Yintoni Kanye Le Ibangela Iingxaki Zokutya?
“Ingxaki yokutya asinto nje ivuk’ ethulini. Luphawu oluthile okanye umqondiso wokuba ikho le nto ingemanga kakuhle emntwini lowo.”—UNancy Kolodny, ongunontlalontle.
AKUNGOKU ke zabakho iingxaki zokutya. Ianorexia nervosa le yaqala ukubonwa ngowe-1873, ibe kuthiwa iimpawu zayo ziqale ukubonwa kwiminyaka engama-300 eyadlulayo. Noko ke, ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, inani labantu abathwaxwa yianorexia lithande ukuhamba ngezantya. Kunjalo ke nangabo banebulimia. Sele kuziinkulungwane igqugqisile ke le ngxaki, kodwa ithi eny’ incwadi eshukuxa lo mba, kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje “ithande ukutsib’ uPhungela ngokwakhe.”
Yintoni ke le ibangela iingxaki zokutya? Ngaba zihamba nemfuza, okanye ngaba ziyinto nje engaqhelekanga ebangelwa kukuhlala kwindawo apho abantu bethe tii ngumzinjana? Liliphi igalelo enalo intsapho? Kuqin’ inqawa xa kufuneka kuphendulwe le mibuzo. Unontlalontle uNancy Kolodny uthi, ukuchaza ingxaki yokutya “akuyondlel’ enqwelo njengokuchaza isigulo esinjengemasisi okanye irhashalala, kuba noko ugqirha uye amazi oyena nobangela waso, indlela esingena ngayo, ixesha esilithabathayo, neyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokusinyanga.”
Noko ke, ziliqela izinto eziye zathiwa thsuphe ngabaphengululi nezinokuba negalelo kubukho beengxaki zokutya. Makhe sithi vandla vandla imbinana yazo.
Ukuhlala Phakathi Kwabantu Abathe Tii Ngumzinjana
Kumazwe emi kakuhle, ishishini lezefashoni libonisa abaselula nabathabatheka lula oonobuhle abangamacekecekana, phofu lizama ukubethelela into yokuba ukuze intombazana ibe ntle kufuneka ibe ngumcwentulwana. Le ngcamango igqwethekileyo iphembelela amabhinqa amaninzi ukuba azame ukuba nomzimba ongekho mpilweni nomncinane ngendlela engaphaya kwengqondo. Uthi uGqr. Christine Davies: “Ibhinqa eliqhelekileyo liba nobude obuziinyawo ezintlanu, ii-intshi ezintlanu [iimitha ezisisi-1,65], neekhilogram ezingama-66. Unobuhle ngokuqhelekileyo uba nobude obuziinyawo ezintlanu, ii-intshi ezili-11 [iimitha ezisisi-1,8] neeponti ezili-110 [iikhilogram ezingama-50]. Ama-95 ekhulwini kuthi akathathi nentwana apho ibe akasokuze ayichole naphantsi loo nto.”
Kuyo yonke ke loo nto, amany’ amabhinqa axolel’ ukuzixhoma kuba efunana nale mizimba acinga ukuba mihle. Ngokomzekelo, kukhe kwenziwa uhlolisiso ngowe-1997 kumabhinqa angama-3 452, kwafunyaniswa ukuba angama-24 ekhulwini kuwo athi axolel’ ukubil’ esoma kangangeminyaka emithathu kubomi bawo ukuze afumane lo mzimba awufunayo. Kolu hlolisiso kwafunyaniswa ukuba imingqandendana eseleyo ivakalelwa kukuba, “umntu uphila kamnandi kuphela xa ebhityile.” Njengoko ama-22 ekhulwini abo kwenziwa uhlolisiso kubo abonisa ukuba oonobuhle abakumaphephancwadi efashoni baba negalelo kwindlela umzimba wabo oyiyo besakhula, le ngxelo yaqukumbela ngelithi: “Nakanjani asinakuze siyiphikise into yokuba imifanekiso yoonobuhle eveliswa ngamaziko eendaba inegalelo elithe chatha kwindlela amabhinqa azijonga ngayo.”
Phofu ke, abo babhekiswa ngapha nangapha zezi ngcamango zamaziko eendaba ngabo bangazange bazithembe kwakudala. Unontlalonte ojongene nezigulo uIlene Fishman uthi, “inkunzi kukuzithemba.” Iye yaphawuleka into yokuba kunqabile ngabantu abayamkeleyo indlela abayiyo ukufane bathi tii kukutya.
