Ukukhangela Eminye Imiyezo Edumileyo
AMAVA abantu ngeParadesi aqala kumyezo owawukummandla obizwa ngokuba yiEden, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba wawukufuphi kwiChibi iVan, elikwiTurkey yanamhlanje. Umlambo owawuphumela kwimilambo emine wawunkcenkceshela umyezo ka-Adam noEva, ababefanele ‘bawusebenze baze bawugcine.’ Hayi indlela ekwakuya kuvuyisa ngayo ukunyamekela umyezo apho “yonke imithi enqwenelekayo ngokukhangeleka, nelungele ukudliwa” yayingumdliva!—Genesis 2:8-15.
IEden yayilikhaya eligqibeleleyo. UAdam noEva nenzala yabo babemele balandise, ngokuqinisekileyo besebenzisa indlela kaThixo yantlandlolo yokwenza izinto njengomzekelo wabo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, wonke umhlaba wawuza kuba yiparadesi enabantu abaneleyo. Kodwa ukungathobeli kwangabom kwabazali bethu bokuqala kwaphumela ekugxothweni kwabo kule ndawo ingcwele. Okulusizi kukuba, bonke abanye bentsapho yoluntu bazalelwa ngaphandle kweli khaya lase-Eden.
Noko ke, uluntu lwenziwa nguMdali ukuze luhlale eParadesi. Ngoko kwakuza kuzenzekela ukuba izizukulwana zexesha elizayo zizame ukuba zenze into engumfuziselo wayo.
Imiyezo Yokuqala
IMiyezo Ejingayo yaseBhabhiloni ibisothulelw’ umnqwazi njengenye yezinto ezintle ngokumangalisayo zehlabathi lamandulo. Yakhiwa nguKumkani uNebhukadenetsare ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-2500 eyadlulayo eyenzela umfazi wakhe ongumMedi owayelangazelela ukubona amahlathi neenduli zephandle lakowabo. Esi sakhiwo siziimitha ezingama-22 ukuphakama nesasinezinyuko nophahla olunamagophe, sinezityalo ezihle, sasinomhlaba owaneleyo wokukhulisa imithi emikhulu. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba lo kumkanikazi ukhumbula ikhaya wayethuthuzeleka njengoko wayehambahamba phakathi kwalo mmandla ulinyiweyo nofana twatse ne-Eden.
Ukulungisa umyezo kwakuxhaphakile kwiNtlambo yomNayile echumileyo eYiputa. IThe Oxford Companion to Gardens ithi: “IYiputa ineyona mifanekiso midala ehlabathini yemiyezo yaye inesithethe . . . ekudala sikho sokulungisa umyezo.” Iplani yokulungisa umyezo yelinye igosa laseYiputa eTebhetse, elayenza malunga nowama-1400 B.C.E., ibonisa amachibi, izitrato ezingqongwe yimithi namabala emidlalo. Le miyezo yasetempileni yayikwindawo yesibini emva kwemiyezo yasebukhosini, ngokuchuma, ngemithi, ngeentyatyambo nemichiza enkcenkceshelwa ngemijelo esuka kumachibi nakumadike anyakazela iintaka ezihlala emanzini, iintlanzi, neenyibiba.—Thelekisa iEksodus 7:19.
KwanamaPersi azenzela igama kwasendulo ngokulungisa imiyezo. Ngenxa yendlela eyayinomtsalane ngayo imiyezo yasePersi neyaseYiputa xa imikhosi eyoyisayo ka-Alesandire Omkhulu yabuyela eGrisi ngenkulungwane yesine Ngaphambi kweXesha lethu Eliqhelekileyo, yabuya nezithole, izityalo neendlela zokulima. EAtene, uAristotle nomfundi wakhe uTheophrastus baqokelela izityalo ezisakhulayo baza baqalisa umyezo, ukuze bafunde baze bahlule iindidi zezityalo. NjengamaYiputa namaPersi angaphambi kwawo, amaGrike amaninzi azizinhanha aba nemiyezo ekumgangatho ophezulu.
Abantu abahlala ezixekweni eRoma baye banyakathisa izindlu nemiyezo kwindawo exineneyo yesixeko. Izinhanha ziye zenza iipaki zokuziyolisa kumapomakazi azo ezindlu ezisemaphandleni. KwanoNero owayeyingqwayingqwayi wafuna ukuzenzela eyakhe iEden, ngoko ngokungenalusini wagxotha amakhulu eentsapho, watshabalalisa amakhaya azo, waza wazenzela ipaki yakhe engaphezu kweehektare ezingama-50 ejikeleze ibhotwe lakhe. Kamva, malunga nowama-138 C.E., kwipomakazi loMlawuli uHadrian eTivoli, indlela yaseRoma yokulungisa umyezo yayishiya isemagqabini loo ndawo. Eli pomakazi lalineehektare ezingama-243 zeepaki, amachibi, amadike nemithombo.
