Inkululeko Yokuthetha—Ngaba Isetyenziswa Kakubi?
IGALELEKILE inkulungwane yama-21. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo le nkulungwane intsha iya kuzisa amathemba amatsha, iingcamango, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, iingcamango ngobugcisa obumangalisayo nokufunwa kwenkululeko engakumbi. Iingcamango zoorhulumente, zonqulo, nezabantu zithatyathelwa indawo zizimvo kunye neemfuno ezintsha. Kwiindawo ezininzi abantu bafuna shushu ukuba kususwe imiqathango ekhoyo kwinkululeko yokuthetha neyokuvakalisa uluvo, ingakhathaliseki imiphumo ukuba iya kuba njani!
Into eyayikade ingavumelekanga yaye ingavunyelwa ngabasasazi bakanomathotholo nabakamabonwakude nangabahlolisisi beencwadi ezishicilelweyo—ukuthuka nemifanekiso engamanyala nezimbo zomzimba ezingamanyala—sithetha nje zixhaphakile kumazwe amaninzi, zithethelelwa ngokuba zililungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha!
Abo banobuchule bokusebenzisa iikhompyutha, abantu abadala nabantwana, sithetha nje ngemizuzwana banokuthumela imifanekiso ezotyiweyo ebonisa ukuziphatha kakubi ngokwesini kwamanye amazwekazi baze bancokole nabantu abaziwa ngokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesini nabaxhaphaza abantwana ngokwesini bacele amagama neekhelingi ukuze badibane nabo ngasese. Umculo onamazwi akhuthaza ukuzibulala nokubulala abazali, amapolisa namagosa karhulumente kungokunje uviwa umhla nezolo kunomathotholo nakumabonwakude okanye ukho kumacwecwe akhaliswa ngabantwana.
Bambalwa kwabo bafuna inkululeko yokuthetha engenamiqathango abangenakuvumelana neJaji yeNkundla Ephakamileyo uOliver Wendell Holmes, Omnci., eyathi ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane edluleyo yabhala oku kwisigqibo esaziwayo esibalaseleyo ngokuphathelele inkululeko yokuthetha: “Okona kukhuselwa kungqongqo kwenkululeko yokuthetha akunakumkhusela umntu okhwazayo othi kuyatsha exoka kwindawo yokubukela imifanekiso eshukumayo kuze oko kubangele uqulukubhode.” Imiphumo yesenzo esinjalo icacile. Ngoko ke, hayi indlela ekungekho ngqiqweni ngayo, ukuba aba bantu banye basijongele phantsi okanye bangasixabisi isigwebo senkundla esifanayo baze ngeenkani basigxeke. Lo kaHolmes wathi: “Kwimeko nganye eyona nto ibalulekileyo kubo kukuba oko kuthethiweyo kungathintelwa kuphela liBhunga Lowiso-mthetho xa kubangela ingozi ezicaceleyo nebonakalayo yaye kuyinto embi kakhulu.”
Amanyala Aboniswa Kwikhompyutha
Iphephancwadi iTime lanikela le ngxelo: “Izinto ezibonisa isini zikho kuyo yonke indawo kule mihla, kwiincwadi, kumaphephancwadi, kwimifanekiso eshukumayo, kumabonwakude, kwiividiyo zomculo nakwizibhengezo zeziqholo ezikwizikhululo zikaduladula. Zishicilelwe kumakhadi okutsalela umnxeba kwiindawo zamanyala yaye ziqhushekwa nangaphantsi kwee-wiper zokosula iifestile zemoto. . . . Inkoliso yabantu baseMerika seyikuqhele gqitha ukuboniswa ngokuphandle kwezinto ezivuselela isini—nezizathu zokuba kufakwe kwindawo ekhethekileyo ngaphantsi kwesiHlomelo Sokuqala [inkululeko yokuthetha]—kangangokuba kunzima ukuba bakuphawule oko.” Noko ke, kukho into engaqondakaliyo ngokuboniswa kwesini ngokuphandle neekhompyutha nto leyo eyitshintshe kwaphela intsingiselo yegama elithi “amanyala.” Ithandwa gqitha, yaye ilityhutyhe lonke ihlabathi.
