Ukungaqeshwa—Kubangelwa Yintoni?

KUMAZWE aliqela abantu abaninzi banyanzeleka ukuba bazixhase ngokusebenza nzima ngezandla zabo kangangeeyure ezininzi bexheshwa, mhlawumbi bade benze umsebenzi oyingozi ohlawula kancinane. Kude kube ngoku kwamanye amazwe babeqinisekile ukuba bakuba beqeshwe yinkampani enkulu okanye lisebe likarhulumente, baya kuba nomsebenzi onqabisekileyo de bafumane umhlala-phantsi. Kodwa namhlanje akusabonakali kukho ishishini okanye iqumrhu elinomsebenzi ofunwa ngabantu nonqabiseko enoba ukwesiphi na isikhundla. Kutheni?

Oonobangela Bale Ngxaki

Amawaka abantu abaselula abakwazi nokufumana umsebenzi wabo wokuqala—enoba banesidanga sakwanokholeji okanye akunjalo. Ngokomzekelo, eItali, ngaphezu kwesithathu sabangaqeshwanga ngabantu abaphakathi kweminyaka eli-15 nengama-24 ubudala. Umlinganiselo wobudala babo sele besebenza nabazama ukugcina imisebenzi yabo uyanda, ibe ngoko kunzima ngakumbi ukuba abantu abaselula bafumane imisebenzi. Kwanaphakathi kwamabhinqa—aya esanda ngokwanda emsebenzini—umlinganiselo wokungaqeshwa uphakamile. Ngenxa yoko, sithetha nje inyambalala yabasebenzi abatsha iwa ivuka ifuna ukuqeshwa.

Ukususela kwixesha lokuvela koomatshini abatsha, ukuvela kobugcisa obutsha kuye kwakunciphisa ukufunwa kwabasebenzi. Ekubeni kwakusetyenzwa ixesha elide elidinayo, abaqeshwa babenethemba lokuba oomatshini babeya kunciphisa umsebenzi okanye bawubhangise. Oomatshini abazitshintshayo baye bayandisa imveliso yaye baphelisa iingozi ezininzi, kodwa bakwanciphise nemisebenzi. Abo bangaphandle komsebenzi basesichengeni sokungaqeshwa ixesha elide ngaphandle kokuba bafunde ubugcisa obutsha.

Sisesichengeni sokuba nezinto zezorhwebo ezininzi ngokugqithiseleyo. Bambi bavakalelwa kukuba sesihambele phambili gqitha. Ukongezelela, ngokuqeshwa kwabambalwa, baba mbalwa abathengi. Ngaloo ndlela ezorhwebo zivelisa izinto ezingaphezu kwezinokusetyenziswa. Azisahambeli phambili kwezoqoqosho, imizi-mveliso emikhulu eyayakhelwe ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nokwanda obekulindelwe kwimveliso iyavalwa okanye iguqulwe ibe zezinye izinto. Indlela yokwenza izinto efana nale iba namaxhoba—abo baye bangaqeshwa. Xa ezoqoqosho zidodobala, kuyayekwa ukufunwa kwabasebenzi, yaye imisebenzi eye yalahleka ebudeni bokudodobala kwezoqoqosho ayifane iphinde iyilwe kwakhona ebudeni bamaxesha okuhambela phambili. Licacile elokuba, ukungaqeshwa kubangelwa zizinto ezininzi.

Ingxaki Eyandayo Yasekuhlaleni

Ekubeni kunokuthwaxa nabani, ukungaqeshwa yingxaki eyandayo yasekuhlaleni. Amanye amazwe enza amacebo ahlukeneyo okukhusela abo basasebenzayo—ngokomzekelo, ukunciphisa umsebenzi weveki kunciphisa umvuzo. Noko ke, oku kusenokulonakalisa ithemba labanye abajonge umsebenzi.

