ISt. Petersburg—“Isango” LaseRashiya “Lokungena EYurophu”
NGUMBHALELI KAVUKANI! ERASHIYA
“Ndiyakuthanda, wena msebenzi wezandla zikaPeter!/Ndiyakuthanda ukomelela kwakho nendlela owakhiwe ngayo;/Ukuzola nokundiliseka kweNeva kubonakala/ngaphakathi kwezibuko lakho elenziwe ngelitye lenyengane.—UALEKSANDR SERGEYEVICH PUSHKIN.
UMBONGO odumileyo kaPushkin othetha ngeSt. Petersburg ocatshulwe apha, uzukisa umseki wesi sixeko nommandla othe qelele wasemantla esakhiwe kuwo, apho uMlambo iNeva ungena khona kuLwandle lweBaltic. Usenokuba uyazibuza, ‘Yintoni eyabangela ukuba esi sixeko sibaluleke kangaka ehlabathini sakhiwe kulo mmandla ungumgxobhozo wasemantla?’
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17, ukukhula kweRashiya kwakubanjezelwa kukuba kude kwayo elwandle. Owona mnqweno womlawuli oselula waseRashiya, uPeter the Great, yayikukwakhela elaseRashiya izibuko, ‘isango lokungena eYurophu.’ Eli zibuko lalingenakwakhiwa ngasezantsi, kuba indlela eya kuLwandle Olumnyama yayingummandla woBukhosi baseTurkey. Ngoko ke uPeter wenyukela ngasentla kumhlaba waseSweden ogudle uLwandle lweBaltic.
Ukuze afeze lo mnqweno wakhe, uPeter walwa imfazwe neSweden, ngoAgasti 1700. Nangona ekuqaleni kwale mfazwe wabethwa wabhulelw’ amasaka, akazange anikezele. NgoNovemba 1702, uPeter wayebagxothile abemi baseSweden ngakwiChibi iLadoga. Eli chibi lilelona likhulu eYurophu lingena kuMlambo iNeva wona ophumela kuLwandle lweBaltic, malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-60 mgama. Abemi baseSweden babalekela kwinqaba ekwisiqithi esincinane kufuphi nomlambo iNeva apho ungena khona echibini. UPeter wayithimba le nqaba kubemi baseSweden waza wayithiya elinye igama esithi yiShlissel’burg.
Kamva abemi baseSweden baphinda baxhathisa kwinqaba iNienshants, kufuphi nendawo iNeva engena ngayo kwiBaltic. NgoMeyi 1703 imikhosi yaseSweden yabethwa yaswantsuliswa. Ngenxa yolu loyiso amaRashiya ayilawula le ntili iphela. Engaphozisanga maseko, uPeter waqalisa ukwakha inqaba kufuphi neSiqithi saseZayachy ukuze akhusele ichweba leNeva. Ngenxa yoko, ngoMeyi 16, 1703, kwiminyaka enokuba ngama-300 edluleyo, uPeter the Great wabeka ilitye lokuqala kwindawo nanamhlanje esabizwa ngokuba yiPeter-Paul Fortress. Olu lusuku olwamkelwayo lokuqaliswa kokwakhiwa kweSt. Petersburg, eyathiywa ngegama lengelosi lo mlawuli awayekholelwa ukuba imkhusele, umpostile uPetros.
Ukuyenza Ibe Likomkhulu
Ngokungafaniyo nezixeko ezininzi ezingamakomkhulu, iSt. Petersburg kwasekuqaleni yacetywa yaza yakhiwa ukuze ibe likomkhulu elihle. Nakuba lisemntla—ummandla ophakame njengowaseAnchorage, eAlaska yanamhlanje—uPeter wahlabela mgama nomsebenzi wokwakha. Imithi yokwakha yayivela kummandla weChibi iLadoga naseNovgorod. Ukuze uPeter afumane amatye okwakha wamisa umthetho. Lo mthetho wawusithi nawuphi na ummi waseRashiya ozisa izinto eSt. Petersburg kwakufuneka eze nenani elithile lamatye. Kwakhona, uPeter wakuphelisa ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zamatye, okokuqala eMoscow yaye kamva kubo bonke ubukhosi bakhe. Ngenxa yoko, abakhi abangenamsebenzi beza eSt. Petersburg.
