Isizathu Sokuba Abantu Baxhom’ Izandla Ebomini
“Mntu ngamnye unezizathu zakhe zokuzibulala: zifihlakele, zinzima kwaye zibuhlungu.”—UKay Redfield Jamison, ugqirha wengqondo.
“BUNZIMA ubomi.” Wabhala watsho uRyunosuke Akutagawa, umbhali odumileyo waseJapan wenkulungwane yama-20 ngaphambi nje kokuba azibulale. Noko ke, wawatshayelela la mazwi ngokwenjenje: “Kambe ke, andingethandi ukufa, kodwa . . . ”
NjengoAkutagawa, uninzi lwabo bazibulalayo alufuni kufa ngaphandle nje kokuba “lufuna ukuphelisa nantoni na eqhubekayo,” ngokutsho komnye unjingalwazi wengqondo. Amaphetshana adla ngokufunyanwa emva kokuba umntu ezibulele abonisa oko. Amabinzana afana nathi ‘Beliselilide eli thuba ndinyamezele’ okanye, ‘Bendisaphilela ntoni?’ abonisa umnqweno onzulu wokubaleka amanzithi-nzithi obomi. Kodwa ngokutsho kwenye ingcali, ukuzibulala “kufana nokunyanga umkhuhlane ngebhombu yenyukliya.”
Nangona abantu bezibulala ngezizathu ezingafaniyo, iziganeko ezithile zobomi zisenokubabangela bafune ukuzibulala.
Iziganeko Ezisenokuba Ngunobangela
Akuyonto ingaqhelekanga ukuba abaselula baphelelwe lithemba baze bazibulale ngenxa yezizathu ezisenokubonakala zingenamsebenzi kwabanye abantu. Xa bebuhlungu babe bengenakwenza nto ngaloo nto, abaselula basenokukugqala ukuzibulala njengendlela yokuphindisa kwabo babenze buhlungu. UHiroshi Inamura, oyingcali enceda abantu abafuna ukuzibulala eJapan, wabhala wathi: “Ngokuzibulala, abantwana bafuna ukohlwaya abantu abaye babangcungcuthekisa.”
Uhlolisiso lwakutshanje eBritani lwabonisa ukuba xa abantwana bevuyelelwa gqitha, banamathuba amaninzi ngokuphindwe kasixhenxe okuzama ukuzibulala. Aba bantwana banentlungu engokweemvakalelo. Enye inkwenkwe enemnyaka eli-13 ubudala eyazixhomayo yashiya iphetshana elichaza abantu abahlanu abayingcungcuthekisayo baza bayihlutha imali. Yabhala yathi: “Nincede nikhusele abanye abantwana.”
Abanye basenokuzama ukuzibulala xa betshelwa zizicheku esikolweni okanye befunwa ngabomthetho, belahlwa ngabo bebethandana nabo, befumana ingxelo ethi abakhange baqhube kakuhle kwizifundo zabo, bexinezelwa ziimviwo, okanye bekhathazwa kukucinga ngekamva. Umlisela nomthinjana ofumana amanqaku aphezulu usenokufuna izinto ezigqibeleleyo, ukungafikeleli usukelo okanye ukusilela—enoba oko kwenzeke ngokwenene okanye uyakucingela—kusenokumbangela afune ukuzibulala.
Kubantu abasele bekhulile, iingxaki ezinxulumene nezoqoqosho nomsebenzi zingoonobangela abaxhaphakileyo. EJapan, emva kweminyaka eliqela yokudodobala kwezoqoqosho, abantu abazibulalayo baye bafikelela kuma-30 000 ngonyaka. Ngokutsho kweMainichi Daily News, malunga neekota ezintathu zamadoda angamaqina awazibulalayo, akwenza oko “ngenxa yeengxaki ezibangelwa ngamatyala, ukusilela kwamashishini, indlala nokungaqeshwa.” Neengxaki zentsapho zisenokukhokelela ekuzibulaleni. Iphephandaba laseFinland lanikela ingxelo yokuba: “Kutshanje amadoda angamaqina aqhawule umtshato” alelinye iqela elisengozini enkulu. Olunye uhlolisiso olwenziwa eHungary lwafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwamantombazana afuna ukuzibulala akhuliswe kumakhaya awahluleleneyo.