KwanamaSirayeli amandulo ayenemiyezo neepaki. Umbhali-mbali ongumYuda uJosephus ubhala ngeepaki zokuziyolisa ezazinemijelo kwindawo ekuthiwa yiEtam, ekwiikhilomitha ezili-13 ukuya kwezili-16 ukusuka eYerusalem. Iipaki zase-Etam zisenokuba zaziphakathi ‘kwemiyezo, iipaki, amachibi nehlathi’ ethi iBhayibhile uSolomon ‘wazenzela yona.’ (INtshumayeli 2:5, 6, NW) Ngaphandle nje kweYerusalem kwiNtaba yeMinquma kwakukho uMyezo waseGetsemane, owaduma ngenxa kaYesu Kristu. Apho, uYesu wafumana indawo yokuzimela apho wayenokuthi ngokufihlakeleyo afundise abafundi bakhe.—Mateyu 26:36; Yohane 18:1, 2.
Ukususela Kwimiyezo Yama-Arabhu Ukusa Kwimiyezo YamaNgesi
Xa imikhosi yama-Arabhu yanwenwela empuma nasentshona ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, nayo njengoAlesandire yabona imiyezo yamaPersi. (Thelekisa uEstere 1:5.) UHoward Loxton ubhala athi: “Ama-Arabhu afumanisa ukuba imiyezo yamaPersi ifana twatse neparadesi eyathenjiswa abathembekileyo kwiKoran.” Umyezo wama-Arabhu oqhelekileyo wawahlulwe wangamacandelo amane ngemijelo emine edityaniswe embindini lichibi okanye umthombo, ngokufana nqwa nemilambo emine yase-Eden, ibe oko kwakufana nemiyezo yamaPersi, eyayisusela kwiSpeyin enguMqwebedu ukusa eKashmir.
Kumntla Indiya, ngakwiChibi iDal kwiNtlambo entle yeKashmir, abalawuli bamaMogul benkulungwane ye-17 batyala ngaphezu kwemiyezo engama-700 ebuparadesi. Le miyezo yayinemibalabala eyahlukeneyo nekhazimlayo eyahlulwa ngamakhulu emithombo, imihlaba esithabazi neengxangxasi. Ibala elikhulu lemidlalo elakhiwe ngelitye lenyengane nguShah Jahan (umakhi weTaj Mahal) kunxweme lweChibi iDal lisenombhalo othi: “Ukuba ikho iparadesi emhlabeni, yiyo le, yiyo le, yiyo le.”
Kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ngaphambi koko, iYurophu yatyhubela amaXesha Aphakathi yaya kufikelela kwiXesha Leenguquko lenkulungwane ye-14. Isithethe sokulungisa imiyezo eRoma, esayekwayo xa kwaqalisa amaXesha Aphakathi ngenkulungwane yesihlanu yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo, saqalisa kwakhona—ngeli thuba siphantsi kolawulo lwecawa. INgqobhoko yawubona lo myezo ‘njengeparadesi yokwexeshana.’ Iplani yenkulungwane yesithoba yendlu yoonongendi ibonisa imiyezo emibini ebhalwe “Paradesi.” Kungabanga thuba lide imiyezo yeNgqobhoko yaba mikhulu ngakumbi, kodwa kunokuba ikhuthaze iingcamango zokomoya, emininzi yaba ngumqondiso wamandla nobutyebi.
Xa uCharles VIII waseFransi woyisa iNaples yaseItali, ngowe-1495, wabhalela kowabo esithi: “Ningamangaliswa yindlela emihle ngayo imiyezo endinayo kwesi sixeko . . . Bekusele nje kubekho uAdam noEva, ibe yiparadesi yokwenene.” Kodwa ukuba uCharles wayephile wada wafikelela kwinkulungwane ye-17, ngewayebone imiyezo emininzi kaKumkani uLouis XIV kumhlaba waseFransi. Incwadi ethi The Garden ithi imiyezo ekwiBhotwe laseVersailles “nangoku kunokuthiwa yeyona mikhulu nengenakuthelekiswa ehlabathini.”
Noko ke, ngeXesha Leenguquko, intsingiselo yeparadesi yatshintsha: indalo iza kuxhomekeka kumntu okhanyiselweyo oza kulungisa imiyezo ngokususa amahlathi. Yonke imithi neentyatyambo yalungelelaniswa ngenye indlela. Ngenxa yoko, obo bugcisa bamaRoma amandulo—oko kukuthi ubuchule bokulungisa imithi namatyholo ngokuyicheba nokuyithena—kwenza iinguqu ezininzi.
