Imbali Yenkululeko Yokuthetha
UKUTYHUBELA imbali abantu baye balwela inkululeko yokuthetha. Kuye kwawiswa imithetho, kwaliwa iimfazwe, kwaza kwafa abantu ngenxa yelungelo lokuvakalisa izimvo ngokuphandle.
Kutheni lento ilungelo elibonakala lilelemvelo liye ladala isiphithiphithi, de kuphalale negazi? Kutheni lento ibutho labantu bamandulo nelangoku, lide lizidube ngokubekela imiqathango okanye lide likuthintele ukusetyenziswa kweli lungelo?
Izimo zengqondo ngokuphathelele inkululeko yabantu yokuthetha ziye zatshintshatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Maxa wambi inkululeko yokuthetha ibikhe ijongwe njengelungelo elifanele linanditshwe. Maxa wambi ibikhe igqalwe iyingxaki efanele iconjululwe ngoorhulumente okanye lunqulo.
Ekubeni imbali izaliswe ziingxelo zabo baye bazabalazela ilungelo lokuvakalisa izimvo zabo ngokuphandle, nto leyo ngokufuthi eye yakhokelela ekubeni batshutshiswe ngokukrakra okanye babulawe, ukuxubusha ngezinye zezi ziganeko kufanele kusenze siyiqonde kakuhle le ngxaki.
Abafundi bezembali basenokusikhumbula kakuhle isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uSocrates (470-399 B.C.E.), esasineengcamango neemfundiso ezazijongwa njengeziyityhefu kwindlela oluziphethe ngayo ulutsha lwaseAtene. Oku kwazitsho zema nematha iinkokeli zezobupolitika nezonqulo lwamaGrike kwaza kwakhokelela ekufeni kwakhe. Isibheno sakhe kubachopheli betyala esamtsho wabotshwa iinyawo nezandla siseyenye yezona ndlela zokuthethelela inkululeko yokuthetha zinamandla: “Ukuba niyandikhulula ngoku nize nindibekele imiqathango yokuba andinalungelo lokuthetha into endiyithandayo kweli phulo sikulo lokufuna ubulumko, neyokuba xa ndifunyenwe ndisenza oku kwakhona ndiya kubulawa, nantsi into emandinixelele yona, ‘Madoda aseAtene, ndiya kuthobela uThixo kunani. Ngoxa ndisadla amazimba yaye ndinamandla andinakuze ndiyeke ukulandela intanda-bulumko ndingasoze ndingamphembeleli nawuphi na kuni endidibana naye. Yazini mhlophe ukuba lo ngumyalelo kaThixo . . .’ Yaye, ma-Atene, mandihlabele mgama ndenjenje, ‘Enoba niyandikhulula okanye anindikhululi; mayicace kuni into yokuba andijiki, kwanokuba ndifanele ndife amaxesha amaninzi ngenxa yoku.’”
Njengoko ixesha lalihamba, kwimbali yamandulo yaseRoma iimeko zatshintsha ngokuthi kubekho imiqathango embalwa, kodwa kamva kwamiselwa imiqathango engakumbi njengoko obu bukumkani babusanda. Yaqala ngoko le ngxubakaxaka yenkululeko yokuthetha. Ebudeni bexesha lokulawula kukaTibheriyo (14-37 C.E.), babenganyanyezelwa abo babethetha ngokuphandle nxamnye norhulumente okanye iinkqubo zakhe. Ibe yayingeyoRoma kuphela eyayichase inkululeko yokuthetha; kungeli xesha apho iinkokeli zamaYuda zanyanzela uPontiyo Pilato ukuba abulale uYesu ngenxa yeemfundiso zakhe zaza zayalela abapostile bakhe ukuba bayeke ukushumayela. Naba babekulungele ukufa kunokuba bayeke.—IZenzo 5:28, 29.
Ebudeni bamaxesha amaninzi embalini, amalungelo abantu anikelwa ngoorhulumente ngokufuthi ebesoloko etshintshwa okanye apheliswe ngokuthanda kwabo, nto leyo eyaphumela kwimizabalazo engapheliyo yenkululeko yokuthetha. Ukususela kumaXesha Aphakathi, abanye abantu babefuna ingxelo ebhaliweyo echaza ngamalungelo abo, apho urhulumente wayemiselwa imida yokulawula loo malungelo. Ngenxa yoko, kwenziwa amaxwebhu abalulekileyo amalungelo. Phakathi kwawo kwakukho iMagna Carta, olona lubalaseleyo kumbandela wamalungelo abantu. Kamva kwalandela uXwebhu Lwamalungelo AmaNgesi (1689), isiBhengezo Samalungelo AseVirginia (1776), isiBhengezo Samalungelo Abantu BaseFransi (1789) noXwebhu Lwamalungelo AseUnited States (1791).
Ngenkulungwane ye-17, ye-18 neye-19 abantu abaphambili embalini bethetha bophela ngokuphandle bemela inkululeko yokuvakalisa izimvo. Ngowe-1644 imbongi yasemaNgesini uJohn Milton, esenokukhunjulwa kakuhle ngencwadi yayo ethi Paradise Lost, yabhala incwadana eyaziwayo ethi Areopagitica ngenjongo yokulwa nokuthintelwa kwenkululeko yokubhala.