Ukudla umhlala-phantsi nokungaphili emzimbeni kungomnye unobangela, ingakumbi kwabo sele bekhulile. Ukuzibulala kudla ngokuba yindlela yokuphuncula, kungekuphela nje xa kukho isigulo esingapheliyo, kodwa xa umguli ekujonga oko kubandezeleka njengokunganyamezelekiyo.
Noko ke, asinguye wonke ubani othi akuvelelwa zezi ngxaki azibulale. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa bethiwe nka ngamanzithi-nzithi, abaninzi abazibulali. Ngoko ke, kutheni abanye begqala ukuzibulala njengesicombululo ngoxa abaninzi bengakugqali ngolo hlobo?
Izizekabani
UKay Redfield Jamison, unjingalwazi wezengqondo kwiJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine uthi: “Uninzi lwabantu abagqiba ngokuzibulala babangelwa ziziganeko.” Wongezelela ngelithi: “Xa iingqondo ezininzi ziphilile, azithi zakwehlelwa sisiganeko zicinge ngokuzibulala.” UEve K. Mościcki weU.S. National Institute of Mental Health uthi iinkalo ezininzi—uninzi lwazo olungakhawulezi lucace—ziyasebenzisana ukuze zibangele ukuba umntu afune ukuzibulala. Ezo zizekabani ziquka izigulo zengqondo nokuba likhoboka, imizila yemfuza nendlela esebenza ngayo ingqondo. Makhe siqwalasele ezinye zazo.
Eyona iphambili kwezi nkalo zizigulo zengqondo nezikhobokisayo, njengoxinezeleko, ibipolar mood disorders, ischizophrenia nokusebenzisa kakubi utywala neziyobisi. Uhlolisiso olwenziwa eYurophu naseUnited States lubonisa ukuba ngaphezu kwama-90 ekhulwini abantu abasele bezibulele bakwenze oko ngenxa yezi zigulo. Enyanisweni, abaphengululi baseSweden bafumanisa ukuba phakathi kwabantu ababengenazo ezo zigulo umlinganiselo wokuzibulala wawungama-8,3 kwabali-100 000, kodwa phakathi kwabaxinezelekileyo wanyuka waya kutsho kuma-650 kwabali-100 000! Yaye iingcali zithi ezi zizekabani zokuzibulala ziyafana nakumazwe aseMpuma. Sekunjalo, ukuxinezeleka kwakunye nezi zizathu azikwenzi ukuzibulala kungabi nakuphepheka.
UNjingalwazi Jamison, owakha wazama ukuzibulala, uthi: “Kubonakala ukuba abantu banokulunyamezela uxinezeleko xa bekholelwa ukuba izinto ziza kulunga.” Noko ke, uye wafumanisa ukuba xa umntu ekhulelwa kukungabi nathemba, amandla engqondo okuxhathisa ukufuna ukuzibulala aba buthathaka. Ufanisa le meko nendlela iziqhoboshi zenqwelo-mafutha ezidleka ngayo kukusebenza kakhulu.
Kubalulekile ukuyiqonda le meko kuba uxinezeleko lunokunyangwa. Kunokupheliswa ukuziva ungenakuncedakala. Xa kuye kwahlangatyezwana nezizekabani, abantu basenokusabela ngeendlela ezingafaniyo kwizinto ezibuhlungu ezisoloko zibangela ukuba bazibulale.
