Ngaba Ihlabathi Lingamanyana?

‘Amazwi ebesoloko enkenteza ezingqondweni ngowe-1992 ngokufuthi ibingala, mthiye ummelwane wakho.’

OKO kwabikwa yiNewsweek. Eli phephancwadi longezelela ngelithi: “Ezi yantlukwano—phakathi kwabamelwane nabamelwane, uhlanga nohlanga, ubuzwe nobuzwe—beziyinto ebesisoloko sityekele kuyo, yaye iziganeko zalo nyaka ziyathandabuzisa enoba siyaphucula ekuvaleni le misantsa.”

Kutshanje, ukurhangqwa, ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi nokudlwengulwa kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia kuye kwangundaba-mlonyeni ehlabathini lonke. EBosnia naseHerzegovina kuphela, abali-150 000 baye babulawa okanye abaziwa nomkhondo. Yaye abasisi-1 500 000 baye bagxothwa kumakhaya abo. Ngaba uthi ezi ziganeko zibuhlungu azinakuze zenzeke kwindawo ohlala kuyo?

Igosa leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uJosé-María Mendiluce lalumkisa ngelithi: “Abantu banokutshintshwa ngokulula babe ngoomatshini bentiyo nabokubulala. . . . ENtshona kukho isimo sengqondo sokuba imfazwe igquba iiyure ezintathu ukusuka eVenice kuphela ngenxa yokuba abantu abahlala kusingasiqithi iBalkan ngokusisiseko bohlukile kwabanye abantu baseYurophu. Leyo yimpazamo eyingozi kakhulu.”

Xa iSoviet Union yaphelayo ngowe-1991, ngokukhawuleza kwalandela ugonyamelo lobuhlanga. Kwabulawa abamalunga ne-1 500, baza abangama-80 000 kwanyanzeleka ukuba bawashiye amakhaya abo kwiriphabliki yaseGeorgia kwindawo eyayikuba yiSoviet. Kwafa amakhulu, yaye amawaka anyanzeleka awashiye amakhaya awo ngenxa yemfazwe ebiqhubeka eMoldova. Kwakhona kuye kwafa abantu kungquzulwano oluphakathi kweArmenia neAzerbaijan, kwanakwezinye iiriphabliki zendawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet.

Eyona riphabliki inkulu yendawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet yiRashiya. Kwanalapho amaqela amaninzi obuhlanga afuna ukubumba amazwe azilawulayo angawawo. Ngaloo ndlela, ngoJulayi wonyaka ophelileyo iThe European yanikela ingxelo ethi: “Amazwe Amanyeneyo aseRashiya ajamelene nentlaba-zahlukane.” Eli phephandaba lathi: “Kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezidluleyo, iinqila ezintathu ziye zavotela ukuba zibizwe ngokuba ziiriphabliki . . . Ezinye ezintathu kule veki idluleyo zibonise ukuba ziya kulandela ekhondweni.”

Ukuba amazwe ahlukeneyo abunjiwe, usenokuziluma ulwimi uzama ukubiza amagama angaqhelekanga, anjengathi Kaliningrad, Tatarstan, Stavropolye, Chechnya, Vologda, Sverdlovsk, Bashkortostan, Yakutiya nelithi Primorye. Ngaba oku akubonakali kufana noko kwenzeka kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia—apho kuye kwabunjwa iSerbia, iCroatia neSlovenia nalapho kusenokubakho amanye amazwe?

Umphathiswa wezangaphandle waseUnited States uWarren Christopher wathetha “ngokuvela kongquzulwano ekudala lucinezelwe lwabantu beentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo, lonqulo nolwabantu abahlala kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo” waza wabuza oku: “Ukuba asiyifumani indlela yokuba amaqela eentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo ahlale kunye kwilizwe elinye, mangaphi amazwe esiya kuba nawo?” Wathi kuya kubakho amawaka.

Iiyantlukwano Zikho Kwiindawo Zonke

Zingaphi izihlandlo zongquzulwano lwabantu beentlanga, abonqulo nabantu abahlala kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo okholelwa kwelokuba ziye zaqhubeka kunyaka ophelileyo? Ngaba ubuya kuthi zi-4, zisi-7, zisi-9, zili-13, mhlawumbi zide zibe li-15? NgoFebruwari, iThe New York Times yadwelisa ezingama-48! Umabonwakude usenokungayivelisi imifanekiso yezidumbu ezirhonorhono ligazi neyabantwana abadudayo kukoyika kwezi ndawo zonke zingama-48, kodwa ngaba oko kwenza usizi lungabi lolokwenene kumaxhoba?

