Ubuncwane Obufihliweyo Buyavela—Ibali LeBhayibhile KaMakarios
NGOWE-1993, umphengululi othile wafumana imfumba yamaphephancwadi amadala nawayesele egqolile eOrthodox Review kwiRussian National Library eseSt. Petersburg. Kula maphephancwadi eminyaka yowe-1860 ukusa kowe-1867 kwakukho ubuncwane obabufihliwe kubantu baseRashiya kangangexesha elingaphezu kwenkulungwane. Leyo yayiyinguqulelo yazo zonke iZibhalo zesiHebhere, okanye “iTestamente Endala,” yeBhayibhile yolwimi lwesiRashiya!
Abaguquleli bezo Zibhalo yayinguMikhail Iakovlevich Glukharev, owayesaziwa ngokuba nguArchimandrite Makarios, kunye noGerasim Petrovich Pavsky. Bobabini babengamalungu aphambili eCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya yaye bekwangabaphengululi bolwimi. Xa la madoda aqalisa umsebenzi wawo ngasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane edluleyo, iBhayibhile epheleleyo yayingekaguqulelwa kwisiRashiya.
Kuyinyaniso ukuba, iBhayibhile yayikho ngesiSlavonic, ulwimi esivela kulo isiRashiya sale mihla. Noko ke, phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-19, kwakusele kukudala ulwimi lwesiSlavonic lungasetyenziswa ngaphandle kwakwiinkonzo zonqulo, apho lwalusetyenziswa ngabefundisi. Kwakunjalo naseNtshona, apho iCawa yamaRoma Katolika yayizama ukugcina iBhayibhile ikulwimi lwesiLatini kuphela sele kukudala isiLatini sayekwa.
UMakarios noPavsky bazama ukwenza iBhayibhile ifumaneke kubantu abaqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke, ukufunyanwa kwale nguqulelo yabo ebisele ilityelwe, kwenze kwalula ukubuyisela inxalenye yelifa leencwadi nelonqulo laseRashiya.
Noko ke, wayengubani kanye kanye uMakarios noPavsky? Yaye kwakutheni ukuze imigudu yabo yokuguqulela iBhayibhile kulwimi oluqhelekileyo lwabantu ihlangabezane nenkcaso engako? Ibali labo libangel’ imincili yaye lomeleza ukholo kubo bonke abantu abathanda iBhayibhile.
Imfuneko YeBhayibhile YesiRashiya
UMakarios noPavsky babengengobantu bokuqala ukubona imfuneko yeBhayibhile ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo lwabantu. Kwiminyaka elikhulu ngaphambilana, umlawuli waseRashiya, uPeter I, okanye uPeter Omkhulu, naye wayibona loo mfuneko. Ngokuphawulekayo, wayezihlonela iZibhalo Ezingcwele ibe ucatshulwa esithi: “IBhayibhile yincwadi ezigqwesa lee ezinye iincwadi, yaye iqulethe yonke into ephathelele imbopheleleko yomntu kuThixo nakummelwane wakhe.”
Ngaloo ndlela, ngowe-1716, uPeter wayalela amagosa obukhosi bakhe ukuba ashicilele iBhayibhile eAmsterdam, ngeendleko zakhe. Kwiphepha ngalinye kwakuza kubakho icandelo lombhalo wesiRashiya necandelo lombhalo wesiDatshi. Emva konyaka nje, ngowe-1717, icandelo leZibhalo zamaKristu zesiGrike, okanye “iTestamente Entsha,” laligqityiwe.
Ngowe-1721 inxalenye yesiDatshi yenguqulelo enemiqulu emine yeZibhalo zesiHebhere nayo yayisele ishicilelwe. Elinye icandelo lalishiywe lingabhalwanga, kamva kwakuza kubhalwa kulo umbhalo wesiRashiya. Ezi Bhayibhile uPeter wazisa “kwiSinodi Engcwele” yeCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya—igunya lonqulo elongameleyo lecawa—ukuze igqibezele ukuzishicilela yaye inikele ulwalathiso ekuzisasazeni. Noko ke, le sinodi ayizange ikwenze oko.
Kwiminyaka engaphantsi kwemine kamva, uPeter wafa. Kwenzeka ntoni kwiiBhayibhile zakhe? Amacandelo angabhalwanga awayeshiyelwe umbhalo wesiRashiya akazange abhalwe. Ezi Bhayibhile zafunjwa kwigumbi elithile elingaphantsi komhlaba, apho zathi zonakala khona—kamva akuzange kufunyanwe namnye umbhalo ongonakalanga! Isinodi yafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba “izithengisele abarhwebi zonke ezo zazisasele.”