Ngokutsho kolunye uhlolisiso, kwafunyanwa abantu abarhumela iinkqubo zekhompyutha ezibonisa isini ngokuphandle, ababekulungele ukuhlawula imali rhoqo ngenyanga esusela kwiirandi ezingama-40 ukuya kwezili-120, babefumaneka “kwizixeko ezingaphezu kwama-2000 kuwo onke amazwana angama-50 namazwe angama-40, kwimimandla namaphondo asehlabathini jikelele—kuquka namazwe athile afana neTshayina, apho ukuba nento engamanyala kunokuba lityala elikhokelela kwisigwebo sentambo.”
Iphephancwadi iTime lachaza olunye uhlobo lwamanyala oluboniswa kwikhompyutha “njengovimba wokufaka izinto ‘ezigqwethekileyo’ eziquka imifanekiso yabantu ababotshelelweyo kwenziwe ukungcola kubo, yokonwatyiswa kukuvisa abanye okanye kukuzivisa iintlungu, yokuntsontsa, yokuzithuma neyeentlobano zesini nezilwanyana ezizalise ishedi.” Ukuvela kwento efana nale kwinkqubo yekhompyutha esetyenziswa nguwonke wonke, efikelela emadodeni, kumabhinqa nasebantwaneni ehlabathini jikelele, kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwenkululeko yokuthetha.
Iphephandaba laseBritani lathi: “Bakuba abantwana besebenzisa ezi nkqubo, abasaxhomekekanga kumaziko eendaba ukuze bafumane imifanekiso yamanyala, kusenokuba lula gqitha ukuba nawuphi na umntwana ayifikelele ngokulula, yaye oko bakwenzela kwindawo efihlakeleyo kwigumbi lokulala.” Kuqikelelwa ukuba ama-47 ekhulwini awo onke amakhaya aseBritani aneekhompyutha aya kunxityelelaniswa nale nkqubo yekhompyutha ekupheleni kowe-1996. “Abazali abaninzi baseBritani ababazi obu bugcisa buntsonkothileyo busetyenziswa ngabantwana babo. Kwiinyanga ezili-18 ezidluleyo abeshumi elivisayo baye bachitha ixesha elininzi ‘beqolozele kwezi Nkqubo,’ latsho eli phepha.”
UKathleen Mahoney, unjingalwazi wezomthetho kwiUniversity of Calgary, eKhanada, noyingcali kwimibandela yezomthetho ephathelele izinto ezingamanyala, wathi: “Wonke umntu ufanele aqonde ukuba kukho ijelo elingalawuleki ngokupheleleyo abanokuxhatshazwa ngalo abantwana.” Elinye ipolisa laseKhanada lathi: “Licacile elokuba kungekudala kuza kufuneka kuphandwe amatyala abantwana ababukela amanyala kwikhompyutha.” Amaqela amaninzi acebisa iintsapho athi amanyala aboniswa kwikhompyutha abukelwa ngabantwana nempembelelo anokuba nayo kubo “amela ingozi ecacileyo neqhubekayo.”
Iimbono Ezikhabanayo
Abo banomdla kwinkululeko yoluntu iyabacaphukisa nayiphi na imigudu eyenziwa liBhunga Lowiso-mtheto yokubekela imiqathango izinto ezinjengamanyala aboniswa kwikhompyutha, ngokuvisisana nesigqibo seJaji uHolmes neNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States. “Kukuhlaselwa ngokuthe ngqo kwesiHlomelo Sokuqala,” watsho unjingalwazi wezomthetho waseHarvard. Kwanabatshutshisi abanamava bayayigculela, latsho iphephancwadi iTime. Omnye wathi: “Ingawa phantsi kwanakwinkundla yamatyala amancinane.” Igosa le-Electronic Privacy Information Center lathi: “Ngumbandela ofuna uhlolisiso lukarhulumente.” ITime yalicaphula lisithi: “IsiHlomelo Sokuqala sifanele sisebenze nakwinkqubo yekhompyutha eyi-Internet.” Ilungu lendlu yowiso-mthetho yaseUnited States lathi: “Ngokucacileyo kukutyeshelwa kwenkululeko yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, yaye kukutyeshelwa kwelungelo labantu abadala lokunxibelelana komnye nomnye.”