Inqabile emhlabeni indawo ekungenakwenzeka ukuba kuliwe kuyo. Ilizwe elikwiNtshona Afrika laseLiberia liye latshatyalaliswa lugonyamelo lobuhlanga. Enye inkokeli yabanqolobi yaxhaswa zizizwe zamaGio nezamaMano ukuze ibhukuqe umongameli, ongoweqela lohlanga lwamaKrahn. Abangaphezu kwama-20 000 babulawa kwimfazwe yamakhaya eyalandelayo, yaye amakhulu amawaka kwanyanzeleka awashiye amakhaya awo.

EMzantsi Afrika, abamhlophe nabamnyama bajongene ngezikhondo zamehlo kumzabalazo wokufuna ukulawula kwezobupolitika. Kodwa umlo awukho phakathi kwabamnyama nabamhlophe nje kuphela. Ngowe-1992, abamalunga nama-3 000 babulawa kumlo ophakathi kwamaqela akruthakruthanayo amnyama.

ESomalia malunga nabangama-300 000 bafa yaye abasisigidi bashiywa bengenamakhaya xa umlo weziduko waphumela ekubeni yimfazwe yamakhaya. EBurundi naseRwanda, ungquzulwano lobuhlanga phakathi kwamaHutu namaTutsi luye lwakhokelela ekufeni kwamawaka abantu kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

Phantse umlo ube ubonakala ungayekeleli phakathi kwamaYuda nama-Arabhu kwaSirayeli, phakathi kwamaHindu namaSilamsi eIndiya naphakathi kwamaProtestanti namaKatolika eIreland. Ngowe-1992 kwakhona kwavuka ugonyamelo lobuhlanga eLos Angeles, eKhalifoniya, lusuba imiphefumlo engaphezu kwama-40. Naphi na apho abantu beentlanga, bezizwe, okanye beenkonzo ezahlukahlukeneyo behlala ngokusondeleleneyo kunye, ngokufuthi kubakho ungquzulwano olubi.

Ngaba abantu banokuyicombulula le ngxaki yokruthakruthwano lobuhlanga?

Imigudu Emanyeneyo Yabantu

Ngokomzekelo, khawuqwalasele oko kwenzeka kwimigudu eyenziwa kwiindawo ezazisakuba yiYugoslavia neSoviet Union. Ngowe-1929, kwabunjwa iYugoslavia kumgudu wokumanyanisa amaqela eentlanga ahlukahlukeneyo ahlala kumzantsi mpuma Yurophu kwilizwe elinye. Ngokufanayo iSoviet Union yabunjwa ngokumanyaniswa kwabantu abahlukahlukeneyo abaneemvelaphi zobuhlanga, zonqulo nezobuzwe ezahlukeneyo. Kangangamashumi eminyaka emininzi la mazwe omabini aba noorhulumente abanamandla abaziintloko ababewagcina emanyene, yaye ekugqibeleni kwabonakala ukuba abemi bawo baye bafunda ukuhlala kunye.

Omnye ummi waseSerbia oyinkokeli uthi: “Imaphu yobuhlanga yexesha elingaphambi kwemfazwe yaseBosnia, yaye eneneni ixesha elingaphambi kwemfazwe yaseYugoslavia, yayinjengesikhumba sengwe. Abantu babexubene ngendlela engenakwahlulwa.” Enyanisweni, malunga ne-15 ekhulwini lemitshato eYugoslavia yayiphakathi kwabantu bamaqela eentlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo. Imeko efanayo yoko kubonakala kulumanyano iye yabangelwa kukuxubana kwamaqela obuhlanga eSoviet Union.

Ngaloo ndlela, kwaba yinto eyothusa kakhulu xa, emva kweminyaka emininzi engamashumi ekwakubonakala kukho uxolo, kwaqhambuka ugonyamelo lobuhlanga. Namhlanje, njengokuba omnye umcholacholi weendaba wabhala, abantu ngoku “indawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia bayahlulahlula ngokobuhlanga, ngonqulo nangobuzwe.” Kutheni, xa aba rhulumente banamandla bewohloka, la mazwe esahlukana?

