Iziyobisi—Ngoobani Abazisebenzisayo?

NGUMBHALELI KAVUKANI! EMMZANTSI AFRIKA

“WONKE umntu uyazisebenzisa iziyobisi.” Loo mazwi aqhelekileyo asenokusetyenziswa xa kulukuhlwa abantu abangalumkanga ukuba bazame ukusebenzisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni. Kodwa kuxhomekeka kwindlela esizichaza ngayo “iziyobisi,” ikho intwana yobunyani kuloo mazwi.

Igama elithi “isiyobisi” libhekisela koku: “Nawuphi na umchiza, enoba ngowemvelo okanye nguzenzele, onokusetyenziswa ukutshintsha amandla engqiqo, imeko-bume okanye indlela esebenza ngayo ingqondo.” Le yingcaciso eluncedo, nebanzi echaza iziyobisi ezichaphazela ingqondo, nangona ingathethi nto ngamayeza anyanga izigulo.

Ngokwaloo ngcaciso, utywala sisiyobisi. Eyona ngozi kukungasetyenziswa kwabo kakuhle, nto leyo ekubonakala ukuba ithabatha unyawo. Uhlolisiso olwenziwa kwiikholeji nakwiiyunivesithi kwelinye ilizwe laseNtshona lwafumanisa ukuba “ukuzintyintya ngotywala kusesona siyobisi siyingxaki kwizakhiwo zakwanokholeji.” Olu hlolisiso lwadiza ukuba ama-44 ekhulwini abafundi bazintyintya ngotywala.a

Njengotywala, icuba livulelwe ngumthetho, nangona linetyhefu eyingozi, intshongo. Ngokutsho kweWorld Health Organization, ukutshaya kubulala abantu abamalunga nezigidi ezine ngonyaka. Kodwa, iingwenya ezirhweba ngecuba zizinhanha, amalungu ahlonelwayo kwibutho labantu. Enye into, ukutshaya kuyakhobokisa, mhlawumbi ngaphezu kwazo naziphi na ezinye iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje amazwe aliqela aye abeka imiqathango ngokuphathelele ukubhengezwa kwecuba kwaneminye imiqathango. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi basakujonga ukutshaya njengento eyamkelekileyo kwibutho labantu. Ukutshaya kusahonjiswa ngabavelisi bemifanekiso eshukumayo. Uhlolisiso olwenziwa yiYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya eSan Francisco kweyona mifanekiso ishukumayo yenza imali eninzi phakathi kowe-1991 nowe-1996 lwafumanisa ukuba ama-80 ekhulwini amadoda aphambili ayedlala iindawo zabantu abatshayayo.

Kuthekani Ngeziyobisi “Ezikhuselekileyo”?

Ngokuqinisekileyo iziyobisi zezonyango ziye zanceda abaninzi, kodwa zinokusetyenziswa kakubi. Maxa wambi oogqirha banikisa lula ngeziyobisi zezonyango, okanye baphekwa besophulwa ngabaguli befuna iziyobisi ezingeyomfuneko. Omnye ugqirha wathi: “Oogqirha badla ngokungachithi xesha nabaguli ukuze bafumanise unobangela wezigulo zabo. Kulula ukuthi, ‘Yitya le pilisi.’ Kodwa eyona ngxaki ayikhange inyangwe.”

Kwaneziyobisi zezonyango ezinokuthengwa ngaphandle kwemvume kagqirha, njengeasprini neparacetamol (iTylenol, iPanadol), ukuba zisetyenziswa kakubi zisenokubangela umntu agule kakhulu. Abantu abangaphezu kwama-2 000 ehlabathini lonke bafa nyaka ngamnye ngenxa yokusebenzisa kakubi iparacetamol.

Ngokutsho kwengcaciso yethu yangaphambilana, icaffeine ekwiti nakwikofu sisiyobisi, nangona singayiqondi loo nto xa siphunga ngexesha lesidlo sakusasa. Yaye ibiya kuba kukubonisa ukungaqiqi ukugqala iziselo ezamkelekileyo phakathi kwabantu njengeti okanye ikofu ngendlela efanayo neziyobisi eziyingozi njengeheroin. Oko bekuya kufana nokuthelekisa intshontsho lekati nengonyama ekhohlakeleyo. Noko ke, ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali zempilo, ukuba ukwenza umkhwa ukuphunga ngaphezu kweekomityi ezintlanu zekofu okanye iikomityi ezisithoba zeti ngosuku, ungenzakala. Ukongezelela, ukuba ubuza kuthi ngesiquphe unciphise iikomityi eziliqela oziphungayo, usenokubhuqwa yimiphumo yokurhoxa ngesiquphe efana naleyo yayibhuqa omnye owayethanda iti, enjengokugabha, intloko ebuhlungu ngokugqithiseleyo namehlo aphandlwa kukukhanya.