Eso sixeko sakhiwa ngendlela iThe Great Soviet Encyclopedia ekubiza ngokuba “yindlela ekhawuleze ngokukhetheke gqitha ngelo xesha.” Ngokukhawuleza kwafakwa imibhobho yamanzi, kwabekwa iziseko ekwakuza kwakhiwa kuzo, kwenziwa izitrato, kwakhiwa izakhiwo, iicawa, izibhedlele neeofisi zikarhulumente. Ngonyaka esaqala ngawo ukwakhiwa esi sixeko, kwaqala ngokwakhiwa indawo yokwakha iinqanawa, eyaziwa ngokuba yiAdmiralty eyathi ekugqibeleni yaba lelona zibuko likhululu laseRashiya.
Ngowe-1710 kwaqalisa ukwakhiwa iSummer Palace, indlu yasehlotyeni yabalawuli. Ngowe-1712, ikomkhulu laseRashiya neeofisi ezininzi zikarhulumente lafuduswa eMoscow laziswa eSt. Petersburg. Ibhotwe lokuqala elalakhiwe ngamatye, elisekho nanamhlanje, lagqitywa ngowe-1714. Elo bhotwe lalakhelwe irhuluneli yokuqala yeso sixeko, uAleksandr Menshikov. Kwangaloo nyaka, kwaqaliswa ukwakhiwa iPeter-Paul Cathedral phakathi kwinqaba ebizwa kwangelo gama. Uphahla lwayo olutsolo nolude luyimbalasane yeso sixeko. IWinter Palace ekuMlambo iNeva nayo yakhiwa, kodwa ngowe-1721 yadilizwa kwaza kwakhiwa isakhiwo samatye. Kamva kwakhiwa iWinter Palace enamagumbi anokuba li-1 100 esekho nangoku. Eli bhotwe likhulu lisisazulu sesi sixeko, yaye kulapho ikhoyo iHermitage yodumo, imyuziyam kaRhulumente.
ISt. Petersburg yakhula ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yayo elishumi yokuqala. Kuthiwa ngowe-1714 kwakukho izakhiwo ezinokuba ngama-34 500 kwesi sixeko! Kwaqhubeka kusakhiwa amabhotwe nezakhiwo ezikhulu. Izakhiwo ezininzi kwesi sixeko zibonisa ukuba unqulo lwalunempembelelo enkulu kwimbali yaseRashiya.
Ngokomzekelo, kukho iKazan Cathedral, isakhiwo esinjengeceba lenyanga neentsika ezininzi ezingaphambili. Ubuhle bayo buye babangela ukuba isitrato ekuso, iNevsky Prospekt, sibe phakathi kwezona zitrato zihle ehlabathini. Kamva kwaqaliswa ukwakhiwa iSt. Isaac’s Cathedral. Kwafakwa iintsika ezingama-24 000 kwindawo engumgxobhozo ukuze eso sakhiwo sibe phezu kwazo, kwaza kwasetyenziswa iikhilogram ezili-100 zegolide ecwengileyo ukutyabeka uphahla lwaso olungqukuva.
Kwakubangel’ umdla ukwakha kwimimandla esemaphandleni aseSt. Petersburg. Umsebenzi wokwakhiwa kweGreat Palace, apho wayeza kuhlala khona uPeter, waqalisa ngowe-1714 ePeterhof, ngoku eyiPetrodvorets. Kanti, kwidolophu engekude yaseTsarskoe Selo, ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiPushkin, kwakhiwa iCatherine Palace, ibhotwe elihle gqitha lomfazi kaPeter. Ngasekupheleni kwaloo nkulungwane kwakhiwa amabhotwe amakhulu amabini kumahlomela-dolophu asemazantsi, iPavlovsk neGatchina.
Ubuhle bale dolophu isandul’ ukwakhiwa babalaseliswa ngakumbi ngamakhulu eebhulorho ezazakhiwe kwimijelo emininzi yemilambo yalapho. Ngenxa yoku, kudla ngokuthiwa iSt. Petersburg “yiVenice yaseNtla.” Abazobi beeplani abangamaFrentshi, amaJamani namaTaliyane baye basebenza kunye nabangamaRashiya ukuze bakhe oko iThe Encyclopædia Britannica ikubiza ngokuthi “sesinye sezixeko ezihle nezindilisekileyo saseYurophu.”
Ukunyamezela Ebunzimeni
Iintshaba zikaPeter zazingayazi indlela amaRashiya anokuxhathisa ngayo ekhusela isango lawo lokungena eYurophu. Incwadi ethi Peter the Great—His Life and World icacisa isithi: “Kususela nje kumhla uPeter the Great awathi cakatha ngawo kwichweba lomlambo iNeva, loo mmandla neso sixeko wawusoloko ungowamaRashiya.”
