyulu bawo ngenxa yokuhlonela ubomi nemithetho kaThixo. Kolo phando ebeya kufumanisa ukuba la maKristu aselula anandipha unxulumano olusempilweni, ayazihlonela ngakumbi, yaye anoxolo lwengqondo oluhlala luhleli.

Oko Likuvayo Usana Olungekazalwa

Ngaba luvakalelwa njani usana olungekazalwa oluhleli ngokukhuselekileyo kubushushu besibeleko sikanina luze ke ngequbuliso luhlaselwe ngamandla abulalayo? Sinokukuthelekelela nje oku, kuba akukho bani unamava oko oya kuze asibalisele ngokwakhe eli bali.

Inkoliso yeenkqubo zokuqhomfa yenziwa kwiiveki zokuqala ezili-12 zobomi bemveku. Kweli nqanaba imveku engekazalwa nesencinane iqhelisela ukuphefumla nokuginya, yaye intliziyo yayo iyabetha. Inokusonga iinzwane zayo ezincinane, ibumbe inqindi, izibhijabhije kuloo ndawo ingamanzi ihleli kuyo—yaye inokuva ubuhlungu.

Iimveku ezingekazalwa ezininzi zithiwa xhuzu esibelekweni zize zifunxelwe engqayini ngombhobho wokufunxa onencam etsolo. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yivacuum aspiration. Olu funxo lunamandla (oluwaphindaphinda kangangama-29 amandla esifunxi senkunkuma [vacuum cleaner] sasekhaya) luyawudlavula lo mzimba mncinanana. Ezinye iintsana ziqhomfwa ngokwenziwa banzi komlomo wesibeleko kuze kukhutshwe yonke into engaphakathi kuso nangokukhuhlwa komphakathi wesibeleko, kusetyenziswa imela emile okwerhintyela, ewunqunqa umzimba wosana ube ziziqwenga.

Iimveku ezingekazalwa ezikubudala obungaphezu kweeveki ezili-16 zisenokubulawa ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yomxube onetyuwa ekuqhomfeni. Kusetyenziswa inaliti ende ukugqobhoza le ngxowa inamanzi kuze kukhutshwe athile kuwo, endaweni yawo kufakwe lo mxube wamanzi anetyuwa eninzi. Njengoko usana luginya yaye luphefumla, luzalisa imiphunga yalo e-ethe-ethe ngalo mxube unetyhefu, luyakhabalaza luze luxhuzule. Le tyhefu itshisa inwebu engaphezulu yolusu, ilushiya luxobukile yaye lushwabene. Ubuchopho balo busenokuqalisa ukopha. Lusenokufa kabuhlungu emva kweeyure, nangona maxa wambi xa inimba iqalisa emva kosuku okanye kamva, kuzalwa usana oluphilayo kodwa olufayo.

Ukuba usana sele lukhule gqitha ukuba lungabulawa ngezi nkqubo okanye ngenye indlela eyelele kuzo, inye into enokwenziwa—ukutyandwa kwesibeleko, ukuzaliswa ngotyando ngenjongo eyahlukileyo, ukucima ubomi kunokubusindisa. Umama uyatyandwa emazantsi, yaye phantse kusoloko kukhutshwa usana olusaphilayo. Lusenokude lulile. Kodwa lufanele lushiywe apho ukuze luzifele. Zimbi zibulawa ngabom ngokufuthaniselwa, ngokurhaxwa nangezinye iindlela.

Oko Ugqirha Akuvayo

Kangangeenkulungwane oogqirha baye bamkela imigaqo yokuziphatha ekwisifungo esihlonelwayo sikaHippocrates, esithi ngokuyinxenye: “Akukho namnye endiya kumnika isiyobisi esibulalayo, nokuba sele esicela elila iinyembezi, ndingasayi kuze ndicebise namnye ukuba asebenzise isiyobisi esinjalo, yaye akukho bhinqa endiya kulinika isixhobo esibulalayo [ukuze liqhomfe], kodwa ndiya kuqhubeka nobuchule bam bokunyanga ndingenatyala yaye ndikwenza oko ngokubekekileyo.”

Nguwuphi umlo wokuziphatha abajamelene nawo oogqirha abaphelisa ubomi esibelekweni? UGqr. George Flesh ukuchaza ngale ndlela oku: “Xa okokuqala ndafaka isandla ekuqhomfweni kweemveku ezingekazalwa, njengeintern [ugqirha osaqeqeshwayo esibhedlele] nanjengeresident [ugqirha oyingcali kwicandelo elithile], andizange ndibandezeleke ngokweemvakalelo. . . . Ndaqalisa ukunganeliseki emva kokufak’ isandla ekuqhomfweni kwamakhulu-khulu eemveku ezingekazalwa. . . . Yintoni eyandibangela ndiguquke? Ngoxa ndandisemtsha kumsebenzi wam, kweza kum isibini esitshatileyo saza sacela ukuqhomfa. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba umlomo wesibeleko somguli wawuqinile, andizange ndikwazi ukuwenza banzi ukuze ndiqhubeke nale nkqubo. Ndamcela ukuba abuye emva kweveki, xa umlomo wesibeleko uya kube uthambile noko. Esi sibini sabuya saza sandixelela ukuba sasingasatshayi ngaloo nqawa. Ndancedisa ekuzalweni kosana lwaso kwiinyanga ezisixhenxe kamva.

“Kwiminyaka kamva, ndadlala noJeffrey omncinane kwichibi lokuqubha elalikwindawo yombutho wentenetya mna nabazali bakhe esasingamalungu awo. Wayonwabile yaye emhle. Ndangcangcazela luloyiko ndakucinga ukuba kanene ndanqandwa nje ngumqobo othile ekucimeni ubomi bukaJeffrey ongekazalwa. . . . Ndikholelwa kwelokuba ukudlavula ngolunya imveku esakhulayo, usahlukanisa ilungu nelungu, ngenxa nje yokucelwa ngunina, kusisenzo senkohlakalo esingamele sivunyelwe libutho labantu.”

Umongikazi othile owayekayo ukuncedisa kwiinkqubo zokuqhomfa wabalisa ngomsebenzi awayewenza kwikliniki yokuqhomfa esenjenje: “Omnye wemisebenzi esasiyenza yayikukubala amalungu. . . . Ukuba intombazana igoduka ineenxalenye zamalungu omzimba osana ezisesesibelekweni sayo, kunokubakho iingxaki ezinzulu. Ndandiye ndiwathabathe la malungu ndize ndiwahlolisise ngenyameko ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho iingalo ezimbini, imilenze emibini, isiqu, intloko. . . . Ndinabantwana abane. . . . Kwakukho impikiswano enkulu phakathi kobomi bam basemsebenzini nobomi bam bobuqu endingazange ndikwazi ukuyinyamezela. . . . Ukuqhomfa ngumsebenzi onzima ukuwenza.”

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EAsia, apho kuxatyiswe abantwana abangamakhwenkwe, oogqirha baqhomfa amawakawaka eemveku ezingamantombazana

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Photo: Jean-Luc Bitton/Sipa Press

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Umcholacholi weendaba kumngcelele woqhankqalazo wabantu abachasene nokuqhomfa ethabatha umfanekiso wemveku eneeveki ezinga-20 eqhomfwe ngokusemthethweni

[Inkcazelo]

Photo: Nina Berman/Sipa Press

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Umngcelele woqhankqalazo wabo baxhasa ukuqhomfa eWashington, D.C., eUnited States

[Inkcazelo]

Photo: Rose Marston/Sipa Press

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EUnited States, amabhinqa ama-4 kwama-5 afuna ukuqhomfa akatshatanga