Abaqeshiweyo nabangaqeshwanga bakhalaza ngokufuthi ngakumbi ngeengxaki ezinokuthanani nomsebenzi. Kodwa ngoxa abangaqeshwanga bekhalela imisebenzi emitsha, abo basebenzayo bazama ukukhusela unqabiseko lwabo—izinto ezimbini ezisoloko zingahambisani. Iphephancwadi laseItali iPanorama lithi: “Abo basebenzayo basoloko becelwa ukuba basebenze iiyure ezongezelelekileyo. Babe abanye bengasebenzi. Kukho uloyiko lokuba ibutho labantu lingahlukana libe ngamaqela amabini . . . kwelinye icala, kubekho abo banomsebenzi omninzi, kuze kwelinye, kubekho elabo bangenawo kwaphela, abaphantse baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwimfesane yabanye.” Iingcali zithi, eYurophu, iziqhamo zokuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho ziye zaxhanyulwa ngabo sele besebenza, kunokuba ibe ngabo bangasebenziyo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukungaqeshwa kuxhomekeke kwimeko yezoqoqosho yasekuhlaleni, kangangokuba emazweni athile, njengaseJamani, eItali naseSpeyin, kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinto ezifunwayo kwimimandla ethile yelizwe ngalinye. Ngaba abasebenzi bakulungele ukufunda ubugcisa obutsha okanye ukufudukela kwenye indawo okanye kwelinye ilizwe? Oku kudla ngokuba yinto ebalulekileyo kulo mba.

Ngaba Kukho Naziphi Na Izicombululo Ezibonakalayo?

Kudla ngokubakho ithemba lokuguquka kwezoqoqosho. Kodwa abanye abantu abanathemba yaye bacinga ukuba iinguqu ezinjalo azinakubakho de kube malunga nonyaka we-2000. Kwabanye, le mpucuko sele iqalile kade, kodwa iyivelisa kade imiphumo, njengoko kubonwa kukuhla kwenani labaqeshiweyo eItali kutshanje. Ukuphucuka kwezoqoqosho akusoloko kuthetha ukuncipha kokungaqeshwa. Ngoxa ukuhambela phambili kuthe ngcembe, amashishini akhetha ukusebenzisa abasebenzi abakhoyo kunokuba aqeshe abanye—oko kukuthi, kwanda “ukuhambela phambili okungenamisebenzi.” Ngaphezu koko, inani labangaqeshwanga lisoloko lisanda ngokukhawuleza kunenani lemisebenzi emitsha eyilwayo.

Namhlanje uqoqosho lwehlabathi luyadityaniswa. Zimbi izazi ngezoqoqosho zicinga ukuba ukuyilwa kwemimandla emitsha emikhulu yoqoqosho lwesizwe, njengaleyo yeNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) neAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), nako kusenokuluxuma uqoqosho lwehlabathi. Noko ke, olu hlobo lwezoqoqosho lubangela ukuba amaqumrhu amakhulu agob’ ityholo apho kukho abasebenzi abahlawulwa imivuzo ephantsi, ngomphumo wokuba amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino aphulukane nemisebenzi. Kwangaxeshanye, abasebenzi abafumana umvuzo ophantsi babona ingeniso yabo engephi isithi shwaka. Akumangalisi ukuba kumazwe aliqela, abaninzi beye babonisa ukungahambisani nezi zivumelwano zezorhwebo, bade bakwenza ngogonyamelo oku.

Iingcali zicebisa iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zokulwa ukungaqeshwa. Zimbi zide ziphikisane, kuxhomekeka enoba zize nesazi ngezoqoqosho, nabezobupolitika, okanye nabasebenzi ngokwabo. Kukho abo bakhuthaza iinkampani ukuba zandise abasebenzi ngokuthoba umthwalo werhafu. Bambi bacebisa ukuba urhulumente alamle. Abanye bakhuthaza ukuba umsebenzi wabiwe ngokwahlukileyo kuze kuncitshiswe iiyure. Oku sele kusenziwa kade kwiinkampani ezinkulu, nakubeni ebudeni benkulungwane edluleyo, umsebenzi weveki uye wancitshiswa ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo kodwa ukungaqeshwa akukhange kunciphe kuwo onke amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino. Isazi ngezoqoqosho uRenato Brunetta siyavuma: “Ekugqibeleni, inkqubo nganye iye ingasebenzi kakuhle, ibe neendleko ezingaphezu kwengeniso.”