Kuthekani Ngokusetyenziswa Kweziyobisi Ezingekho Mthethweni?

Umbandela oxhomisa amehlo ngulo wokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwezemidlalo. Oku kwathanda ukubalasela kwi-1998 Tour de France xa abadlali abasithoba bomdyarho weebhayisikile beqela eliphambili bathi bagxothwa ngenxa yokusebenzisa iziyobisi ezibenza babe namandla angaphaya kwengqondo. Abadlali baye bazama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenza ukuba zingabhaqwa iziyobisi xa behlolwa. Iphephancwadi iTime linikela ingxelo yokuba abanye bade bafikelela kwinqanaba lokuba “‘bagalele umchamo,’ nto leyo ethetha [ukuba] umchamo womnye umntu ‘ongenaziyobisi’ ugalelwa kwisinyi somnye ngombhobho othile, nkqubo leyo ebuhlungu gqitha.”

Asikathethi ngenkumbula yeziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni ezisetyenziselwa “ukuzihlaziya.” Ezi ziquka umya, ezenza udlamko (imethylenedioxy-methamphetamine, okanye iMDMA), iLSD (ilysergic acid diethylamide), ezinika amandla (ezo zivuselelayo njengecocaine neeamphetamines), izithomalalisi (iziyobisi ezenza umntu adole), neheroin. Asinakuzilibala iziyobisi ezahlukeneyo ezifunxwayo, njengeglu nepetroli, zinto ezo ezixhaphakileyo kulutsha. Kambe ke, ezi zifunxwayo azipheliswanga yaye zisekho.

Umbono oqhelekileyo wekhoboka leziyobisi elibhitye langamathambo lizihlohla iziyobisi kwigumbi elimdaka unokuqhatha. Abantu abaninzi abazinikele kwiziyobisi basakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eqhelekileyo yemihla ngemihla, nangona ngandlel’ ithile ubukhoboka babo bumele buchaphazele indlela abaphila ngayo. Noko ke, asinakuziyayaza iingozi zeziyobisi. Omnye umbhali uchaza indlela abo basebenzisa icocaine “abakwazi ngayo ‘ukuzihlohla’ into eninzi yayo ngesihlandlo nje esinye, beshiya imizimba yabo ixhoxhiwe, ivuz’ igazi, ixhifilili.”

Emva kokubonakala ngathi kuyayekwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980, ukusetyenziswa ngokungekho mthethweni kweziyobisi kuphinde kwavuka phantsi ehlabathini lonke. Iphephancwadi iNewsweek lathi: “Amagunya ayoyiswa kukuthutyeleziswa ngokungekho mthethweni kweziyobisi, kukwanda kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi phantse zalo lonke uhlobo nokungabikho kwemali—nenkcazelo—efunekayo ukuze kuliwe nazo.” Iphephandaba iThe Star laseJohannesburg, eMzantsi Afrika, lathi ngokohlolisiso lukarhulumente, “umntu omnye kwabane abahlala eMzantsi Afrika ulikhoboka leziyobisi okanye utywala.”

IResearch Institute for Social Development yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yathi “abavelisi beziyobisi nabo bazithengisayo . . . baye bazilungelelanisa ehlabathini lonke baza bafaka imali eninzi yengeniso yabo kumaziko otyalo-mali aza kubafihla naza kubanika imbuyekezo eninzi. . . . Ngoku abo bathengisa iziyobisi bayakwazi ukuyenza ngathi ingcwele imali efunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni besebenzisa iindlela ezisexesheni zokuyithumela ehlabathini lonke kwiindawo zotyalo-mali.”

Kuyabonakala ukuba abantu abaninzi baseMerika basenokuphatha icocaine suku ngalunye, nangona besenokungazi. Inqaku lephephancwadi iDiscover lithi imali eninzi engamaphepha yaseMerika inuka iziyobisi.

Inyaniso isekubeni namhlanje ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi zezonyango nezingekho mthethweni kuyamkeleka kwabaninzi, kugqalwa njengenxalenye yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Xa siqwalasela iingozi ezidumileyo ezibangelwa ziziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni kwakunye necuba notywala, nanku umbuzo ozicaceleyo, Kutheni abantu bezisebenzisa kakubi nje? Njengoko sihlolisisa lo mbuzo, eli lixesha elifanelekileyo lokucinga ngeembono zethu ngokuphathelele iziyobisi.

[Umbhalo osemazantsi]

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 3]

Ukuzintyintya ngotywala kuyingxaki ephambili kwizakhiwo ezininzi zakwanokholeji

[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 5]

Abaninzi bagqala imidiza neziyobisi “zokuzihlaziya” njengezingeyongozi