Enyanisweni, njengokuba incwadi ecatshulwe ngasentla isitsho, “ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, akukho namnye umhlaseli oye wangena eRashiya enemikhosi emikhulu—uCharles XII, uNapoleon, uHitler—owakwazi ukulithimba izibuko likaPeter elikwiBaltic, nangona amaNazi asithimba isixeko kangangeentsuku ezingama-900 ngeMfazwe Yehlabathi II.” Ebudeni belo xesha lide lokuthinjwa kweso sixeko, kwafa abantu abanokuba sisigidi. Abaninzi babulawa yingqele nendlala ebudeni bobusika bowe-1941 nobowe-1942, xa iqondo lobushushu lehla laya kufikelela kuma-40 ngaphantsi kweqondo lomkhence. Eli liqondo lobushushu xa ngokwesikali sikaCelsius nesikaFahrenheit amaqondo obushushu elingana.
Ngowe-1914, ukuqalisa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, igama lesi sixeko latshintshwa kwathiwa yiPetrograd. Yathi yakufa inkokeli yokuqala yeSoviet Union, uVladimir Lenin, ngowe-1924, igama laso laguqulwa layiLeningrad. Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1991, xa iSoviet Union yawa, igama lamandulo lesi sixeko labuyiselwa, saba yiSt. Petersburg.
Igalelo Ehlabathini
Ngowe-1724, kunyaka ngaphambi kokufa kukaPeter eneminyaka engama-52 ubudala, wayalela ukuba kuvulwe iSikolo Semfundo Ephakamileyo Seenzululwazi saseRashiya, yaye ngowe-1757 kwavulwa iSikolo Semfundo Ephakamileyo Sobugcisa kweso sixeko. Ngenkulungwane ye-19 abazobi ababini baseRashiya uKarl Bryullov noIlya Repin bafunda apho baza bangabazobi abaziwayo ehlabathini lonke.
Ngowe-1819 kwasekwa iSt. Petersburg State University, yaye ekuhambeni kwexesha kwasekwa namanye amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, uIvan Pavlov owayehlala eSt. Petersburg nowafumana iMbasa kaNobel ngezifundo zokusebenza kwamalungu omzimba, wavelisa ingcamango yohlobo oluthile lonyango ekuthiwa yiconditioned reflex. Yaye kwakule ndawo isazi semichiza saseRashiya uDmitry Mendeleyev wayila uludwe lwemichiza, okanye isicangca sikaMendeleyev, njengokuba olu ludwe lusaziwa eRashiya.
Nazo izinto zobugcisa ezazisenzeka kwesi sixeko zazibangel’ umdla kubantu behlabathi liphela. Ngowe-1738 kwasekwa isikolo sokudanisa, ekugqibeleni esaziwa ehlabathini lonke ngokuba yiMariinsky Ballet. Kungekudala kwesi sixeko kwabakho izikolo neeholo zokudanisa nezemidlalo yeqonga. Abaqambi abaziwayo baya kuhlala eSt. Petersburg kuquka noPyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky. Lo waziwa ngomculo wakhe ongaphelelwayo wodidi oluphezulu njengengoma ethi Sleeping Beauty, Swan Lake nethi The Nutcracker nengoma edumileyo awayiqamba ngokwakhe ekuthiwa yi-1812 Overture.
Kwakhona eSt. Petersburg kwaqeqeshwa iimbongi nababhali baseRashiya abaziwayo ababehlala apho. UAleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin owayeselula waziwa ngabaninzi ‘njengembongi eyinkunkqele nombhali weencwadi zesiRashiya zale mihla.’ UShakespeare waseRashiya nguPushkin, yaye iincwadi zakhe ziye zaguqulelwa kuzo zonke iilwimi eziphambili kuquka nombongo ocatshulwe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku wesixeko aweza kuhlala kuso. Ukongezelela, kukho noDostoyevski, iThe Encyclopædia Britannica embiza ngokuba “ngokuqhelekileyo ngomnye wababhali bamabali olichule nowaziwayo.”
Ngoko ke kusenokuthiwa nantoni na iSt. Petersburg eyayifumanayo eYurophu ukuqalisa kokwakhiwa kwayo, yayibuyisela ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo abemi balapho baye banegalelo elikhulu kwimpucuko yehlabathi liphela kangangeminyaka emininzi.