Iphephancwadi iL’Espresso liqukumbela ngelithi: “Sifanele singazikhohlisi, le ngxaki inzima.” Ngaba kunzima ukuyicombulula? Ngaba sikho isicombululo kwingxaki yokungaqeshwa?

[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 8]

Ingxaki Yamandulo

Ukungaqeshwa yingxaki ekudala ikho. Kangangeenkulungwane abantu baye bazifumana bengaphandle komsebenzi bengathandi. Wakuba umsebenzi ugqityiwe, amashumi amawaka abasebenzi ababesetyenziswa kumsebenzi omkhulu wokwakha baye baphelelwe ngumsebenzi—ubuncinane de baqeshwe ndaweni ithile. Ngoko, singathi ebudeni belo xesha baphila ubomi obunzima.

Ebudeni baMaxesha Aphakathi, “nakubeni ngokwengqiqo yanamhlanje ukungaqeshwa kwakungekho,” babekho abangaqeshwanga. (La disoccupazione nella storia [Ukungaqeshwa Embalini]) Noko ke, ngezo ntsuku, nabaphi na ababengasebenzi ngokuyintloko babegqalwa njengoongantweni okanye izibhadubhadu. Emva phayaa kwinkulungwane ye-19, abahlolisisi abaninzi baseBritani “ngokuyintloko ukungaqeshwa babekudibanisa ‘neendlobongela’ namatshivela alala phandle okanye ahambahamba ezitratweni ebusuku,” utsho uNjingalwazi uJohn Burnett.—Idle Hands.

“Ingxaki yokungaqeshwa” yafunyaniswa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 okanye ekuqaleni kweyama-20. Kwasungulwa amaqela karhulumente akhethekileyo okwenza uphando ukuba ahlolisise aze acombulule le ngxaki, njengeSelect Committee of the British House of Commons ejongene ‘Nokuxinezeleka Ngenxa Yokunqaba Komsebenzi,’ ngowe-1895. Ukungaqeshwa kwaye kwayingxaki eyandayo phakathi kwebutho labantu.

Olu lwazi lutsha lwakhula ngokuphawulekayo, ngakumbi emva kwemfazwe yokuqala yehlabathi. Loo mfazwe, neyabangela impambano yokuveliswa kwezixhobo, yakuphelisa ngokoqobo ukungaqeshwa. Kodwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1920, amazwe aseNtshona ayejamelene neengxaki ezilandelelanayo ngenxa yokuDodobala Okukhulu Kwezoqoqosho okwaqalisa ngowe-1929 kwaza kwathwaxa onke amazwe ehlabathi ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho. Emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi yesibini, imeko yezoqoqosho yamazwe amaninzi yaphucuka nokungaqeshwa kwancipha. Kodwa “ingxaki yokungaqeshwa ekhoyo namhlanje yaqala emva phayaa kwiminyaka yee-1960,” itsho njalo iOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Abasebenzi bagqejw’ olungophiyo ngokutsha yingxaki yeoli yeminyaka yee-1970 nokwanda kokusetyenziswa kweekhompyutha nemiphumo yako yokungaqeshwa. Ukungaqeshwa kuye kwathabath’ unyawo ngokungenanceba, kungena kwanakwabo basebenza eziofisini nakwabaphetheyo macandelo lawo ayekade egqalwa njenganqabisekileyo.

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]

Ukufuna imisebenzi emitsha akuyi kuyicombulula ingxaki yokungaqeshwa

[Inkcazelo]

Reuters/Bettmann