Liliphi Ilizwe Elingenalo Ulwaphulo-mthetho?
Umngcwabo wakhe wawungomnye weyona mikhulu kweyakha yakho eMoscow ukutyhubela iminyaka. Amawaka abantu ayekroze ezitratweni ukuza kunika imbeko yokugqibela kumfana waseRashiya owaphulukana nobomi bakhe ngesiquphe ngoMatshi 1, 1995, ngokudutyulwa zizigwinta. UVladislav Listyev, owadutyulwa wafa emnyangweni wakhe, wayeyintatheli yonyaka yowe-1994, engoyena mntu uthandwa gqitha ngabantu kumabonwakude.
KUNGADLULANGA neeveki ezintathu kamva, ngoMatshi 20, uloliwe waseTokyo ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba wayexakekile njengesiqhelo ngaloo ntseni xa wathi wahlaselwa ngegesi enetyhefu. Abantu abaliqela bafa; abanye abaninzi benzakala ngokumanyumnyezi.
Kwandula ke, ngoAprili 19, isiXeko saseOklahoma saba ngundaba-mlonyeni kubabukeli bakamabonwakude ehlabathini lonke. Babebukele besoyika njengoko abahlanguli babetsala imizimba edlakadlaka kwisakhiwo saseburhulumenteni esasisandul’ ukuwiswa bhuma yibhombu yabagrogrisi. Kwafa abantu abali-168.
Ngasekupheleni kukaJuni waloo nyaka, olunye uhlaselo olufana nolo, kufutshane naseDhahran, eSaudi Arabia, lwabulala amaMerika ali-19 lwaza lwangxwelerha angama-400.
Ezi ziganeko zine zibonisa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luthabath’ unyawo. Ulwaphulo-mthetho “oluqhelekileyo” longezelelwa zizenzo zenkohlakalo zobugrogrisi. Yaye ezi ziganeko zine—iseso ngendlela esenzeka ngayo—zibonisa indlela wonk’ ubani asesichengeni ngayo sokuhlaselwa zizaphuli-mthetho. Enoba usekhaya, usemsebenzini, okanye usesitratweni, unokuba lelinye lamaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho. Eneneni, uhlolisiso olwenziwa eBritani lwabonisa ukuba phantse abantu abathathu kwabane baseBritani bacinga ukuba kulindeleke ukuba babe ngamaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho ngoku ngaphezulu kokuba kwakunjalo kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo. Usenokuba uphila phantsi kwemeko efanayo.
Abemi abathobela umthetho bafuna urhulumente ongayi kuluthintela nje kuphela ulwaphulo-mthetho. Bafuna urhulumente oya kuluphelisa ngokwenene. Yaye ngoxa ukuthelekisa umlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho kunokutyhila ukuba abanye oorhulumente bayakwazi ukuluthintela kunabanye, xa sikhangela ngokubanzi kuyabonakala ukuba oorhulumente babantu bawa phantsi kumatile-tile okulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho. Sekunjalo, akuyonto ingekho ngqiqweni okanye intelekelelo nje ukukholelwa ukuba kungekudala urhulumente uya kuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kodwa nguwuphi loo rhulumente? Yaye uya kukwenza nini oko?
[Box/Map on pages 4, 5]
IHLABATHI ELIZALISWE LULWAPHULO-MTHETHO
EYUROPHU: Incwadi yesiTaliyane ethi (“Ithuba Nesela”) yathi ngexesha nje elifutshane, inani lolwaphulo-mthetho olwenziwa kwizinto zabantu eItali “lifikelele incopho ekwakha kwacingwa ukuba alunakuze luyifikelele.” IUkraine, eyiriphabliki yommandla owawusakuba yiSoviet Union, yanikela ingxelo yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingama-490 kubemi abali-100000 ngowe-1985 yaye lwalungama-922 ngowe-1992. Luyaqhubeka lusanda. Akumangalisi ukuba iphephandaba laseRashiya elinomxholo othi (“Iimpikiswano Nezibakala”) lathi: “Sinomnqweno wokuphila—ukuhlala siphila—nowokusinda kweli xesha loyikekayo . . . uloyiko lokukhwela uloliwe—usenokukhutshwa kumgaqo wakhe okanye onakaliswe; uloyiko lokukhwela inqwelo-moya—zisoloko ziqweqwediswa okanye kunokwenzeka inqwelo-moya intlitheke; uloyiko lokukhwela uloliwe ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba—ngenxa yokuba usenokungquzulana nomnye okanye uqhushumbiswe; uloyiko lokuhamba ezitratweni—unokuchanwa ziimbumbulu zabantu abadubulanayo okanye ukhuthuzwe, udlwengulwe, ubethwe, okanye ubulawe; uloyiko lokukhwela inqwelo-mafutha—inokutshiswa, iqhushumbiswe, okanye ibiwe; uloyiko lokungena kwiipaseji zesakhiwo esinamagumbi aqeshisayo, kwiindawo zokutyela, okanye ezivenkileni—usenokwenzakaliswa okanye ubulawe kwenye yezi ndawo.” Iphephancwadi laseHungary i-HVG lafanisa isixeko esishushu saseHungary “nekomkhulu leeMafia,” xa lathi iminyaka emithathu edluleyo, “ibisisiqalo salo naluphi na uhlobo olutsha lolwaphulo-mthetho . . . Uloyiko luyanda njengoko abantu bebona amapolisa engakwazi ukulwa neeMafia.”