Ngenkulungwane ye-18 yanda inkululeko yokuthetha eNgilani, nangona kwakusekho imiqathango. EMerika amathanga ayefuna ilungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha, ukuthetha nokubhala ngokukhululekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, iConstitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, kaSeptemba 28, 1776, yathi ngokuyinxenye: “Ekubeni abantu benelungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha, neyokubhala, neyokupapasha iimvakalelo zabo, ngoko ke inkululeko yokubhala ayifanele ithintelwe.”
La mazwi aba negalelo kwisiHlomelo Sokuqala SoMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States ngowe-1791, esasivakalisa uluvo lwabaseki beAmerican Constitution ngokuphathelele amalungelo abantu axabisekileyo: “IBhunga Lowiso-mthetho aliyi kwenza mthetho ngokuphathelele ukusekwa konqulo, okanye lithintele ukuqheliselwa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo; okanye linciphise inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokubhala; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nelokubongoza uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo zabo.”
Isithandi sobulumko sasemaNgesini senkulungwane ye-19 uJohn Stuart Mill sapapasha isincoko saso esithi “On Liberty” ngowe-1859. Sicatshulwa ngokufuthi yaye kuye kwabhekiswa kuso njengesona sibalaseleyo kuzo zonke iingxelo ezingenkululeko yokuthetha.
Phofu ke, amadabi okulwela ilungelo lokuthetha ngokuphandle, akazange aphele ngokufika kweminyaka ekuthiwa yeyokhanyo yale nkulungwane yama-20. Ngokomzekelo, ngenxa yemigudu yokuthintela inkululeko yokuthetha eMerika, iinkundla zomthetho ziye zakhupha izaziso ezikhusela loo nkululeko, ukususela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi nakwiiNkundla Eziphakamileyo zaseUnited States.
Ijaji yeNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States, uOliver Wendell Holmes, Omnci., yachaza inkolelo yayo ngokuphathelele ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kwizigqibo ezininzi zenkundla. Ichaza ukubaluleka kokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, yathi: “Eyona nto ifuna ukuhlonyelwa kuMgaqo-siseko ngumgaqo wokuvakalisa izimvo ngokukhululekileyo—kungekhona ukuvakalisa izimvo ngokukhululekileyo kwabo bavumelana nathi kodwa inkululeko yezimvo esizithiyileyo.”—United States v. Schwimmer, 1928.
Kukungakhathalelwa kwalo mgaqo okuye kwabangela amadabi ezinkundleni abangela utshintsho olukhoyo phakathi kwenkululeko nengcinezelo. Kudla ngokuthiwa, “Ndim onelungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo—kodwa hayi nina.” Kwincwadi yakhe ebizwa ngeli gama, uNat Hentoff, wacaphula izihlandlo apho abakhuseli besiHlomelo Sokuqala abanenzondelelo bathi baba neembono ezitshintshatshintshayo. Wacaphula iimeko apho iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States yaguqula ezinye zezigqibo zayo, kuquka ezinento yokwenza namaNgqina kaYehova neminyaka yawo yokulwela ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngeenkolelo zawo zonqulo. Ngokuphathelele wona, wabhala: “Amalungu olo nqulo aye anegalelo elikhulu ukutyhubela iinkulungwane ngokuphathelele ukwandisa inkululeko yesazela ngokusebenzisa iinkundla zomgaqo-siseko.”
Abahlalutyi bomthetho nababhali-mbali abaninzi bale mihla kuninzi abaye bakubhala ngamadabi amaninzi asezinkundleni alwelwa ukukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha ngasekupheleni kwale nkulungwane yama-20, kungekuphela nje eMerika kodwa nakwamanye amazwe. Akukhe kwenzeke ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha ibe yinto ehlala ihleli. Nangona oorhulumente besenokuqhayisa ngenkululeko abayinike abantu babo, inokulahleka ngokutshintsha kukarhulumente okanye kweejaji zenkundla, njengoko amava eye abonisa. AmaNgqina kaYehova aye aphambili ekulweleni le nkululeko ixabisekileyo.
Kwincwadi yakhe ethi These Also Believe, uNjingalwazi C. S. Braden uyabhala: “Aye [amaNgqina kaYehova] aphumeza inkonzo ephawulekayo kulawulo-melo ngokulwela kwawo ukulondoloza amalungelo awo oluntu, kuba kumzabalazo wawo aye enza okungakumbi ukukhusela amalungelo eqela elincinane ngalinye eMerika. Xa amalungelo abantu balo naliphi na iqela ethatyathwa, alibikho iqela elinamalungelo akhuselekileyo. Ngoko ke aye anegalelo elicacileyo ekulondolozeni ezinye zezona zinto zixabisekileyo kulawulo-melo lwethu.”
Abantu abathanda inkululeko kunzima ukuba baqonde isizathu sokuba oorhulumente nonqulo bavimbe abantu babo le nkululeko. Kukwala nelungelo labantu elisisiseko, ibe abantu abaninzi ehlabathini lonke bayabandezeleka ngenxa yokuncitshiswa kwale nkululeko. Ngaba izimo zengqondo ngokuphathelele inkululeko yokuthetha, nkqu nakumazwe anandipha eli lungelo lisisiseko, ziya kuqhubeka zitshintshatshintsha? Ngaba ingcamango yenkululeko yokuthetha imele isetyenziselwe ukuthethelela ukuthuka nentetho engamanyala? Iinkundla zisayixovula le ntsumantsumane.
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 3]
USocrates wayeyimela inkululeko yokuthetha
[Inkcazelo]
Musei Capitolini, Roma