Kuqalisa Imigudu Yokuguqulela
Ngowe-1812, uJohn Paterson, ilungu leBritish and Foreign Bible Society, wafika eRashiya. UPaterson wavuselela umdla wokuyila umbutho weBhayibhile kwizifundiswa zaseSt. Petersburg. NgoDisemba 6, 1812—unyaka owathi umkhosi waseRashiya waswantsulisa amajoni awayehlasela kaNapoléon I—uMlawuli uAlexander I walwamkela uxwebhu lomgaqo-siseko wombutho weBhayibhile waseRashiya. Ngowe-1815 lo mlawuli wayalela usihlalo waloo mbutho, uPrince Aleksandr Golitsyn, ukuba akhe ayithi thsuphe kwisinodi elawulayo into yokuba “nabantu baseRashiya bafanele balifumane ithuba lokufunda iLizwi likaThixo ngolwimi lwabo lwesiRashiya.”
Okuvuyisayo kukuba, yafumaneka imvume yokuba kuguqulelwe iZibhalo zesiHebhere ngesiRashiya zithatyathwa ngokungqalileyo kwisiHebhere santlandlolo. ISeptuagint yesiGrike yamandulo yayibe sisiseko sokuguqulelwa kweZibhalo zesiHebhere kwisiSlavonic. Abo babeza kuguqulela iBhayibhile kwisiRashiya baxelelwa ukuba eyona nto babemele babek’ iso kuyo kukuchana, ukucaca kunye nokungayingxengi. Kwenzeka ntoni kule migudu yamandulo yokuvelisa iBhayibhile ngolwimi lwesiRashiya?
Ngaba Kwawuphelisa Umsebenzi Wokuguqulelwa KweBhayibhile?
Kungekudala oontamo-lukhuni becawa nabaseburhulumenteni bayiphaphela impembelelo yonqulo neyezobupolitika eyayivela kwamanye amazwe. Ezinye iinkokeli zonqulo zada zathi isiSlavonic—ulwimi lwasenkonzweni—sasisidlulisela bhetele isigidimi seBhayibhile kunesiRashiya.
Ngenxa yoko iRussian Bible Society yachithwa ngowe-1826. Imibhalo engamawaka aliqela yeenguqulelo ezaziveliswe ngulo mbutho weBhayibhile yatshiswa. Ngenxa yoko, iBhayibhile yayingasabalulekanga ngaphezu kwamasiko nezithethe. Ilandela umzekelo eyawumiselwa yiCawa yamaRoma Katolika, ngowe-1836, isinodi yakhupha lo myalelo ulandelayo: “Kuvumelekile ukuba nawuphi na umrhamente aziphulaphule iZibhalo, kodwa akuvumelekanga ukuba nabani na afunde iinxalenye ezithile zeZibhalo, ngokukodwa ezeTestamente Endala, kungekho mntu umkhokelayo.” Kwakubonakala ngathi ukuguqulelwa kweBhayibhile kwakufikelele esiphelweni.
Umsebenzi KaPavsky
Ngelo xesha, uGerasim Pavsky, unjingalwazi wolwimi lwesiHebhere, wawuthabathela ezandleni zakhe umsebenzi wokuguqulela iZibhalo zesiHebhere kwisiRashiya. Ngowe-1821 wagqiba ukuguqulela incwadi yeeNdumiso. Umlawuli wakhawuleza wayamkela, ibe ngoJanuwari 1822 incwadi yeeNdumiso yakhululwa ukuze ifumaneke kuwonke wonke. Yamkelwa ngoko nangoko kwaza kwafuneka iphinde ishicilelwe kangangezihlandlo ezili-12—imibhalo eli-100 000 iyonke!
Imigudu yophengululo kaPavsky yamenza wahlonelwa ngabaphengululi beelwimi nangabefundisi abaninzi. Kuthiwa wayeyindoda eyayithe tye neyayinyanisekile eyamelana namayelenqe awayeyingqongile. Nangona icawa yayiyichasa iRussian Bible Society yaye kukho nabanye ababevakalelwa kukuba yayimela izilangazelelo zabasemzini, uNjingalwazi Pavsky waqhubeka eguqulela iindinyana zeBhayibhile kwisiRashiya ngexesha lakhe lokufundisa. Abafundi ababemthanda babezibhala ngesandla ezo nguqulelo zakhe, yaye ethubeni, bakwazi ukuyidibanisa loo nguqulelo. Ngowe-1839 ngenkalipho bapapasha imibhalo eli-150 kumatshini wokushicilela wesikolo—ngaphandle kokucela imvume kubahlalutyi.