Oonobangela Abafak’ Isandla

Ngokwemvelo abantu ababathiyi abantu belinye iqela lobuhlanga. Enye ingoma ethandwayo yakha yathi, kufuneka ‘ufundiswe ngenyameko ngaphambi kokuba ushiywe lixesha, ngaphambi kokuba ube neminyaka emithandathu okanye esixhenxe okanye esibhozo, ukuze uthiye bonke abantu izalamane zakho ezibathiyileyo.’ Le ngoma yayibhekisela kwisibini esiselula ngokucacileyo esasingavisisani ngenxa yobuhlanga. Sekunjalo, ngokutsho kwengcali yempilo yengqondo uZarka Kovac, abantu kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia baye “abahluka kangako emzimbeni.” Sekunjalo, ugonyamelo lugabadele ngendlela engathethekiyo. Lo kaKovac wathi, “Kufuneka ususe amalungu athile kumntu oye wambulala ukuze ubone ukuba akangomntakwenu.”

Ngokucacileyo, intiyo enjalo yobuhlanga asiyonto ingokwemvelo. Abantu baye ngenyameko bafundiswa ngabantu abaneempembelelo nazizalamane ezibalisa ngezenzo zenkohlakalo zangaphambili. Ngubani osenokuba uphembelela konke oku? Ezama ukuqonda amasikizi emfazwe, usomashishini waseSarajevo washukunyiselwa ekubeni agqibe kweli: “Emva konyaka wemfazwe yaseBosnia ndikholelwa kwelokuba uSathana ubambe iintambo. Le yimpambano yokwenene.”

Nangona abaninzi bengakholelwa kubukho bukaSathana uMtyholi, iBhayibhile iyabukhankanya ubukho balowo ungabonakaliyo, unamandla angaphezu kwawomntu oye wanempembelelo embi kwindlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo. (Mateyu 4:1-11; Yohane 12:31) Xa ucinga ngako oku—ngalo lonke ikhethe, intiyo nogonyamelo olungenangqiqo—mhlawumbi usenokuvuma ukuba iBhayibhile ngokwenene ichanile xa isithi: ‘Lowo kuthiwa nguMtyholi, uSathana . . . ulahlekisa elimiweyo liphela.’—ISityhilelo 12:9; 1 Yohane 5:19.

Umtha Wethemba

Xa siqwalasela iziphithiphithi zehlabathi zakutshanje, iphupha lokuba uluntu lungamanyana libonakala likude ngakumbi kunanini na. Ukruthakruthwano lobuzwe nolobuhlanga lusongela ubukho bomntu kunanini na ngaphambili. Sekunjalo, kwintsunguzi yobumnyama balo mhlaba, umtha wethemba ukhanya ngokuqaqambileyo. Ebudeni behlobo lowe-1993, iqela labantu beentlanga ezilwayo labonisa umanyano oluye lwalivumela ukuba luluphose kwelokulibala ukruthakruthwano lobuhlanga lize lisebenze kunye ngothando nomanyano.

Into emangalisayo kukuba olu manyano luye lwangqineka lungoyena thunywashe oye ngokufuthi wahlula uluntu—unqulo. Iphephancwadi iTime lanikela le ngxelo: “Ukuba ujonga ngaphaya kobuzwe okanye ubuhlanga, ngokuqhelekileyo uya kufumana ukuba ziphenjelelwa lunqulo . . . Intiyo yonqulo ityekele ekubeni yengenanceba nengathandabuzekiyo.” Kumbandela ofanayo, i-India Today yathi: “Unqulo luye lwayibhanile ekuye phantsi kwayo kwenziwa ezona zenzo zokwaphula umthetho zoyikekayo. . . . Lubangela ugonyamelo olukhulu yaye lungamandla atshabalalisa gqitha.”

Eneneni, ngokuqhelekileyo unqulo luyinxalenye yengxaki, alusiso isicombululo. Kodwa eli qela linye lonqulo likhankanywe ngasentla—iqela elinabantu abaninzi—liye labonisa ukuba unqulo lunokumanyanisa, lungahlukanisi. Kanye kanye ngoobani ababumba eli qela? Yaye kutheni liye lanandipha impumelelo engathethekiyo apho abanye baye basilela khona? Ukuze ufumane impendulo sikumema ukuba ufunde amanqaku alandelayo. Ukwenjenjalo kusenokukunika imbono entsha ngekamva loluntu.

[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 18]

Graveyard in Bosnia. Haley/Sipa Press