Unjingalwazi kwiNew York Law School wathi kukho iingenelo ezithile kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza isini, ezingenakuthanani namalungelo abantu enkululeko yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. “I-Sex on the Internet [Isini Kwinkqubo Yekhompyutha Eyi-Internet] isenokuba ifaneleke ngokwenene kubantu abaselula,” yanikela loo ngxelo iTime ngezimvo zakhe. “[I-Cyberspace] ikunika ithuba elikhuselekileyo lokubukela izinto ezingavumelekanga nezifihlwayo. . . . Luhlobo lwencoko engafihli nto, nengabangeli zintloni ngokuphathelele iimbono ezichanileyo kunye neziziintsomi ngesini,” watsho njalo.
Kwakhona ulutsha oluninzi sele lulungele ukulwa nayiphi na imiqathango ebekwa kwiinkqubo zekhompyutha ezibonisa amanyala, ngakumbi abafundi baseyunivesithi. Olunye luye lwenza imingcelele lukhalazela oko likujonga ikukuncitshiswa kwelungelo lalo lenkululeko yokuthetha. Nangona lingelilo elomfundi, elinye ilizwi elacatshulwa kwiThe New York Times ngokungathandabuzekiyo lalivumelana noluvo lwabaninzi abachase nasiphi na isindululo esinokuthintela amanyala aboniswa kwiikhompyutha: “Ndiyarhana siya kuhlekwa ngabo bonke abasebenzisi beNkqubo eyi-Internet beli lizwe size sijongelwe phantsi, ibe ngokuphathelele abo basebenzisa iNkqubo eyi-Internet ehlabathini lonke, siya kuyenza iUnited States ibe yinto yokuhlekisa.”
Inikela ingxelo esuka kwigosa leqela elinomdla kumalungelo oluntu, i-U.S.News & World Report yagqabaza: “I-Cyberspace [inkqubo yekhompyutha] inokuyomeleza ngakumbi inkululeko yokuthetha kunokuba kunjalo ngesiHlomelo Sokuqala. Enyanisweni, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ‘oorhulumente baye abakwazi ngokoqobo ukubavala imilomo abantu.’”
EKhanada kuliwa nantoni na esenokuphazamisa amalungiselelo enkululeko yokuthetha kwiCharter of Rights and Freedoms. Kuye kwabanjwa abazobi abanemifanekiso eye yacaphukisa abahlolisisi namapolisa, kuba besithi “ingcolile.” Abazobi nabo bathethelela inkululeko yokuthetha baye bamanyana ukuze bakhalazele baze bagxeke oko kubanjwa kwabo njengokuphazanyiswa kwenkululeko yabo yokuthetha. De kwamalunga neminyaka emine edluleyo, iiteyiphu zevidiyo ezibonisa amanyala bezihluthwa ngokuqhubekayo ngamapolisa phantsi komthetho waseKhanada othintela izinto ezingcolileyo, yaye la matyala aye axoxwa ibe abarhwebi abazithengisayo bafunyaniswe benetyala.
Noko ke, konke oko kwantshintsha ngowe-1992, xa iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseKhanada yathi kwityala eliphawulekayo yagqiba ekubeni iimveliso ezinjalo zikhuselekile ukuba kungafakwa isimangalo ngazo ngenxa yesiqinisekiso senkululeko yokuvakalisa izimvo kwiCharter of Rights and Freedoms. Eso sigqibo senkundla “sabangela iinguqu eziphawulekayo kwibutho laseKhanada,” labhala iphephancwadi iMaclean’s. “Kungokunje kwizixeko ezininzi kuqhelekile ukufumana amaphephancwadi neevidiyo ezibonisa amanyala ngokuphandle kwiivenkile ezikwikona yesitrato,” latsho eli phephancwadi. Nkqu nezo inkundla yagqiba ekubeni zivalwe zingasetyenziswa basazifumana abathengi.
Elinye ipolisa lathi: “Ndiyazi ukuba xa ungena apho usenokufumana izinto ezingekho mthethweni. Mhlawumbi izinto esinokufaka isimangalo ngazo. Kodwa . . . asinalo ixesha.” Kwakhona akanaso isiqinisekiso sokuba ezi zimangalo zingathatyathwa nzulu. Kweli xesha likavula-zibhuqe, kunikelw’ ingqalelo kwinkululeko engasikelwanga mda, ibe iinkundla zidla ngokulawulwa luluvo lukawonke wonke. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuba izizathu ziyintoni na, le ngxoxo iya kuqhubeka ivuselela iingxabano neeyantlukwano kumacala omabini—avumelana nazo nangavumelani nazo.