Inguqulelo kaPavsky yavuselela umdla gqitha kwabo babeyifunda, ibe laya lisanda inani labantu ababeyifuna. Kodwa ngowe-1841 kwavakaliswa isikhalazo esasingaziwa ukuba sivela phi ngokuphathelele “ubungozi” bale nguqulelo, sisithi yayingahambisani neemfundiso zobuOthodoki. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva isinodi yakhupha lo myalelo ulandelayo: “Hluthani yonke imibhalo ebhalwe ngesandla neshicilelweyo yenguqulelo kaG. Pavsky yeTestamente Endala nize niyitshabalalise.”
Ukuzukisa Igama LikaThixo
Noko ke, uPavsky wayewuvuselele umdla wokuguqulela iBhayibhile. Kwakhona wayehlahlele indlela abaguquleli ababeza kulandela ngokuphathelele omnye umbandela obalulekileyo—igama likaThixo.
Umphengululi ongumRashiya uKorsunsky wachaza: ‘Igama likaThixo, elona lingcwele kumagama akhe, laliyilwe ngoonobumba abane besiHebhere abangaba יהוה yaye ngoku libizwa ngokuthi Yehova.’ Kwimibhalo yamandulo yeBhayibhile, elo gama lahlukileyo likaThixo livela kangangezihlandlo ezingamawaka kwiZibhalo zesiHebhere kuphela. Noko ke, ngempazamo amaYuda akholelwa ekubeni igama likaThixo lalingcwele kakhulu kangangokuba lalingenakubhalwa okanye libizwe. Ngokuphathelele oku, uKorsunsky wathi: ‘Xa kuthethwa okanye kubhalwa, ngokufuthi endaweni yalo kwakufakwa igama elithi Adonai, igama ngokuqhelekileyo eliguqulelwa ngokuthi “Nkosi.”’
Kuyacaca ukuba, ukuyekwa kokusetyenziswa kwegama likaThixo kwakubangelwa luloyiko olwaludalwa ziinkolelo—kungekhona ukoyika uThixo. Ayikho indawo eBhayibhileni ekuchasayo ukusetyenziswa kwegama likaThixo. UThixo ngokwakhe wamxelela oku uMoses: “Wothi koonyana bakaSirayeli, UYehova, uThixo wooyihlo, . . . undithumile kuni: Ligama lam elo ngonaphakade, sisikhumbuzo sam eso kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.” (Eksodus 3:15) IZibhalo zibongoza abanquli ngokuphindaphindiweyo zisithi: “Bulelani kuYehova, nqulani igama lakhe.” (Isaya 12:4) Noko ke, inkoliso yabaguquleli beBhayibhile iye yakhetha ukulandela isithethe samaYuda sokukuphepha ukulisebenzisa igama likaThixo.
Noko ke, uPavsky akazange azilandele ezi zithethe. Kwinguqulelo yakhe yeeNdumiso kuphela, igama elithi Yehova livela izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama-35. Inkalipho yakhe yayiza kuba nempembelelo entle komnye wabantu ababephila ngexesha lakhe.
Umphathi Woonongendi UMakarios
Lo mntu yayingumphathi woonongendi uMakarios, umvangeli wecawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya owayezazi ngokumangalisayo iilwimi. Eneminyaka nje esixhenxe ubudala, wayekwazi ukuguqulela imibhalo emifutshane yesiRashiya kwisiLatini. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-20, wayesazi isiHebhere, isiJamani nesiFrentshi. Noko ke, isimo sengqondo sokuthobeka nokuziva enembopheleleko gqitha kuThixo zamnceda wawuphepha umgibe wokuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo wafuna icebiso kwezinye iingcali nabaphengululi bolwimi.
UMakarios wayefuna ukuwuhlaziya umsebenzi wabavangeli baseRashiya. Wayevakalelwa kukuba icawa yayimele “ikhanyisele abantu ngokuseka izikolo ize isasaze iiBhayibhile ngolwimi lwesiRashiya,” ngaphambi kokuba ubuKristu busiwe kumaSilamsi nakumaYuda eRashiya. NgoMatshi 1839, uMakarios wafika eSt. Petersburg, enethemba lokufumana imvume yokuguqulela iZibhalo zesiHebhere kwisiRashiya.
UMakarios wayesele eyiguqulele incwadi yeBhayibhile kaIsaya nekaYobhi. Noko ke, isinodi ayizange ivume ukumnika imvume yokuguqulela iZibhalo zesiHebhere kwisiRashiya. Enyanisweni, uMakarios waxelelwa ukuba ayikhuphe engqondweni yakhe ingcamango yokuguqulela iZibhalo zesiHebhere kulwimi lwesiRashiya. Le sinodi yakhupha umyalelo, ngomhla ka-Aprili 11, 1841, owawumisela ukuba uMakarios “aye kukhonza kangangeeveki ezintathu ukusa kwezintandathu kwikhaya lebhishopu ethile elaliseTomsk njengesohlwayo sesono ukuze ahlambulule isazela sakhe ngomthandazo nangokuqubuda.”
Inkalipho KaMakarios
Ukususela ngoDisemba 1841 ukusa kuJanuwari 1842, uMakarios wasikhonza ngokuthobeka isohlwayo sakhe sesono. Kodwa ukugqiba kwakhe, kamsinya waqalisa ukuguqulela iZibhalo zesiHebhere ziphela. Wayefumene umbhalo wenguqulelo kaPavsky weZibhalo zesiHebhere waza wawusebenzisa ekuwuthelekiseni neyakhe inguqulelo. NjengoPavsky, akazange avume ukulifihla igama likaThixo. Eneneni, igama elithi Yehova livela kangangezihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama-3500 kwinguqulelo kaMakarios!
UMakarios wayithumela imibhalo yenguqulelo yakhe kubahlobo ababemxhasa. Nangona yayimbalwa imibhalo eyayibhalwe ngesandla eyasasazwayo, icawa yaqhubeka ikuthintela ukupapashwa kwenguqulelo yakhe. UMakarios wenza amalungiselelo okubhengeza iBhayibhile yakhe nakwamanye amazwe. Kubusuku obungaphambi kokuba ahambe, wagula waza wafa ngokukhawuleza emva koko, ngonyaka we-1847. Inguqulelo yakhe yeBhayibhile ayizange ipapashwe esaphila.
Ide Yapapashwa Ekugqibeleni!
Ekugqibeleni, iimpembelelo zezobupolitika nezonqulo zatshintsha. Kwabakho umoya omtsha wenkululeko kwelo lizwe, ibe ngowe-1856 isinodi kwakhona yavuma ukuba kuguqulelwe iBhayibhile kwisiRashiya. Phantsi kwale meko iphucukileyo, iBhayibhile kaMakarios yapapashwa ingamacandelo ngamacandelo kwiOrthodox Review phakathi kowe-1860 nowe-1867, phantsi komxholo othi An Experiment of Translation Into the Russian Language.
UBhishopu Omkhulu uFilaret waseChernigov, owayengumphengululi woncwadi lonqulo lwaseRashiya, wayincoma wenjenje iBhayibhile kaMakarios: “Inguqulelo yakhe iyanamathela kumbhalo wesiHebhere, yaye nolwimi lwale nguqulelo alungxengwanga yaye luyawufanela umbandela.”
Noko ke, iBhayibhile kaMakarios ayizange ide ikhululelwe uwonke wonke. Eneneni, yaphoswa kwelokulibala. Ngowe-1876 iBhayibhile iphela, equka iZibhalo zesiHebhere nezesiGrike, ekugqibeleni yaguqulelwa kwisiRashiya ngemvume yesinodi. Ngokufuthi le Bhayibhile ipheleleyo ibizwa ngokuba yinguqulelo yesinodi. Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, inguqulelo kaMakarios kunye nekaPavsky, zaba ngumthombo oyintloko wale nguqulelo “isemthethweni” yeCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya. Kodwa igama likaThixo lasetyenziswa kwiindawo ezimbalwa kuphela kunezo livela kuzo kwisiHebhere.
IBhayibhile KaMakarios Namhlanje
IBhayibhile kaMakarios yaqhubeka ifihlakele de kwangowe-1993. Njengoko kuye kwaboniswa kwintshayelelo, ngelo xesha kwafunyanwa umbhalo wayo kumaphephancwadi amadala eOrthodox Review kwicandelo leencwadi ezinqabileyo leRussian National Library. AmaNgqina kaYehova akubona kubalulekile ukwenza le Bhayibhile ifumaneke kuwonke wonke. Lo mzi wogcino zincwadi wayinika imvume iNtlangano Yonqulo yamaNgqina kaYehova aseRashiya yokuba ifumane umbhalo weBhayibhile kaMakarios ukuze ilungiselelwe ukupapashwa.
Emva koko amaNgqina kaYehova enza amalungiselelo okuba kushicilelwe imibhalo yale Bhayibhile emalunga nama-300 000 eItali ukuze isasazwe kulo lonke elaseRashiya nakwamanye amazwe ekuthethwa kuwo isiRashiya. Ukongezelela kwinguqulelo kaMakarios yenkoliso yeZibhalo zesiHebhere, olu hlelo lweBhayibhile luqulethe inguqulelo kaPavsky yeeNdumiso kunye nenguqulelo yesinodi yeZibhalo zesiGrike egunyaziswe yiCawa yobuOthodoki.