Ukutya Neemvakalelo
Iingcaphephe ezininzi ziye zathi iingxaki zokutya azibangelwa kukutya nje kuphela. Unontlalontle uNancy Kolodny uthi: “Ingxaki yokutya sisilumkiso sokuba ikho le ngxaki ungayihoyanga nekufuneka unikele ingqalelo kuyo. Ingxaki yokutya iyakukhumbuza ukuba zikho ezi nzingo neembandezelo zikuthwaxayo ungazixeliyo.”
Hlobo luni lweenzingo neembandezelo? Kwabanye isenokuba ziingxaki zasekhaya. Ngokomzekelo, uGeneen Roth ukhumbula ukuba esengumntwana, ukutya—ingakumbi iilekese—kwakusele kuyindlela yakhe “yokuzikhusela kulwanyovu nemilo yakowabo.” Uthi: “Xa ndibona ngathi ziza kunqoza abazali bam baxabane, ndandizivala ngci iindlebe, kanye njengokutshintsha isitishi sikamabonwakude, ndingakuva konke oko kugravulana kukamama notata, eyona nto ndandiyiva ke bobo bumnandi belekese esemlonyeni wam.”
Maxa wambi ingxaki yokutya idla ngokubangelwa ziintsilikihla ezingakumbi. Ngokomzekelo, iThe New Teenage Body Book ithi: “Xa bekuhlolisiswa kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba abo baphethwe kakubi ngokwesini (abaxhatshazwayo) bengaqondi basenokuzama ukuzikhusela ngokwenza imizimba yabo ingabi namtsalane ngokwesini baze ke bathi tii kukutya njengekhaka labo.” Kambe ke, abantu abafanele bafikelele kwisigqibo sokuba umntu onengxaki yokutya uye waxhatshazwa ngokwesini.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iingxaki zokutya zinokubakho kwanaphakathi kwezona meko zinokukhangeleka zingenabungozi kangako. Eneneni, ianorexia inokudlala ngentombazana ephila kwimeko apho ingakhululekanga ukuzenzela izigqibo okanye iphalaze izinto engazithandiyo. Xa uyijonga ngaphandle isenokukhangeleka ngathi iyigobel’ uphondo le meko, kodwa ngaphakathi, isenokuba ididekile icinga into yokuba ayikwazi kuzilawula. Kuba ke ingenabuganga bakuvukela ngokuphandle, isenokunikel’ ingqalelo kwicala lobomi bayo ebona ngathi inokukwazi ukulilawula—umzimba wayo.
Noko ke, imele iqondwe nento yokuba, iingxaki zokutya azisoloko zibangelwa ziingxaki zentsapho okanye intlungu ebangelwa kukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini. Abanye baba neengxaki zokutya kuba ukutyeba nokubhitya kusoloko kusemilonyeni kwiintsapho abakhulele kuzo. Mhlawumbi umzali wakhe usenokuba utyebe uluthekrema ibe unochuku ngokutya akutyayo ize ke loo nto imenze alumke gqitha—okanye ade akoyike—ukutya. Kwabanye ke, konakal’ ukuhlala mhla bakhahlela. Ngenxa yotshintsho olwenzeka emzimbeni noluyinxalenye yokutshintshela kubuntu obukhulu intombazana inokucinga ukuba ityebile—ngakumbi ukuba ikhawuleze yakhula kunoontanga bayo. Xa iloyika utshintsho olwenzekayo njengoko ikhulela ekubeni libhinqa, isenokude yenze izinto ezigabadeleyo, phofu izama ukuphepha la mahlandinyuka.
Ukongezela kule miba ichaphazela iimvakalelo, abanye abaphengululi bathi nomzimba unokuba negalelo. Ngokomzekelo, bathi ibulimia inokusuka kwimichiza yengqondo. Bathi inxalenye yengqondo elawula ukutshintshatshintsha kwesimilo nokuba nomdla ekutyeni zinegxalaba ibe le nto isenza sicace isizathu sokuba amayeza okuthibaza udandatheko maxa wambi eyithomalalisa ibulimia.
Enoba kuyintoni na ke kunzima ukuba abaphengululi bawuchane umhlola weanorexia okanye ibulimia. Kodwa ke banokuncedwa njani abo bathiwe nqo ngobhongwana zezi ngxaki zokutya?
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 27]
Abantu ababhuqwa yi-“anorexia” basoloko beyibona ngendlela egqwethekileyo inkangeleko yabo
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 28, 29]
Amaziko eendaba abethelela into yokuba kufuneka ubhitye ukuze ube mhle