Kwandula ke, kwinkulungwane ye-18 neye-19, ukuhlola ulwandle norhwebo kwavelisa izityalo ezitsha neendlela zokulungisa imiyezo kumazwe asentshona. INgilani yazenzela udumo ngokulungisa imiyezo. IThe New Encyclopædia Britannica ithi: “KwiNgilani yenkulungwane ye-18, umntu wayiqonda ngakumbi indalo awayeyinxalenye yayo. Kunokuba asebenzise indlela yakhe yokuyilungelelanisa, waqalisa ukucinga ngokuvumelanisa ubomi bakhe nayo.” Amadoda afana noWilliam Kent noLancelot Brown ayenkqenkqeza phambili kwiindlela zokulungisa umyezo. UBrown walungisa imihlaba engaphezu kwamakhulu amabini eNgilani. Amadoda amabini awaba ngabongameli eUnited States, uThomas Jefferson noJohn Adams, akhenketha eNgilani ngowe-1786 ukuze abone imiyezo yamaNgesi.
Iindlela ZaseMpuma Zokulungisa Imiyezo
Indlela yokulungisa umyezo yaseTshayina iye yanegalelo kwimpucuko yaseMpuma kanye njengokuba zinjalo izithethe zaseYiputa, eGrisi naseRoma kweyaseNtshona. Ekuqaleni amaTshayina ayekunqulo olunenkolelo yokuba umphefumlo wahlukile emzimbeni, apho imilambo, amatye, neentaba zazijongwa njengoomoya ibe ngoko zazifanele zihlonelwe. Emva koko, ubuTao, ubuConfucius nobuBhuda bangena kwelo lizwe baza bavelisa iindlela zabo zokulungisa imiyezo.
Kwelinye icala loLwandle lwaseJapan, imiyezo yaseJapan yenziwa ngendlela yayo, apho uhlobo lwento lugqalwa njengolubalulekileyo kunombala ibe nto nganye inendawo yayo efanelekileyo. Ezama ukubonisa izinto ezintle nezahlukeneyo zendalo kwindawana nje, umlimi ubeka amatye ngobunono aze atyale alungise umyezo wakhe ngenyameko. Oku kubonakala kwibonsai (oko kukuthi “isityalo esilinywe engqayini”), ubuchule bokukhulisa umthi omncinane okanye mhlawumbi igcume lemithi ngendlela nangomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo.
Nangona indlela eyenziwe ngayo isenokwahluka kuleyo ifana nayo yaseNtshona, nomyezo waseMpuma ubonisa indlela elangazelelwa ngayo iParadesi. Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni bexesha leHeian eJapan (794-1185), umbhali-mbali ngemiyezo yaseJapan uWybe Kuitert ubhala athi, abalimi bazama ukuvuselela imekobume “yeparadesi emhlabeni.”
Ithandwa Kwihlabathi Lonke
Kwanakwizizwe ezaziphila ngokuzingela, ezazihlala kwimiyezo “yokwemvelo”—kumahlathi ashinyeneyo, kumahlathi, nasemathafeni—imiyezo ithandwa kwihlabathi lonke. Ngokuphathelele “ama-Aztec aseMexico nama-Inca asePeru,” iBritannica ithi, “aboyisi banikela ingxelo yokuba imiyezo eyenziwe ngocoselelo kwiinduli ezisemagedukeni, igcume lemithi, imithombo namachibi okuhombisa . . . iyafana nemiyezo eyayikho ngexesha elifanayo eNtshona.”
Ewe, igcume lemithi yamandulo elisentla komNayile, iindawo zaseMpuma, iipaki ezikwisixeko sezi mini, nemiyezo—zityhila ntoni ezi zinto? Ukulangazelela koluntu iParadesi. Ethetha “ngolangazelelo lweParadesi,” ekudala abantu benalo umbhali uTerry Comito wathi: “Imiyezo yindawo apho abantu baziva besekhaya.” Ibe ngaba abantu bebengayi kukuvuyela ukuthi, ‘Ikhaya lam lifana noMyezo wase-Eden’? Kodwa ngaba iEden yomhlaba wonke—ibe ingeyoyezinhanha kuphela—iliphupha nje? Okanye ngaba iqinisekisiwe kwikamva?
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Umfanekiso weMiyezo Ejingayo yaseBhabhiloni
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Umyezo wakudala eJapan
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IVersailles, eFransi
Ukutyhubela imbali uluntu belulangazelela iParadesi
[Inkcazelo]
French Government Tourist Office/Rosine Mazin