Ixesha Lesikhumbuzo
Ebudeni beveki kaMeyi 24 ukusa kuJuni 1, amakhulu amawaka eendwendwe ezazityelele eSt. Petersburg zaziye kwisikhumbuzo sesi sixeko sama-300. Njengoko bebukele oko kuye kwathabatha ixesha elide kulungiselelwa, abaninzi babebuka ubuhle besi sixeko nembali yaso emangalisayo.
Kwiveki nje enye ngaphambilana, abantu abangamawaka bebeze eSt. Petersburg ukuze babekho ngoxa kwakunikezelwa izakhiwo ezandisiweyo zesebe laseRashiya lamaNgqina kaYehova, kwihlomela-dolophu leso sixeko. Ngosuku olulandelayo abantu abangama-9 817 bahlanganisana kwiBala Lemidlalo iKirov eSt. Petersburg ukuze baphulaphule ucwangciso olushwankathelweyo lonikezelo neengxelo ezikhuthazayo ngomsebenzi wamaNgqina kaYehova kumazwe amaninzi.
Kuninzi Gqitha Umntu Anokukubona
Iindwendwe ezityelele eSt. Petersburg zidla ngokuvakalelwa kukuba kuninzi gqitha umntu anokukubona apha kangangokuba abazi apho bafanele baqale khona. Le yingxaki efanayo nakwiHermitage. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ukuba ubani ebenokuchitha nje umzuzu omnye kwinto nganye kuloo magumbi maninzi anezinto ezibukwayo, bekuya kuthabatha iminyaka ukulugqiba olo tyelelo.
Abanye bathi enye yezinto ezimnandi onokuzenza eSt. Petersburg kukuya kubukela umdaniso. Ngokomzekelo, kwiHolo Yemidlalo edumileyo iMariinsky, umntu unokuhlala ngaphantsi kwezibane ezihle zeglasi yodidi erhangqwe zezo ndonga zihonjisiweyo zangaphakathi nezityatyekwe ngegolide ephantse ibe ziikhilogram ezingama-400. Kwesi sakhiwo, usenokubukela owona mdaniso usemgangathweni ehlabathini.
Ngokuhamba-hamba nje kwesi sixeko esinabemi abanokuba zizigidi ezihlanu usenokubona izakhiwo ezihle ezigudle uMlambo iNeva. Ukuhamba ngololiwe ngaphantsi komhlaba, enye yezona ndlela zisezantsi ehlabathini, kukodwa nje kusenokuba luyolo olukhulu. Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini bakhwela aba loliwe suku ngalunye, behamba phakathi kwezikhululo zalapho ezingaphezu kwezingama-50 kwindlela kaloliwe enokuba ziikhilomitha ezingama-98. Ezinye zezi zikhululo zezona zihle ehlabathini lonke. Ukuvulwa kwazo ngowe-1955, iThe New York Times yazibiza ezi zikhululo ngokuthi “ngamabhotwe amaninzi angaphantsi komhlaba ezi mini.”
Eneneni, uya kuchukumiseka kukubona iSt. Petersburg—indlela eyenziwe neyakhiwe ngayo, nobuhle bayo obungapheliyo, ubugcisa, imbali, imfundo nomculo ofumaneka apho. Enoba yintoni na ezinomdla kuyo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba naziphi na iindwendwe ziya kuvumelana namazwi athi iSt. Petersburg “yenye yezona zixeko zihle eYurophu.”
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UPeter the Great, umseki wesi sixeko
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IPeter-Paul Fortress nendlu yayo yecawa, apho yaqalisa ukwakhiwa khona iSt. Petersburg
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IWinter Palace kuMlambo iNeva, ngoku eyimyuziyam iHermitage (ngasekhohlo ngumphakathi wayo)
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The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 24, 25]
IGreat Palace
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ISt. Petersburg iye yabizwa ngokuba yiVenice eseNtla
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 26]
Iholo edumileyo yeMidlalo iMariinksy
[Inkcazelo]
Steve Raymer/National Geographic Image Collection
Photo by Natasha Razina
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 26]
Izikhululo zikaloliwe ezingaphantsi komhlaba zaseSt. Petersburg ziye zachazwa ‘njengamabhotwe angaphantsi komhlaba’
[Inkcazelo Ngemifanekiso ekwiphepha 23]
Umfanekiso ongasentla: Edward Slater/Index Stock Photography; painting and emblems: The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg