Ukwanda Kweembacu

IXESHA elininzi kwimbali yoluntu belizaliswe ziimfazwe, yindlala nentshutshiso. Ngenxa yoko, bekusoloko kukho abantu abafuna indawo yokhuseleko. Ngokwembali, amazwe nabantu baye banika abo basweleyo indawo yokhuseleko.

Imithetho elungiselela indawo yokhuseleko yayihlonelwa ngama-Aztec amandulo, ama-Asiriya, amaGrike, amaHebhere, amaSilamsi nabanye. UPlato, isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike, sabhala sathi kwiinkulungwane ezingaphezu kwama-23 ezadlulayo: “Umntu welinye ilizwe, owahlukaniswe nabantu belizwe lakhe nentsapho yakhe, ufanele athandwe kakhulu ngabantu nazizithixo. Ngoko ke kufanele kulunyukwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba akukho nto imbi yenziwayo kubantu bamanye amazwe.”

Ebudeni bale nkulungwane yama-20, inani leembacu liye lantinga. Kumgudu wokunyamekela iimbacu ezizizigidi ezisisi-1,5 ezasala kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwasekwa iUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ngowe-1951. Kwakulindelwe ukuba iya kuhlala iminyaka emithathu, ngeqikili lokuba ezo mbacu zikhoyo ziya kukhawuleza zixubane nabantu bezo ndawo zifake iintloko kuzo. Kwacingwa ukuba emva koko, lo mbutho wawunokuchithwa.

Noko ke, kangangamashumi eminyaka inani leembacu linyuke ngokulusizi. Ngowe-1975 inani lazo lafikelela kwizigidi ezisisi-2,4. Ngowe-1985 eli nani lalizizigidi ezili-10,5. Ngowe-1995 iqela labantu elafumana ukhuseleko noncedo kwi-UNHCR lantinga laya kuthi xhaxhe kwizigidi ezingama-27,4!

Abaninzi babenethemba lokuba ixesha lasemva kweMfazwe Yomlomo laliya kuvula indlela eya ekucombululeni ingxaki yeembacu ezisehlabathini lonke; akukhange kube njalo. Kunoko, amazwe aye aqhekeka ngenxa yezinto eziphathelele imbali okanye ubuhlanga, nto leyo ephumela kungquzulwano. Njengoko iimfazwe zazigqugqisa, abantu babesaba, besazi ukuba oorhulumente babo babengenako okanye babengayi kubakhusela. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1991 phantse abantu baseIraq abazizigidi ezimbini babalekela kumazwe angabamelwane. Ukususela ngoko, iimbacu eziqikelelwa kuma-735 000 ziye zabaleka kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia. Kwandula ke, ngowe-1994, imfazwe yamakhaya eRwanda yanyanzelisa ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabemi balapho abazizigidi ezisisi-7,3 bashiye amakhaya abo. Abantu baseRwanda abamalunga nezigidi ezisisi-2,1 bagob’ ityholo kumazwe aseAfrika akufutshane.

Kutheni Le Ngxaki Isiba Mandundu?

Kukho oothunywashe abaliqela abafak’ isandla ekwandeni kweembacu. Kwiindawo ezithile, njengaseAfghanistan naseSomalia, oorhulumente bamazwe baye bawohloka. Oku kuye kwashiya imicimbi isezandleni zabantu nje abaxhobileyo abaphanga iindawo zasemaphandleni ngaphandle kokuthintelwa, ababangela uqulukubhode nokusaba kwabantu.

Kwezinye iindawo, ungquzulwano lubangelwa ziingxwabangxwaba ezingaziwa mntu zobuhlanga nonqulo, apho injongo eyintloko yamaqela alwayo ikukugxotha abemi. Ngokuphathelele imfazwe kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia, phakathi kowe-1995 ummeli weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo wakhalaza: “Kunzima gqitha ukuba abantu abaninzi baqonde oonobangela bale mfazwe: abazi nokuba ngubani olwayo, esilwela ntoni. Kufuduka inyambalala kwelinye icala kwandule ke emva kweeveki ezintathu kufuduke inyambalala kwelinye icala. Kunzima gqitha ukubaqonda kwanakubantu ebebefanele ukuba bayabaqonda.”

Izixhobo zale mihla ezitshabalalisa kakhulu—ukuthunyelwa kweziphekepheke ngokuphindaphindiweyo, imijukujelwa, oombayimbayi nezinye izixhobo ezifanayo—zandisa le ndyikityha ibe zikhulisa ungquzulwano. Umphumo: kukho iimbacu ezingakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Kumaxesha akutshanje malunga nama-80 ekhulwini eembacu ezisehlabathini aye abaleka kumazwe asakhasayo aya kwamanye amazwe asakhasayo angabamelwane nangenazixhobo zaneleyo zokunyamekela abo bafuna indawo yokhuseleko.