EAFRIKA: IDaily Times yaseNigeria yanikela ingxelo yokuba “kumaziko emfundo ephakamileyo” akwilizwe laseNtshona Afrika bekukho “uloyiko olubangelwa ngamalungu amahlelo angaziwayo: kangangokuba athintele ukuqhubeka kwalo naluphi na uhlobo lwemfundo enentsingiselo.” Yahlabela mgama isithi: “Olu loyiko luyanda, luphelekwa kukuphulukana kwabantu nobomi nezinto zabo.” IThe Star yaseMzantsi Afrika yanikela le ngxelo ngelinye ilizwe laseAfrika: “Kukho iindidi ezimbini zogonyamelo: ungquzulwano phakathi kwabemi, nogonyamelo oluqhelekileyo lwezaphuli-mthetho. Olu lokuqala luye lwehla ngokuphawulekayo, olwesibini luye lwanda.”
KUMAZWE ASEMERIKA: IThe Globe and Mail yaseKhanada yanikela ingxelo ngokwanda kolwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo eKhanada kutshanje kwiminyaka eli-12 elandelelanayo, konke oku “kufak’ isandla ekwandeni kogonyamelo kangangama-50 ekhulwini kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo.” Kwangelo thuba, iEl Tiempo yaseColombia yanikela ingxelo yokuba eColombia kutshanje ngonyaka omnye kuye kwaqweqwediswa abantu abali-1714, “nani elo elikuphinda kabini ukuqweqwediswa kwabantu okuye kwenzeka kwihlabathi lonke ngexesha elinye.” Ngokutsho kweSebe Lezobulungisa laseMexico, kwisithuba seeyure ezine kwakusenziwa ulwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumene nesini ngomkhamo omkhulu kunyaka omnye. Elinye ibhinqa elisisithethi labonisa ukuba kule nkulungwane yama-20 abantu baye abaxabiseka. Laqukumbela ngelithi: “Siphila kwisizukulwana apho ubomi bomntu bungasaxabisekanga kangako.”
KWIZIQITHI EZIKUMBINDI NOMZANTSI PASIFIKI: I-Institute of Criminology yaseOstreliya yaqikelela ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho apho luxabisa “kuma-$27 amawaka ezigidi [ama-97 amawaka ezigidi zeerandi] nyaka ngamnye, okanye kwisithuba se-$1600 [5700 eerandi] kwindoda, ibhinqa nomntwana ngamnye.” Oku kumalunga “ne-7,2 ekhulwini semveliso yelo lizwe iphelele.”
EHLABATHINI LONKE: Incwadi ethi The United Nations and Crime Prevention iphawula “ukunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kwiminyaka yee- 1970 neyee-1980 ehlabathini lonke.” Ithi: “Inani lezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ekuye kwanikelwa ingxelo ngazo lenyuka lisusela malunga nezigidi ezingama-330 ngowe-1975 ukusa kweziphantse zibe zizigi- di ezingama-400 ngowe-1980 yaye kuqikelelwa ukuba liye lafikelela kuma-500 ezigidi ngowe-1990.”
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso]
Map and globe: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1995 Digital Wisdom, Inc.
[Inkcazelo Ngomfanekiso okwiphepha 3]
Earth on pages 3, 6, and 9: NASA photo