Abanye bacinga ukuba imizila yemfuza yomntu inokuba ngomnye unobangela wokuzibulala. Liyinyaniso elokuba, imizila yemfuza inegalelo kwindlela umntu avakalelwa ngayo, yaye uhlolisiso lutyhila ukuba eminye iminombo yeentsapho isengozini yokuzibulala kuneminye. Kodwa, lo kaJamison uthi “imizila yemfuza etyekele ekuzibulaleni ayibonisi ukuba ukuzibulala kuyinto engenakuphepheka.”
Kwanendlela ubuchopho obusebenza ngayo isenokuba sesinye isizekabani. Ebuchotsheni amawaka ezigidi zeeneurons zinxibelelana ngemiqondiso yombane nemichiza. Kwimiqukumbelo echizekileyo yemithambo-luvo, kukho izikhewu ezincinane ekuthiwa ziisynapse ekuthi ngazo iineurotransmitters zithwale inkcazelo ngemichiza. Umlinganiselo weneurotransmitter enye, iserotonin, usenokuba negalelo ekuchanabekeni komntu ngokwebhayoloji ekuzibulaleni. Incwadi ethi Inside the Brain ithi: “Umlinganiselo ophantsi we-serotonin . . . unokubangela umntu angonwabi, umenze angabi namdla wokuqhubeka ephila ize loo nto yandise ingozi yoxinezeleko nokuzibulala.”
Noko ke, inyaniso ikukuba, akakho umntu owamiselwa ukuba azibulale. Izigidi zabantu ziyahlangabezana neentlungu noxinezeleko. Yindlela ingqondo nentliziyo ezisabela ngayo kwiingcinezelo ebangela ukuba abanye bazibulale. Kungekuphela nje izizathu ezingoonobangela kodwa izizekabani nazo kumele kuhlangatyezwane nazo.
Ngoko, yintoni enokwenziwa ukuze abantu banikwe ithemba baze bafune ukunandipha ubomi?
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Ukuzibulala Nobulolo
Ubulolo buyenye yeenkalo ezibangela abantu baxinezeleke baze bazibulale. UJouko Lönnqvist, owayekhokela uhlolisiso oluphathelele ukuzibulala eFinland, wathi: “Abaninzi [kwabo bazibuleleyo], babengamalolo umhla nezolo. Babenexesha elininzi kodwa bengenanto yakwenza nabantu.” UKenshiro Ohara, ongugqirha wengqondo eHamamatsu University School of Medicine eJapan, wathi “ukuzikhetha” kwakusisizekabani sokunyuka kwakutshanje kwamanani amadoda angamaqina azibulalayo kwelo lizwe.
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Ubuni Nokuzibulala
Ngokutsho kolunye uhlolisiso eUnited States, ngoxa amabhinqa enamathuba amabini ukuya kwamathathu okuzama ukuzibulala kunamadoda, amadoda anamathuba amane angakumbi okuphumelela. Ubuncinane amabhinqa anamathuba aphindwe kabini okuxinezeleka kunamadoda, nto leyo ebonisa isizathu sokuba amaninzi azame ukuzibulala. Noko ke, izigulo zawo ezibangelwa luxinezeleko zisenokungezi ngamandla, ibe ngenxa yoko asenokungasebenzisi iindlela ezimanyumnyezi kangako. Kwelinye icala, amadoda asenokutyekela ekusebenziseni iindlela ezinogonyamelo zokuqinisekisa ukuba ayaphumelela.
Noko ke, eTshayina amabhinqa amaninzi ayaphumelela kunamadoda. Enyanisweni, uhlolisiso lutyhila ukuba malunga nama-56 ekhulwini amabhinqa azibulalayo ehlabathini ngawaseTshayina, ingakumbi emaphandleni alapho. Kuthiwa esinye isizathu sokuba la mabhinqa atyekele ekuzameni ukuzibulala ekugqibeleni aphumelele ekuzibulaleni, sikukuba azifumana lula izibulali-zinambuzane eziyingozi.
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Kubantu abasele bekhulile, ingxaki zoqoqosho nomsebenzi zizinto ezidla ngokuba ngoonobangela