Kungquzulwano oluninzi ukunqongophala kokudla kuba negalelo kule ngxaki. Xa abantu belamba, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba izithuthi ezinezinto zokunikela uncedo zithintelwa, bayanyanzeleka ukuba bafuduke. IThe New York Times ithi: “Kwiindawo ezifana noMntla-mpuma Afrika, imbalela nemfazwe ziwonakalisile umhlaba kangangokuba awunakukwazi ukuxhasa izinto eziphilayo. Akwaziwa enoba la makhulu amawaka ahambayo abaleka indlala okanye imfazwe kusini na.”

Izigidi Ezingafunwayo

Nangona ingcamango yendawo yokhuseleko ihlonelwa ngomlomo kungengazenzo, ukwanda kweembacu kuyoyikwa ziintlanga. Le meko ifana twatse neyeYiputa yamandulo. Xa uYakobi nentsapho yakhe bagob’ ityholo eYiputa bebaleka indlala eyagqugqisa iminyaka esixhenxe, bamkelwa. UFaro wabanika ‘eyona ndawo intle yelizwe’ amabahlale kulo.—Genesis 47:1-6.

Noko ke, njengoko ixesha lalihamba amaSirayeli aba maninzi, ‘lazala ilizwe ngawo.’ AmaYiputa ngoku abaphatha rhabaxa, sekunjalo ‘okukhona [amaYiputa] abacinezelayo, kokukhona [amaSirayeli] andayo, kokukhona aphangalalayo; bakruquka ngabo oonyana bakaSirayeli.’—Eksodus 1:7, 12.

Ngokufanayo, namhlanje iintlanga ‘ziyakruquka’ njengoko inani leembacu liqhubeka liphindaphindeka. Isizathu esiyintloko sokuxhalaba kwazo zezoqoqosho. Kubiza imali eninzi gqitha ukondla, ukunxibisa, ukunika ikhusi nokukhusela izigidi zeembacu. Phakathi kowe-1984 nowe-1993, inkcitho yonyaka ye-UNHCR yenyuka isusela kwiirandi ezizizigidi ezili-1714 ukuya kwiirandi ezizizigidi ezingama-5018. Uninzi lwaloo mali yanikelwa ngamazwe atyebileyo, amanye awo azamana neengxaki zawo zezoqoqosho. Maxa wambi la mazwe anikelayo ayakhalaza: ‘Kunzima ukuba sincede abantu abangenamakhaya kwizitrato zethu. Kunokwenzeka njani ukuba sibe nembopheleleko yokunyamekela abantu abangenamakhaya behlabathi lonke, ngakumbi xa le ngxaki kusenokwenzeka ukuba ikhule kunokuba inciphe?’

Yintoni Eyenza Iimeko Zibe Nzima?

Iimbacu ezifika kumazwe ami kakuhle imeko yazo idla ngokuba nzima kakhulu ngenxa yamawaka amaninzi abantu abaye bafudukela kwakwelo lizwe linye ngezizathu zezoqoqosho. Aba bafuduka ngenxa yezoqoqosho abazombacu ezibaleka imfazwe okanye intshutshiso okanye indlala. Kunoko, bafuna ubomi obubhetele—babaleka ubuhlwempu. Ekubeni bedla ngokwenza ngathi baziimbacu, bexokisa imibutho elungiselela indawo yokhuseleko, benza kube nzima ngakumbi ngeembacu zokwenene ukuba zamkeleke.a

Ukuthontelana kweembacu nabantu abafudukayo kuye kwafaniswa nemisinga emibini equkuqela isiya calanye yenjenjeya ukuya kumazwe ami kakuhle. Noko ke, imithetho engqongqo elawula ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe iye yawuthintela ngokuthe ngcembe umsinga wabo bafudukayo ngenxa yezoqoqosho. Ngaloo ndlela, baye bazifaka kumsinga weembacu, ibe lo msinga uye wazala wabangela iimpuphuma.

Ekubeni besazi ukuba kusenokuthabatha iminyaka eliqela ukuhlolisisa isicelo sabo sendawo yokhuseleko, abo bafuduka ngenxa yezoqoqosho baqiqa ngelokuba nokuba kwenzeka ntoni kubo baya kuzuza. Ukuba isicelo sabo sendawo yokhuseleko siyamkelwa, bayazuza, ekubeni beza kuhlala kwindawo emi kakuhle ngakumbi ngokwezoqoqosho. Ukuba isicelo sabo siyakhatywa, nalapho baza kuzuza, ekubeni besenokuba sele bezuze imali nobugcisa abaza kubuyela nabo ekhaya.

Njengoko inani leembacu lisanda, nelabo bazenza iimbacu, amazwe amaninzi akasazamkeli iimbacu. Amanye akafuni nabo basabayo. Amanye amazwe aye amisela imithetho neenkqubo ezikuthintela ngokuphumelelayo ukungena kweembacu. Sekunjalo amanye amazwe aye azibuyisela ngenkani iimbacu kumazwe ezibaleke kuwo. Enye impapasho ye-UNHCR ithi: “Ukwanda okuxhomis’ amehlo kwamanani—eembacu zokwenene nabo bafuduka ngenxa yezoqoqosho—kuye kwasitsalisa nzima isithethe sokulungiselela indawo yokhuseleko esineminyaka engama-3500 ubudala, kusisondeza ekupheleni.”

Intiyo Noloyiko

Enye into eyongezelela kwiingxaki zeembacu—kukoyikwa nokuthiywa kwabantu basemzini. Kumazwe amaninzi abantu bakholelwa ekubeni abantu bangaphandle baza kugxobhagxobha ubuzwe babo, izithethe zabo bahluthe nemisebenzi yabo. Maxa wambi uloyiko olunjalo lubenza babe nogonyamelo. Iphephancwadi iRefugees lithi: “Kwilizwekazi laseYurophu kuhlaselwa umntu wolunye uhlanga rhoqo emva kwemizuzu emithathu—yaye oku kuxhaphake gqitha kwiindawo zeembacu zokufak’ iintloko.”

Ibhodi ebhaliweyo kumbindi Yurophu inamazwi obutshaba obunzulu, butshaba obo obugqugqisileyo kumazwe amaninzi omhlaba. Isigidimi sayo esirhabaxa sibhekiswa kubantu abavela kwamanye amazwe: “Balithumba elonyanyekayo neliqhenkqethayo kumzimba wohlanga lwethu. Baluhlanga olungenazithethe, olungenamilinganiselo yokuziphatha olungenalunqulo, bazizibhadubhadu nje zabaphangi namasela. Bamdaka, baneentwala, bahlala ezitratweni nakwizikhululo zoololiwe. Mababophe amanikiniki namadlavana abo baphume baphele!”

Kakade ke, iimbacu ezininzi beziya kumthanda “uphum’ aphele.” Zilangazelela ukubuyela emakhaya. Zikufuna ngamehlw’ abomvu ukuphila ubomi obuseluxolweni, obusemgangathweni neentsapho kunye nabahlobo. Kodwa azinalo ikhaya ezinokuya kulo.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

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Imeko Yeembacu

“Ngaba uyazi ukuba amakhulu ezigidi eembacu ezingabantwana alala engatyanga ubusuku ngabunye? Okanye mnye kwabasibhozo kuphela umntwana oyimbacu owakha wawubona umnyango wesikolo? Uninzi lwaba bantwana aluzange luye kwimifanekiso eshukumayo, okanye epakini, kungasathethwa ke ngemyuziyam. Abaninzi bakhulela ngaphaya kocingo oluhlabayo okanye kwiinkampu ezikwanti. Abazange bayibone inkomo okanye inja. Abantwana abaninzi abaziimbacu bacinga ukuba ingca eluhlaza iyatyiwa, kungekhona into onokuziqikaqika uze ubaleke kuyo. Abantwana abaziimbacu yeyona nxalenye ilusizi yomsebenzi wam.”—Sadako Ogata, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

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U.S. Navy photo

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Uyesu Wayeyimbacu

UYosefu noMariya bahlala eBhetelehem nonyana wabo, uYesu. Izazi ezivela eMpumalanga zeza nezipho zegolide, intlaka nemore. Emva kokunduluka kwazo ingelosi yabonakala kuYosefu, isithi: “Vuka, thabatha umntwana oselula nonina uze usabele eYiputa, yaye uhlale apho de ndikhuphe izwi; kuba uHerode sele eza kumfuna umntwana oselula ukuze amtshabalalise.”—Mateyu 2:13.

Ngokukhawuleza bobathathu bafuna indawo yokhuseleko kwilizwe lasemzini—baba ziimbacu. UHerode wayelugcwabevu ngumsindo kuba izazi zingazange zimxelele ngendawo akuyo Lowo kwakuxelwe kwangaphambili ukuba wayeza kuba ngukumkani wamaYuda. Kumgudu wakhe olilize wokubulala uYesu, wayalela amadoda akhe ukuba abulale onke amakhwenkwe aselula eBhetelehem nakwiindawo eziyingqongileyo.

UYosefu nentsapho yakhe bahlala eYiputa de ingelosi kaThixo yabonakala kuYosefu kwakhona ephupheni. Le ngelosi yathi: “Vuka, thabatha umntwana oselula nonina uze ube sendleleni uye elizweni lakwaSirayeli, kuba abo babefuna umphefumlo womntwana oselula bafile.”—Mateyu 2:20.

Kuyabonakala ukuba, uYosefu wayezimisele ukuhlala kwaYuda, apho babehlala khona ngaphambi kokusabela eYiputa. Kodwa walunyukiswa ephupheni ukuba kwakunokuba yingozi ukwenza oko. Ngaloo ndlela isisongelo sogonyamelo saphinda salawula ubomi babo. UYosefu, uMariya noYesu baya emantla elaseGalili baza bahlala kwidolophu yaseNazarete.

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Kwiminyaka yakutshanje izigidi zeembacu ziye zasabela kwamanye amazwe zibaleka nobomi bazo

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Top left: Albert Facelly/Sipa Press

Top right: Charlie Brown/Sipa Press

Bottom: Farnood/Sipa Press

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Boy on left: UN PHOTO 159243/J. Isaac