ElaseJapan lakha lazifumana liphantsi kwemiqathango engqongqo ngokuphathelele inkululeko yokuthetha neyokubhala. Ngokomzekelo, inyikima eyalinganiselwa kwisi-7,9 ngokwesikali sikaRichter neyashiya abantu abangaphezu kwewaka befile akunakunikelwa iingxelo ngokuphandle ngayo. Amatyala okunganyaniseki nawokubulalana kwabathandanayo ngokwezivumelwano akunakunikelwa ngxelo ngawo. Abahleli bamaphephandaba bayanikezela kwizisongelo zikarhulumente njengoko ulawulo luya lusiba ngqongqo kwanakwizinto ezazigqalwa zingabalulekanga. Noko ke, emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, imiqathango yapheliswa ibe elaseJapan lanandipha inkululeko engakumbi yokuthetha neyokubhala.
Enyanisweni, izimvo ziye zatshintshatshintsha njengoko amaphephancwadi nezinye iincwadi zabantwana ezinemifanekiso zazizaliswe yimizobo evuselelayo ngokwesini nengamanyala. IThe Daily Yomiuri, iphephandaba eliphambili laseTokyo, yakha yathi: “Mhlawumbi omnye weyona mibono yothusayo kumntu welinye ilizwe osandul’ ukufika eJapan ngusomashishini ofunda incwadi enemifanekiso ebonisa isini ngokuphandle kuloliwe waseTokyo onqumla ngaphantsi komhlaba. Sithetha nje olu tyekelo lubonakala luchaphazela esinye isiqingatha sabemi, njengoko iincwadi zamabhinqa ezinemifanekiso ‘ezibonisa isini ngokuphandle’ zithengiswa kwiivenkile zeencwadi nakwiivenkile ezinkulu.”
Ngowe-1995 iphephandaba lodumo iAsahi Shimbun labiza elaseJapan ngokuba “yiParadisi Yamanyala.” Ngoxa abahleli nabapapashi befuna isicombululo sokuzithandela kwizikhalazo zabazali, kunemigaqo karhulumente, bakhalaza abafundi abaselula. Umntu unokubuza, ‘Ngoobani abaya kuviwa?’
Inkululeko yokuthetha yeyona nto kuphikiswana ngayo ngoku eFransi. Umbhali ongumFrentshi uJean Morange kwincwadi yakhe engenkululeko yokuthetha wabhala: “Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, imbali yenkululeko yokuthetha ayiphelanga, yaye isaya kuqhubeka idala umsantsa. . . . Awufane uphele unyaka kungakhange kukhululwe umfanekiso oshukumayo okanye inkqubo kamabonwakude okanye iphulo lokubhengeza elibangela udushe, elivuselela izinto zakudala nengxoxo engapheliyo ngokuphathelele uhlolisiso.”
Inqaku eliphuma kwiphephandaba laseParis iLe Figaro lanikela ingxelo yokuba iqela lomculo werap elibizwa ngokuba yiMinistère amer (Uthumo Lwenkohlakalo) likhuthaza abalandeli balo ukuba babulale amapolisa. Amanye amazwi alo athi: “Alunakubakho uxolo ngaphandle kokuba [amapolisa] alale kobandayo.” Isithethi seli qela sathi: “Kwicwecwe lethu, sibaxelela ukuba batshise isikhululo samapolisa baze babingelele [ngamapolisa]. Ngaba ikho into eyodlula leyo?” Akukho manyathelo aye athatyathwa ngokunxamnye neli qela lomculo werap.
Amaqela omculo werap eMerika nawo akhuthaza ukubulawa kwamapolisa ibe athi avakalisa ilungelo lokuthetha oko kuba ethembele ngelungelo lenkululeko yokuthetha. EFransi, eItali, eNgilani nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu nasehlabathini jikelele, isikhalo sokuba ayifanele isikelw’ umda inkululeko yokuthetha ngokuphandle, kwanokuba “inokudala ingozi ecacileyo neqhubekayo enjalo sinokuviwa kwiinkalo zonke.” Iya kuphela nini le mpikiswano, ibe liliphi icala eliya kweyisa?
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 7]
Amanyala aboniswa kwikhompyutha, “nguvimba wokufaka izinto ‘ezigqwethekileyo’”