NgoJanuwari walo nyaka, yakhululwa ebudeni benkomfa yoonondaba eSt. Petersburg, eRashiya. (Bona iphepha 26.) Ngokuqinisekileyo abantu abafunda isiRashiya baza kukhanyiselwa yaye bakhiwe yile Bhayibhile.
Ngaloo ndlela ukupapashwa kwale Bhayibhile kuthetha impumelelo kunqulo nakuncwadi! Kwakhona kusisikhumbuzo esomeleza ukholo sendlela ayinyaniso ngayo amazwi kaIsaya 40:8 athi: “Buyoma utyani, iyabuna intyatyambo; ke lona ilizwi likaThixo wethu liya kuma ngonaphakade.”
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 26]
IBhayibhile Inconywa Nangabahlalutyi
“KUYE kwakhululwa enye yeencwadi ezibalulekileyo: iBhayibhile kaMakarios.” Ngaloo ntshayelelo, iphephandaba iKomsomolskaya Pravda lakhupha isaziso sokukhululwa kweBhayibhile kaMakarios.
Emva kokubonisa ukuba iBhayibhile yokuqala yolwimi lwesiRashiya yaqalisa ukubakho “kwiminyaka emalunga ne-120 eyadlulayo,” eli phephandaba lakhalaza lisithi: “Kangangeminyaka emininzi icawa ibikuchasa ukuguqulelwa kweencwadi ezingcwele kulwimi olufundeka lula. Emva kokuba izichasile iinguqulelo eziliqela, ekugqibeleni ngowe-1876, icawa yayivumela enye yazo, ibe yaziwa ngokuba yinguqulelo yesinodi. Noko ke, yayingavunyelwa ukuba isetyenziswe ezicaweni. Apho, ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, ekuphela kweBhayibhile eyamkelwayo yeyesiSlavonic.”
Kwakhona iphephandaba iSt. Petersburg Echo lathetha ngokubaluleka kokupapashwa kweBhayibhile kaMakarios, lisithi: “Abaphengululi abaziwayo baseSt. Petersburg State University, eHerzen Pedagogical University, nakwiState Museum of Religious History baluncoma kakhulu olu hlelo lutsha lweBhayibhile.” Lithetha ngokuguqulelwa kweBhayibhile nguMakarios noPavsky kwisiRashiya ngesiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane edlulileyo, eli phephandaba lathi: “Ukuza kuthi ga ngelo xesha, eRashiya iBhayibhile yayinokufundwa ngesiSlavonic kuphela, esasisaziwa ngabefundisi bodwa.”
Ukukhululwa kweBhayibhile kaMakarios ngamaNgqina kaYehova kwaziswa kwinkomfa yoonondaba eyayiseSt. Petersburg ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka. Iphephandaba iNevskoye Vremya lasekuhlaleni eliphuma mihla le lathi: “Abaphengululi abaziwayo . . . babethelela into yokuba olu hlelo lufanele lugqalwe njengento ebaluleke gqitha kwinkcubeko yaseRashiya neyaseSt. Petersburg. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubani ucinga ntoni na ngomsebenzi wale ntlangano yonqulo, ukupapashwa kwale nguqulelo yeBhayibhile ebingaziwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kuyingenelo enkulu.”
Ngokuqinisekileyo, bonke abo bathanda uThixo bayachulumanca xa iLizwi lakhe elibhaliweyo lisenziwa lifumaneke ngolwimi olunokufundwa luze luqondwe ngabantu abaqhelekileyo. Abantu abathanda iBhayibhile kulo lonke bayavuya ngenxa yokuba enye inguqulelo yeBhayibhile iye yenziwa yafumaneka kwizigidi zabantu abathetha isiRashiya ehlabathini lonke.
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 26]
Ukukhululwa kweBhayibhile kaMakarios kwaziswa kule nkomfa yoonondaba
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]
IRussian National Library apho kwafunyanwa khona ubuncwane obufihliweyo
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]
UPeter Omkhulu wazama ukupapasha iBhayibhile ngesiRashiya
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 23]
Corbis-Bettmann
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 24]
UGerasim Pavsky, owaba negalelo ekuguqulelweni kweBhayibhile kwisiRashiya
[Umfanekiso okwiphepha 25]
Umphathi woonongendi uMakarios, ethiywe ngaye iBhayibhile entsha yesiRashiya